Suchergebnisse

Environmental movements worldwide / Maria Grasso and Marco Giugni -- Environmental movements in Western Europe : from globalization and institutionalization to a new model of radicalization in the 21st century? / Silvie Ollitrault -- Rhapsody in green : environmental movements in Central Eastern Europe / Ondrej Cisar -- The "tar wars" and climate justice activism in North America : a transboundary movement linking the U.S. and Canada / Ellen Spears -- Geographies of Latin American social-environmental movements : defending territories and lifeways in the face of violent extractivism / Joel Correia -- Environmental movements in Asia : divergent relationship with political liberalization / Fengshi Wu -- Middle East and North Africa : civil society and environmental activism in the Arab world / Salpie Djoundourian -- African environmental movements : Africans saving Africa themselves / Phia Steyn -- Rising tides and dirty coal : the environmental movement in Oceania / Robyn Gulliver, Susilo Wibisono and Winnifred Louis -- Environmental conservation / Angela Mertig -- Anti-nuclear movements in the US, Europe and Asia / Helena Flam and Hiroshi Onda -- Extractivism in the America's indigenous : the land of resisters / Ana Isla -- Climate change movements in the Global North / Eugene Nulman -- Animal rights and anti-speciesism / Lyle Munro -- Political consumerism and food activism / Jasmine Lorenzini -- Environmental justice and climate justice / Phaedra Pezzullo -- Indigenous movements /Linda Etchart -- Environmental movements and their political context / Joost de Moor and Mattias Wahlström -- Mobilizing environmental experts and expertise / Scott Frickel and Florencia Arancibia -- From environmental (movement) organizations to the organizing of environmental collective action / Mario Diani -- Environmental and animal oriented radicalization : walking a different path? / Gerry Nagtzaam and Pete Lentini -- New forms of environmental movement institutionalization : marketization and the politics of responsibility / Håkan Thörn -- Commercialization and environmental movements / Philip Balsiger -- Social class and environmental movements / Magnus Wennerhag and Anders Hylmo -- Political values and socialization in environmental movements / David Tindall, Erick Lachapelle, Valerie Berseth and Marjolaine Martel-Morin -- Social networks and recruitment for environmental movements / Clare Saunders -- Framing environmental issues / Louisa Parks -- Gender and environmental movements / Suzanne Staggenborg and Chie Togami -- Environmental activism and everyday life / Francesca Forno and Stefan Wahlen -- Policy and legislative outcomes of environmental movements / Erik Johnson and Jon Agnone -- Influence of environmental movements on public opinion and attitudes : do people's movements move the people? / Joanna Huxster -- Environmental movements and scientific, technological, and industrial change / David Hess -- Biographical consequences of environmental activism / Sara Vestergren and John Drury -- Youth and environmental activism / Sarah Pickard, Benjamin Bowman and Dena Arya -- Environmental movements and digital media / Anastasia Kavada and Doug Specht -- Green democracy / Amanda Machin -- Neoliberalism and social-environmental movements in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crash : linking struggles against social, spatial and environmental inequality / Elia Apostolopoulou -- The future of environmental movements / Carl Cassegard.

