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First published: 01 August 2018 ; On the basis of a game-theoretic model, this paper argues that governments typically manage crises more effectively in systems where political power is concentrated in a single party, but they are more likely to make investments in future welfare in systems where political power is shared among several parties. The paper makes two contributions. First of all, it shows that both crisis-management failures and investment failures can be explained by a common mechanism: an inter-temporal commitment problem that arises from the inability of political agents to commit to future policy choices. Second, it shows that power-sharing institutions are often associated with more effective government than power-concentration institutions, in contrast to much of the normative literature in comparative politics, in which power-sharing institutions are often justified on other grounds, such as representativeness, responsiveness, or social cohesion. In a world where crises dominate, power-concentration institutions typically perform better in a world where investment problems dominate, power-sharing institutions typically perform better.

The Phantom, an American comic about a superhero of British heritage set in a fictional African country, is held in highest esteem elsewhere, regarded as a national institution in Australia, New Zealand and much of Scandinavia. Since the early 1960s, officially licensed scripts have been produced by the Swedish-based scriptwriters of 'Team Fantomen' who today remain the major suppliers of adventures to the Phantom comics around the world. This essay suggests that this shift in the scripts' geographical origin also altered the politics of the comic: in the hands of Team Fantomen, the masked hero is instilled with political doctrines reflected in Swedish foreign policy during the late 1960s and early 1970s. This ideological shift means that the masked hero moves away from the role of colonialist fantasy prevalent in the American scripts to become a supporter of decolonization, social justice, and equality. The Phantom becomes an avatar of democratic socialist ideology, the episodes offering a direct commentary on Sweden's perception of its own role in the world as a leading proponent of international solidarity.

The Arctic Commons envisions a world where geopolitical cooperation and transnational friendship generate an ethos of planetary collectivism promoting the future stability in the Arctic and rest of the world. This book will be a guide to understanding the Arctic at a range of scales, from governmental to regional, and finally the experiential and phenomenal that engages the unique ground conditions. The Arctic Commons encourages political action to create a new network of infrastructure that operates as a model for retrofiting global systems which currently fail to represent the common interests of the everyday citizen. Humankind's current standards for social and environmental politics are underachieving at a moral and ethical level, but also failing at the spatial scale that operates in the realm of landscape architecture. Landscape architects have the power to envision futures at multiple scales and from a range of perspectives. This project seeks to traverse these scales and propose a collective perspective for the Arctic.

The multilateral trade system has been in trouble for over a decade. The set of international trade agreements managed by the World Trade Organization (WTO) has never meaningfully expanded beyond its 1990s founding package. Instead, since early 2000s bilateral trade deals done outside the WTO have multiplied. The WTO is better known today for the troubled trajectory of the unfinished Doha Round. The rhetoric of economic nationalism by the current US Administration does not help. It is time to consider new creative options before the world trading system becomes irreparably fragmented by politics. To this extent the following article advocates an initiative of creating an open plurilateral agreement on services related to energy sector under the framework of the WTO's GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services). Energy security remains the key international issue. Initiating talks among interested countries on energy related services under GATS can move the WTO forward towards pragmatic solutions and encourage international cooperation on the critical economic matter.

Aristotle is one of the greatest political philosophers of Greek history. In his book, Politics, we read about Aristotle's political treatise. His notion of the common good is depicted in his effort to portray what the ideal state should be. They could be inferred from his organization or arrangement and functions of the component parts of the state. Here, Aristotle made it explicit that man is made to live in the society and not in solitude. It is pertinent that man lives in a society, hence the name zoon politikon, that is, political animal or political being. It is from the natural origin that the state is later formed; that is from the family, the village, then many villages and finally the state. But the state is ordered to be self-sufficient. The current political challengings in the world can be addressed reasonably with the philosophical ideology of Aristotle. This paper intends to reveal this Aristotlean ideologies as a possible remedy to the current political problems in the world.

