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Although the concept of randomized assignment to control for extraneous factors reaches back hundreds of years, the first empirical use appears to have been in an 1835 trial of homeopathic medicine. Throughout the 19th century, there was primarily a growing awareness of the need for careful comparison groups, albeit often without the realization that randomization could be a particularly clean method to achieve that goal. In the second and more crucial phase of this history, four separate but related disciplines introduced randomized control trials within a few years of one another in the 1920s: agricultural science, clinical medicine, educational psychology, and social policy (specifically political science). Randomized control trials brought more rigor to fields that were in the process of expanding their purviews and focusing more on causal relationships. In the third phase, the 1950s through the 1970s saw a surge of interest in more applied randomized experiments in economics and elsewhere, in the lab and especially in the field.

"Criminal Law: Historical, Ethical, and Moral Foundations, 3rd edition, blends legal and moral reasoning in the examination of crimes and explores the history relating to jurisprudence and roots of criminal law. In order to fully grasp criminal law concepts, students must go beyond mere rote memorization of the penal code and endeavor to understand where the laws originate from and how they have developed. This book fosters discussions of controversial issues and delivers abridged case law decisions that target the essence of appellate rulings. The book also examines controversial public morality issues such as prostitution, drug legalization, obscenity, and pornography. The final two chapters discuss inchoate offenses, where the criminal act has not been completed, and various criminal defenses, such as legal insanity, entrapment, coercion, self-defense, and mistake of fact or law. Important keywords introduce each chapter, and discussion questions and suggested readings appear at the end of each chapter, prompting lively debate and further inquiry into a fascinating subject area that continues to evolve. Updated to include the latest developments in the law, this book is appropriate for undergraduate students in criminal law and related courses"--

Gang violence is a concern being debated by academics, politicians, and communities around the world. Yet effective solutions are still in short supply, partly because too little research concentrates on understanding how people can escape the trap of violent street culture. Responding to that need, this book provides a detailed qualitative account of what it is like to join and then disengage from gangs in Africa's deadliest city. Through the life histories of twenty-four former Capetonian gang members, alongside hundreds of hours of additional interviews and observation from five years of ethnographic research, Dariusz Dziewanski reimagines gangsterism in a way that pays heed to the overwhelming force of street culture, but also confirms the possibility of overcoming crime and violence amid disenfranchisement and disadvantage. Rather than simply reproducing the poverty-crime-violence narrative, this book demonstrates how gang members can - and have - transformed their lives, challenging the pessimistic conclusions commonly associated with gang entry; even gang scholars studying street culture usually portray the end point to gang life as either prison or a body bag. By presenting evidence about successful gang exit, Dziewanski showcases a practical starting point for changing how criminologists think about gangs and street culture - offering hope to those trying exit gang life, as well as those trying to help them do so.

Frontmatter -- CONTENTS -- List of Illustrations -- Preface and Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- ONE. The California Parole Process -- TWO. The Manson Family Cases and the Birth of the "Extreme-Punishment Trifecta" -- THREE. The Triumph of Helter Skelter -- FOUR. Revisiting the Past -- FIVE. Reinventing the Present -- SIX. Reimagining the Future -- SEVEN. In Bardo -- Notes -- Index

Fear, Society, and the Police examines elements of fear and how they can be controlled and turned into an effective and proper response in an emergency situation. Readers of this book will be exposed to ways fear can become an uncontrolled emotion, often leading to unnecessary acts of violence, and will examine ways and means of using reasoning to overcome unfounded fear. The author encourages readers to critically assess circumstances in today's society that have caused fear, unrest, and division between the enforcers of law and the people they are sworn to protect. Providing examples of how violence in society has had an impact on police-community relations, this book examines the many facets of fear from several perspectives, including historical, personal, and institutional. Security management courses concentrate on the "how and why" of security, yet to become an effective professional security specialist it is recommended the practitioner become educated in the nuances of fear. This book presents a look into the how and why of fear, and will relate to security personnel as it does to police officers. The book brings perspectives based on reality and experience. It will be of interest not only to those who work in law enforcement, but also to students in criminal justice, management and leadership, psychology, and sociology courses. As violence in society escalates, professionalism will require more understanding of fear-based emotions.

"The book explores how we should evaluate the models of cannabis legalization as they have been implemented in several jurisdictions in the past few years; the specific models for future cannabis legalization that have been developed and how similar or different they are they from the models already implemented; as well as the lessons that can be drawn from attempts to regulate other psychoactive substances, such as alcohol, tobacco, pharmaceuticals and "legal highs", and other "vice" activities such as gambling and prostitution"--