The complexity of measuring indigenous welbeing / Matthew Manning and Christopher Fleming -- Understanding wellbeing / Matthew Manning and Christopher Fleming -- Health and physical wellbeing of the Sámi people / Per Axelsson and Christina Storm Mienna -- Chronic disease among Native North Americans / Leslie Redmond and Joel Gittelsohn -- Changing concepts of wellness among the Swahili of Lamu Town, Kenya / Rebecca Gearhart Mafazy and Munib Said Mafazy -- Physical wellbeing of native Hawaiians, the indigenous people of Hawai'i / Joseph Keawe¿aimoku Kaholokula, Andrea H. Hermosura and Mapuana C.K. Antonio -- Traditional healing and indigenous wellbeing in Aotearoa, New Zealand / Annabel Ahuriri-Driscoll and Amohia Boulton -- Physical wellbeing of Maori / Denise Wilson, Amohia Boulton and Isaac Warbrick -- Wellbeing in Swedish indigenous Sami children and young-people : looking back and looking forward / Susanne Garvis and Lotta Omma -- Well-being considerations among selected North American Indian populations : relationships, spirits, and connections / Lyle J. Noisy Hawk and Joseph Trimble -- Socio-economic wellbeing of the Basarwa people of Botswana : a forgotten generation / Keitseope Nthomang and Pelotshweu Moepeng -- The comparative wellbeing of the New Zealand Maori and indigenous Australian populations since 2000 / Matthew Gray and Boyd Hunter -- Economic wellbeing of Canada's indigenous people / Belayet Hossain and Laura Lamb -- El "buen vivir" : notions of wellbeing among indigenous peoples of South America / Ana Maria Peredo -- The economic wellbeing of the San of the western, central, and eastern Kalahari regions of Botswana / Robert Hitchcock and Maria Sapignoli -- Economic wellbeing of the indigenous people in the Asia Pacific region : the role of entrepreneurship in sustainable development / Rick Colbourne and Robert B Anderson -- The social and economic situation of scheduled tribes in India / Daniel Neff, Cornelis W. Haasnoot, Sebastian Renner and Kunal Sen -- Maori identity and economic wellbeing / Carla Houkamau -- "We have our own way" : exploring pathways for wellbeing among Inuit in Nunatsiavut, Labrador, Canada / Alexandra Sawatzky, Ashlee Cunsolo, Sherilee L. Harper, Inez Shiwak and Michele Wood -- Indigenous culture-as-treatment in the era of evidence-based mental health practice / Andrew Pomerville and Joseph P. Gone -- The relationship between child labour, participation in cultural activities, and the schooling outcomes of children : an analysis by indigenous status / Lilia Arcos Holzinger and Nicholas Biddle -- Mabu liyan : the Yawuru way / Mandy Yap and Eunice Yu -- Subjective wellbeing of Aboriginal peoples of Canada / Shashi Kant, Ilan Vertinsky and Bin Zheng -- Subjective wellbeing of indigenous Latin Americans : regional trends and the case of Mexico's indigenous people / Lilia Arcos Holzinger and Nicholas Biddle -- Subjective wellbeing of the Purhépecha people : between tradition and modernity / Mariano Rojas and Paz Chávez -- Subjective wellbeing of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island people of Australia / Christopher L. Ambrey, Christopher Fleming and Matthew Manning -- Indigenous wellbeing and future challenges / Matthew Manning and Christopher Fleming.

The complexity of measuring indigenous welbeing / Matthew Manning and Christopher Fleming -- Understanding wellbeing / Matthew Manning and Christopher Fleming -- Health and physical wellbeing of the Sámi people / Per Axelsson and Christina Storm Mienna -- Chronic disease among Native North Americans / Leslie Redmond and Joel Gittelsohn -- Changing concepts of wellness among the Swahili of Lamu Town, Kenya / Rebecca Gearhart Mafazy and Munib Said Mafazy -- Physical wellbeing of native Hawaiians, the indigenous people of Hawai'i / Joseph Keawe¿aimoku Kaholokula, Andrea H. Hermosura and Mapuana C.K. Antonio -- Traditional healing and indigenous wellbeing in Aotearoa, New Zealand / Annabel Ahuriri-Driscoll and Amohia Boulton -- Physical wellbeing of Maori / Denise Wilson, Amohia Boulton and Isaac Warbrick -- Wellbeing in Swedish indigenous Sami children and young-people : looking back and looking forward / Susanne Garvis and Lotta Omma -- Well-being considerations among selected North American Indian populations : relationships, spirits, and connections / Lyle J. Noisy Hawk and Joseph Trimble -- Socio-economic wellbeing of the Basarwa people of Botswana : a forgotten generation / Keitseope Nthomang and Pelotshweu Moepeng -- The comparative wellbeing of the New Zealand Maori and indigenous Australian populations since 2000 / Matthew Gray and Boyd Hunter -- Economic wellbeing of Canada's indigenous people / Belayet Hossain and Laura Lamb -- El "buen vivir" : notions of