[Excerpt] "I've always thought that the problem with the literary and cultural politics of the Anglophone world was that we've never had an actual, formal surrealist movement. Yes, there are writers and thinkers in the English-speaking world that are verifiably surreal (though not members of the official movement) and many that are described as surrealist, for example the writer who is the focus of this essay, the recently deceased Guyanese novelist, critic, and visionary, Wilson Harris, who passed away in March of this year. And yes, the impact of the Surrealist International was global. As I will discuss, it had a significant impact in the Caribbean, which is partly what justifies discussing Wilson Harris in this context. Though seen as a minor or cult figure, or an example of "art brut," I'd like to help make clear his standing in a richer tradition of thinking and writing than previously acknowledged. I'd like to also suggest ways that his legacy can and should make a difference." ; http://asapjournal.com/wilson-harris-an-ontological-promiscuity-louis-chude-sokei/ ; Published version

Research on metaphor's role in politics has thus far focused predominately on metaphors used by the political elite. While these metaphors are important, they provide limited insight on metaphor's capacity as a reasoning tool for citizens. Metaphor as a cognitive mechanism enables citizens to make sense of the political world by drawing from previous knowledge and experience in nonpolitical domains. Because metaphors shape and constrain understanding by framing it within existing knowledge structures, they generate important predispositions. As a result, the study of metaphor offers an opportunity to enrich our descriptive understanding of the political cognition of citizens. The implicit nature of metaphorical reasoning means that empirical investigation will be a challenge for future research, but previous studies on metaphor suggest some productive avenues. Metaphor offers not only the chance to better explain how citizens view the political world and why they hold the preferences they do, but its criteria and processes also hold wider relevance for political psychology research.

Arendts Begriff der Pluralität entspringt einer Kritik der Philosophie von Martin Heidegger und wird ex negativo aus ihrer Analyse der "Elemente und Ursprünge totaler Herrschaft" entwickelt. Es wird argumentiert, dass sich Pluralität nicht nur auf die Welt und auf das Selbst bezieht, sondern dass es eines Vermittlungsprozesses zwischen Welt und Selbst bedarf. In Gegenüberstellung zum Verständnis des Politischen bei Aristoteles und Carl Schmitt zeigt die Autorin, wie bei Arendt der Begriff der Pluralität den Politikbegriff durch Macht bestimmt, deren Legitimität auf einem politischen Urteilsvermögen beruht, das mit dem Konzept der Pluralität korrespondiert und die Bedingung der Möglichkeit enthält, Fragen sozialer Gerechtigkeit zu thematisieren.Arendt's concept of plurality springs from a critique of Martin Heidegger's philosophy and is developed ex negativo from its analysis of the "elements and origins of total dominion." It is argued that plurality is not just about the world and the self, but that it requires a mediation process between the world and the self. In contrast to the understanding of the political in Aristotle and Carl Schmitt, the author shows how in Arendt the concept of plurality determines the concept of politics through power, whose legitimacy is based on a political judgment that corresponds to the concept of plurality and contains the condition of possibility, to address issues of social justice.

The commonly held truth is that the attitude of German society and the German elite to Russia is different to the attitude of Poland. This is not entirely true because due to Russian policy, the Germans have become more critical of Russia in the twenty-first century than before. Germany, however, pursues a more global policy than Poland. As Russia and Germany are of great significance in Polish politics, it is important to question the German vision of Russia's place in today's multipolar world. This is all the more important given that Germany, as the strongest country in Europe and the one that stabilized the euro zone, has difficulty in defining its role in the international arena. It is only as a result of the recent debate about the hybrid war, that Germany has overcome its unilateral geo-economic perception of the world. It is clear that the Germans are facing a new challenge, which they have not been prepared for.

Geopolitics focuses on political power in relation to geographic space. Interactions among world countries have been widely studied at various scales, observing economic exchanges, world history or international politics among others. This work exhibits the potential of Wikipedia mining for such studies. Indeed, Wikipedia stores valuable fine-grained dependencies among countries by linking webpages together for diverse types of interactions (not only related to economical, political or historical facts). We mine herein the Wikipedia networks of several language editions using the recently proposed method of reduced Google matrix analysis. This approach allows to establish direct and hidden links between a subset of nodes that belong to a much larger directed network. Our study concentrates on 40 major countries chosen worldwide. Our aim is to offer a multicultural perspective on their interactions by comparing networks extracted from five different Wikipedia language editions, emphasizing English, Russian and Arabic ones. We demonstrate that this approach allows to recover meaningful direct and hidden links among the 40 countries of interest.