"In Youth Squad, Tamara Myers chronicles the development of youth consciousness among North American police departments. Starting in the 1930s, urban police forces, from Montreal to New York City to Vancouver, established youth squads and crime prevention programs, dramatically changing the nature of contact between cops and kids. Gone was the beat officer who scared children and threatened youth. In his stead, a new breed of officer - many of them women - emerged whose intentions were explicit: befriend the rising generation. Good intentions, however, produced paradoxical results. Police were late arrivals to the juvenile justice revolution but at midcentury, law enforcement embraced what Myers calls the 'youth turn.' By targeting the environment that gave rise to delinquents and criminals, police aimed for access to children, adolescents, and their cultural spaces, landing youth squads squarely in the oversight and molding of childhood. Police forces intensified their presence in children's lives through juvenile curfew laws, police athletic leagues, traffic safety and anti-corruption campaigns, and school programs. This youth-conscious policing amounted to pervasive supervision and surveillance of young people. Thus, born of a liberal ideal to integrate salvageable working-class youth, mostly boys, into society, the result was to normalize the police presence in childhood. A work at the intersection of juvenile justice, policing and childhood history, Youth Squad illuminates the era between the interwar period -when new solutions to criminal and delinquent behavior were sought - and the punitive turn in the 1970s. Myers demonstrates how the over-policing of young people today is rooted in so-called "child-friendly" schemes of the mid-twentieth-century."--

Intro; Contents; List of Illustrations; Acknowledgments; Note on Japanese Usage; List of Abbreviations; Introduction; 1. War Crimes during the Occupation: The Picture That Emerges from the Trials; 2. Rising to the Challenge: Assuming Responsibility for Trials; 3. The Trials: Questions of Guilt and Innocence; 4. Awaiting Their Fate: Sentence Reviews, Reprieves, and Executions; 5. From Retribution to Resolution: The Journey from Executions to Pardons; 6. Constructing Narratives and Assessing Impact; Conclusion; Epilogue; Notes; Bibliography; Index

Cover; Half title; Managing Personality Disordered Offenders; Copyright; Contents; Contributors; 1 Introduction; 2 Staff selection and training; 3 Case identification and formulation; 4 Intervening in the community; 5 Intervening in secure settings; 6 Meaningful service user participation in the pathway; 7 The Offender Personality Disorder pathway: Modelling collaborative commissioning in the NHS and criminal justice system; 8 Making an impact: Have we got it right yet?; Index

Intro; Contents; PREFACE; Chapter One: Introduction; Chapter Two: The Geography of Transnational Organized Crime; Chapter Three: Transnational Organized Crime Groups; Chapter Four: Comparative Solutions; Chapter Five: The Path Forward; Bibliography; Index; About the Author.

Miscarriages of justice occur far more frequently than we realise and have the power to ruin people's lives. It is crucial for criminal justice practitioners to understand them, given significant developments in recent years in law and police codes of practice. This text, part of the Key themes in policing textbook series, is written by three highly experienced authors with expertise in the fields of criminal investigation, forensic psychology and law and provides an up-to-date and comprehensive analysis of miscarriages of justice. They highlight difficulties in defining miscarriages of justice, examine their dimensions, forms, scale and impact and explore key cases and their causes. Discussing informal and formal remedies against miscarriages of justice, such as campaigns and the role of the media and the Court of Appeal and the Criminal Cases Review Commission (CCRC), they highlight criticism of the activities and decision-making of the latter and examine changes to police investigation in this area. Designed to incorporate 'evidence-based policing', each chapter provides questions reflecting on the issues raised in the text and suggestions for further reading

"Like most former Soviet republics, Ukraine has experienced a formidable proliferation of crime and corruption as it struggles with economic reform and the establishment of democracy. During the early 90s, Ukraine became one of the primary recipients of foreign assistance from the United States and its crime and corruption situation was increasingly seen as an impediment to economic transition and achieving a more democratic way of life. Thus in 1998, as part of a larger U.S. law enforcement assistance effort in Ukraine, the idea for a research partnership between criminologists and legal scholars in the two countries was born in this volume. The original research papers contained are the products of this ambitious research project. The realities of crime in post-Soviet Ukraine, as well as divergent methodological approaches and communication problems, presented the research partners with enormous challenges. This volume represents the culmination of that collaborative effort, and provides a singular look into the current crime situation in Ukraine, and into the potential global threat presented by Ukrainian organized crime. Contributions include analyses of the prediction and control of organized crime, trafficking in women and children for sexual exploitation, international money laundering, the transnational political criminal nexus of trafficking in women, countermeasures against economic crime and corruption, heroin trafficking, business victimization by organized crime, and understanding and combating organized crime. The Prediction and Control of Organized Crime will be critical reading for security planners, policymakers, and criminal justice officials, as well as comparative criminologists, legal scholars, and political scientists interested in organized crime and political corruption."--Provided by publisher

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. The Post– Civil Rights Borderland -- 2. Beds and Biometrics -- 3. Protectors and Prosecutors -- 4. Victims and Culprits -- 5. The Citizen and the Criminal -- 6. A New Enforcement Terrain -- Notes -- References -- Index -- About the Author

Crime Policy In America ; TABLE OF CONTENTS ; Foreword ; Preface to the First Edition ; Preface to the Second Edition ; Acknowledgments ; Chapter 1: Crime Policy: Meaning, Nature, Actors, and Contexts ; Chapter 2: Federalization of Crime and Justice Policy: History, Trends, and Processes ; Chapter 3: The War on Drugs: Evolution of the Policy of Criminalization ; Chapter 4: Policy-Making in Juvenile Justice: Growth, Change, and Continuity ; Chapter 5: Sex Crimes: Laws and Policy Developments ; Chapter 6: Cyber Crimes: Laws and Policy Developments