wellbeing among indigenous peoples of South America / Ana Maria Peredo -- The economic wellbeing of the San of the western, central, and eastern Kalahari regions of Botswana / Robert Hitchcock and Maria Sapignoli -- Economic wellbeing of the indigenous people in the Asia Pacific region : the role of entrepreneurship in sustainable development / Rick Colbourne and Robert B Anderson -- The social and economic situation of scheduled tribes in India / Daniel Neff, Cornelis W. Haasnoot, Sebastian Renner and Kunal Sen -- Maori identity and economic wellbeing / Carla Houkamau -- "We have our own way" : exploring pathways for wellbeing among Inuit in Nunatsiavut, Labrador, Canada / Alexandra Sawatzky, Ashlee Cunsolo, Sherilee L. Harper, Inez Shiwak and Michele Wood -- Indigenous culture-as-treatment in the era of evidence-based mental health practice / Andrew Pomerville and Joseph P. Gone -- The relationship between child labour, participation in cultural activities, and the schooling outcomes of children : an analysis by indigenous status / Lilia Arcos Holzinger and Nicholas Biddle -- Mabu liyan : the Yawuru way / Mandy Yap and Eunice Yu -- Subjective wellbeing of Aboriginal peoples of Canada / Shashi Kant, Ilan Vertinsky and Bin Zheng -- Subjective wellbeing of indigenous Latin Americans : regional trends and the case of Mexico's indigenous people / Lilia Arcos Holzinger and Nicholas Biddle -- Subjective wellbeing of the Purhépecha people : between tradition and modernity / Mariano Rojas and Paz Chávez -- Subjective wellbeing of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island people of Australia / Christopher L. Ambrey, Christopher Fleming and Matthew Manning -- Indigenous wellbeing and future challenges / Matthew Manning and Christopher Fleming.

Introducción: los medicamentos biológicos se definen como productos cuyos ingredientes activos son producidos por una fuente biológica, mientras que un producto biotecnológico se desarrollar a partir del aislamiento de un gen de interés y su clonación. Método: se realizó un estudio comparativo de las regulaciones vigentes a julio de 2020 relacionadas con medicamentos biológicos y biotecnológicos de los países de Centroamérica y el Caribe que actualmente disponen de un marco regulatorio para su registro, con respecto a aquellas de Chile y Brasil. Resultados: existen diferencias relevantes en diversos aspectos. Dentro de la información general solicitada se encontraron variaciones para las definiciones de Autoridad Reguladora Estricta, producto biotecnológico, producto de referencia y producto innovador. También se hallaron divergencias para la información no clínica y clínica solicitada, y los programas de Farmacovigilancia. Para productos biosimilares se distinguieron particularidades referentes a su definición y la de ejercicio de biosimilitud, así como para aspectos propios de su utilización como lo son la extrapolación de indicaciones y la sustitución automática o intercambiabilidad. Finalmente, para su etiquetado se requiere mayor estudio por parte de las autoridades sanitarias. Conclusiones: una vez realizada la revisión de la normativa respecto al registro sanitario de productos biológicos y biotecnológicos en nueve países de América Latina, se encontró que la información solicitada no se halla homologada. ; Introduction: biological products are defined as products whose active ingredients are produced by a biological source, while biotechnological medicine is developed from the isolation of a gene of interest and its cloning. Method: a comparative study was carried out of the regulations in force as of July 2020 related to biological and biotechnological drugs of the countries of Central America and the Caribbean that currently have a regulatory framework for their registration, with respect to those of Chile and Brazil. Results: there are relevant differences in various aspects. Within the general information requested, variations were found for the definitions of Stringent Regulatory Authority, biotechnological product, reference product, and innovative product. Also, divergences were found for the non-clinical and clinical information requested and the Pharmacovigilance programs. For biosimilar products, particularities were distinguished regarding their definition and the exercise of biosimilarity, as well as for aspects of their use, such as the extrapolation of indications and automatic substitution or interchangeability. Finally, their labeling requires further study by the health regulatory authorities. Conclusions: after reviewing the regulations for the marketing authorization of biological and biotechnological products in nine Latin American countries, it was found that the requested information is not homologated.