International audience ; Geopolitics focuses on political power in relation to geographic space. Interactions among world countries have been widely studied at various scales, observing economic exchanges, world history or international politics among others. This work exhibits the potential of Wikipedia mining for such studies. Indeed, Wikipedia stores valuable fine-grained dependencies among countries by linking webpages together for diverse types of interactions (not only related to economical, political or historical facts). We mine herein the Wikipedia networks of several language editions using the recently proposed method of reduced Google matrix analysis. This approach allows to establish direct and hidden links between a subset of nodes that belong to a much larger directed network. Our study concentrates on 40 major countries chosen worldwide. Our aim is to offer a multicultural perspective on their interactions by comparing networks extracted from five different Wikipedia language editions, emphasizing English, Russian and Arabic ones. We demonstrate that this approach allows to recover meaningful direct and hidden links among the 40 countries of interest.

International audience ; Geopolitics focuses on political power in relation to geographic space. Interactions among world countries have been widely studied at various scales, observing economic exchanges, world history or international politics among others. This work exhibits the potential of Wikipedia mining for such studies. Indeed, Wikipedia stores valuable fine-grained dependencies among countries by linking webpages together for diverse types of interactions (not only related to economical, political or historical facts). We mine herein the Wikipedia networks of several language editions using the recently proposed method of reduced Google matrix analysis. This approach allows to establish direct and hidden links between a subset of nodes that belong to a much larger directed network. Our study concentrates on 40 major countries chosen worldwide. Our aim is to offer a multicultural perspective on their interactions by comparing networks extracted from five different Wikipedia language editions, emphasizing English, Russian and Arabic ones. We demonstrate that this approach allows to recover meaningful direct and hidden links among the 40 countries of interest.

The American Enlightenment of the eighteenth century was a critical time in the early years of the emergent nation as Americans increasingly explored and investigated all fields of knowledge, from philosophy to natural science. One lesser-known early American of the period, who was especially significant to early American natural science, was the naturalist William Bartram (1739-1823), whose most vital role in the American Enlightenment was that of helping America assert itself in a scientific world largely dominated at the time by European scientists. In this respect, Bartram reinforced the efforts of men like Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin to prove America to be a capable nation able to act independently. Bartram's work also helped to develop and advertise the image of America to the world as a young and growing nation. This paper, therefore, while first seeking to explore Bartram's critical role as a maker and painter of America's image during its Enlightenment, also displays some of the critical difficulties (outside of its politics) facing early America.

This is the result of research that aims to explain the legal and political civilization civilized in Isla philosophical perspective. With literature study method and the philosophical approach of the data collected, verified and analyzed. The results showed that as the core of the Islamic civilization which can affect all aspects of human life and therefore civilization should become a legal political concept in accordance with Islamic values that have alignments to the virtues of the world of human life and the hereafter. Political law as a legal way to achieve legal establishment have made many disalahgunkan for maneuvering behind the legality of the law. The necessity to fix the legal politics only interest-oriented materialistic secular with Islamic philosophy, as with the values of Islam that comes from God as the highest authority over all can be transformed into a real life human being, so that the safety and happiness of the world and the hereafter can achieved.

This article tells, for the first time, the story of the history of the participatory map: that is, the many-to-many map-making techniques that most people are familiar with through smartphone apps and Google maps. Archival research in previously untapped archives traces the origins of participatory mapping in subaltern conversations around the world, its embrace in the modern academy and development circles, its place in the World Bank, and its conversion to online formats like Google Maps and Open Street Map. The story begins in surprising places, as international networks in the 1970s began experimenting with many-to-many mapping, their members spanning New Delhi to the Cree tribes of Canada. The article argues that indigenous and postcolonial politics generated techniques for the participatory management of land use that preceded the creation of the many-to-many map online. The article explores how early theories surpassed the radicality of many-to-many mapping as practiced today.