El estudio de algunos ensayos colombianos del siglo XIX, desde la perspectiva del género literario, contribuye significativamente a comprender el problema del federalismo en nuestro país. Así, el análisis de estos ensayos permite identificar los problemas que podrían definir las diferentes etapas de una eventual historia del federalismo en Colombia y proponer su periodización. En este trabajo defino y discuto los dos primeros periodos (1790-1810 y 1810-1819). En el primer capítulo demuestro cómo el ensayo se inserta en las discusiones sobre el porvenir del Nuevo Reino de Granada tras la crisis monárquica en 1808. Por supuesto, los hombres de letras de la época, permeados por las ideas de la Ilustración, la Revolución Francesa y la Constitución de Estados unidos de América, evaluaron la propuesta federal en sus ensayos. En el segundo capítulo, evidencio un intento de construcción de identidad que surge a partir de las reflexiones ensayísticas sobre los modelos administrativos más convenientes para organizar las provincias del Nuevo Reino de Granada. Por último, propongo algunas vías de acceso a los asuntos que definirían los siguientes dos periodos del federalismo en Colombia y a otros trabajos paralelos que ayudarían a consolidar una perspectiva más holística del problema del federalismo en los contextos colombiano y latinoamericano. (Texto tomado de la fuente) ; The study of some 19th century Colombian essays, when approached from the perspective of their literary genre, significantly contributes to understanding the issue of federalism in our country. Hence, the analysis of these essays allows us to identify the problems that would define the different stages of a prospective history of the federalism in Colombia and propose its periodization. In this text, I define and discuss the first two periods (1790-1810 and 1810-1819). In the first chapter, I will demonstrate how the essays were part of the discussions about the future of the New Kingdom of Granada after the monarchic crisis in 1808. Of course, the men of letters, permeated by the ideas from the Enlightenment, the French Revolution, and the Constitution of the United States of America, assessed the federal proposal in their essays. In the second chapter, I will evidence the process of construction of an identity that arises from the reflections about the most appropriate administrative models for organizing the different provinces of the New Kingdom of Granada. Finally, I propose some access paths to the main issues that would define the next two periods of federalism in Colombia and other parallel endeavours that would help to consolidate a more holistic view of the problem of federalism in the Colombian and Latin American context. ; Maestría ; Magíster en Estudios Literarios ; Literatura e historia colombiana del siglo XIX

Urban mobility is a key issue in sustainable urban development policies. However, in the latest decades, the rise of urban traffic has aggravated environmental quality, spatial fragmentation, and social cohesion in metropolitan areas. Meeting commuter's needs should not be contrary to improving the quality of the environment. Public politics based on an integrated spatial planning of urban mobility and the urban fabric, following environmental principles, would contribute to make an accessible system of public spaces. The main goal of this research is to assess how a mass transport network could become the backbone of a metropolitan public space system. Integrated planning of public transport and open space system could contribute to improve indicators related to urban mobility, environmental quality and social inclusion, in unstructured environments and socially vulnerable communities. This scientific-analytic research is focused on three variables: urban mobility, urban morphology and social inclusion, and their quantitative and qualitative indicators (traffic flows, land-use patterns, air pollution, socioeconomic status, public space area per capita, etc.). These indicators are tested in Metro Line 2 of Lima, nowadays under construction. Lima Metropolitana is one of the largest Latin-American conurbations with a population of just over 9,5M and 22M daily commutes. Moreover, traffic congestion is considered by residents as the city's second most important problem in spite that 75% of daily trips take place in public transport. An urban model based on unbalanced urban densities and no mixed land-use patterns, and informal transport services undermines the creation of a metropolitan open space system. An integrated spatial planning based on mobility and public space improving the future exchange nodes of Metro Line from a spatial and social point of view could contribute to reduce the impacts of urban flows, such as spatial fragmentation, social inequality and environmental pollution. ; This research has received financial support from the Annual Research Incentive Competition convened by the Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (Peru), through the project "Mass public transport network as a backbone element of the metropolitan open space system, the Lima Metro as a case study" led by Professor Susana López; Ii has also obtained the Ibero-America Santander Research Scholarship 2019 for the project "The public transport network as a backbone element of the system of environmentally sustainable and socially inclusive urban spaces: the case of Lima Metro, Peru", with Professor Joan Moreno as grantee. Likewise, we would like to especially thank the student of Geography and Environment, Carlos Guardia Brown, for his contribution to the analysis of cartographic data and graphic expression of the figures included in the document. ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (published version)

Al tenor del creciente consenso en torno a que una agenda para el desarrollo después de 2015 demanda el abordaje de la migración internacional contemporánea con el ánimo de reducir la pobreza y la desigualdad, a la par que combatir la discriminación, la exclusión y la marginalización, se describe, de modo sucinto, cómo los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), enmarcados en la Agenda 2030, visibilizan e incluyen a las migraciones y el refugio como temas de discusión. Para ello, se parte de una revisión documental en torno a las bases normativas y conceptuales que sustentan la relación entre la migración y el desarrollo, brindando luego un breve estatus de la situación migratoria en Iberoamérica con foco en América Latina y el Caribe –particularmente el caso de Venezuela y el éxodo por el que atraviesa en la actualidad como producto de la contracción económica, la crisis humanitaria y la conflictividad político-social–, para finalizar con una reflexión en torno a los actores convocados a hacer parte de este esfuerzo y las acciones que pueden desplegar de cara a aminorar la «migración involuntaria a gran escala» provocada por «conflictos, desastres o por motivos ambientales o económicos», la cual figura dentro de los 10 principales riesgos mundiales contemplados de manera reiterada en los informes publicados por el Foro Económico Mundial entre 2016 y 2018. ; In line with the growing consensus that a post in the 2015 development agenda demands the approach of contemporary international migration with the aim of reducing poverty and inequality, while fighting against discrimination, exclusion and marginalization, this article describes how the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), framed in the 2030 Agenda, make visible and include migrations and refugees as topics for discussion. To do so, the article begins with a literature review regarding the normative and conceptual bases of the relationship between migration and development, providing a brief status of the migration behavior flows in Ibero-America with a focus on Latin American and the Caribbean—particularly the case of Venezuela and the exodus it is currently experiencing as a result of economic contraction, humanitarian crisis and political and social conflict—, to end with a reflection on the actors invited to participate in this effort and the actions that can be deployed in order to reduce the «involuntary large-scale migration» caused by «conflicts, disasters or environmental or economic reasons», which is within the top 10 global risks repeatedly contemplated in the reports published by the World Economic Forum between 2016 and 2018. The article hopes to contribute to the debate in favor of migratory and integration policies with better planning and management, and real impact on the lives of migrants.

Al tenor del creciente consenso en torno a que una agenda para el desarrollo después de 2015 demanda el abordaje de la migración internacional contemporánea con el ánimo de reducir la pobreza y la desigualdad, a la par que combatir la discriminación, la exclusión y la marginalización, se describe, de modo sucinto, cómo los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), enmarcados en la Agenda 2030, visibilizan e incluyen a las migraciones y el refugio como temas de discusión. Para ello, se parte de una revisión documental en torno a las bases normativas y conceptuales que sustentan la relación entre la migración y el desarrollo, brindando luego un breve estatus de la situación migratoria en Iberoamérica con foco en América Latina y el Caribe –particularmente el caso de Venezuela y el éxodo por el que atraviesa en la actualidad como producto de la contracción económica, la crisis humanitaria y la conflictividad político-social–, para finalizar con una reflexión en torno a los actores convocados a hacer parte de este esfuerzo y las acciones que pueden desplegar de cara a aminorar la «migración involuntaria a gran escala» provocada por «conflictos, desastres o por motivos ambientales o económicos», la cual figura dentro de los 10 principales riesgos mundiales contemplados de manera reiterada en los informes publicados por el Foro Económico Mundial entre 2016 y 2018.// In line with the growing consensus that a post in the 2015 development agenda demands the approach of contemporary international migration with the aim of reducing poverty and inequality, while fighting against discrimination, exclusion and marginalization, this article describes how the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), framed in the 2030 Agenda, make visible and include migrations and refugees as topics for discussion. To do so, the article begins with a literature review regarding the normative and conceptual bases of the relationship between migration and development, providing a brief status of the migration behavior flows in Ibero-America with a focus on Latin American and the Caribbean—particularly the case of Venezuela and the exodus it is currently experiencing as a result of economic contraction, humanitarian crisis and political and social conflict—, to end with a reflection on the actors invited to participate in this effort and the actions that can be deployed in order to reduce the «involuntary large-scale migration» caused by «conflicts, disasters or environmental or economic reasons», which is within the top 10 global risks repeatedly contemplated in the reports published by the World Economic Forum between 2016 and 2018. The article hopes to contribute to the debate in favor of migratory and integration policies with better planning and management, and real impact on the lives of migrants.

Undoubtedly, democracy is in constant danger. The Athenian creation -later taken by the Latin American countries in the political-administrative figure of the Republic- has demonstrated not to be the best government model, but (yes, a great but), the less evil, as expressed by an English politician when he saw that his empire era was coming to an end. And one of those defenders was the critical acid of the Vienna Circle and contemporary philosopher Karl Popper, who lived on his own flesh the mistakes of democracy and the horrors of totalitarianism. Popper, defender of democracy to the limit, who even within his writings we can appreciate the paradoxes he sees in this, will not hesitate when the system of government of the people, for the people and the people, fall into the temptation to choose the dictatorship. For this, the philosopher tells us, democracy must create mechanisms so that this does not happen and we do not have a popular election that takes a demagogue and criminal to power, as was Hitler's Germany. The thinking of the critical philosopher of historicism is liberal. An English liberalism and not as we understand it and we live in several States of America, where people is economic liberal and conservative in the ideas. No, Popper is liberal. A true liberal. ; Sin lugar a dudas, la democracia se encuentra en constante peligro. La creación ateniense -tomada posteriormente por los países latinoamericanos en la figura política-administrativa de la República-, ha demostrado no ser el mejor modelo de gobierno, pero (sí, un gran pero), el menos malo, como lo expreso un político inglés cuando veía que la era su imperio llegaba a su fin. Y uno de esos defensores fue el ácido crítico del Círculo de Viena y filósofo contemporáneo Karl Popper, quien vivió en carne propia los errores de la democracia y los horrores de los totalitarismos. Popper, defensor de la democracia al límite, que incluso dentro de sus escritos podemos apreciar las paradojas que ve él en ésta, no vacilará cuando el sistema del gobierno del pueblo, para el pueblo y por el pueblo, caiga en la tentación de elegir la dictadura. Para ello, nos dice el filósofo, la democracia debe crear los mecanismos para que esto no suceda y no volvamos a tener una elección popular que lleva a un demagogo y criminal al poder, como lo fue la Alemania de Hitler. El pensamiento del filósofo crítico del historicismo, es liberal. Un liberalismo inglés y no como lo entendemos y vivimos en varios Estados de América, donde se es liberal económico y conservador en las ideas. No, Popper es liberal. Un verdadero liberal.

Sugar had become, by the eighteenth century, a global commodity. Originating in East Asia, plantations in the Americas fed the growing taste for its use in Europe, with its consumption increasingly popularised. The 1791 Revolution in Saint Domingue (Haiti) and the 1807 British abolition of the slave trade prompted shifts in the epicentres of sugar, the most important of these being arguably to Cuba and Java. These two fertile islands saw the burgeoning development of sugar-plantation systems with major inputs of foreign capital and forced labour. In the process the two islands each, respectively, became central to the very much truncated Spanish and Dutch colonial empires left after the Napoleonic wars and the Latin American wars of liberation; and by the mid-nineteenth century in the case of Cuba, and by the late nineteenth century in the case of Java, they had been catapulted to global sugar pre-eminence. There has been an abundance of study on the two islands each in their own right, but none systematically examines their parallel trajectories. Yet the question arises as to how sugar came to dominate the agriculture, industry and trade of these two islands; and how these two islands in particular, in two different colonial systems and parts of the world, should rise to sugar pre-eminence in the way they did and when they did. Are there connections and similarities between the two that help explain this phenomenon? This article analyses the conditions that led Java and Cuba to become the prime cane-sugar exporters of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Initiative for this came from the linkages between their dominant elites and the transnational, transimperial networks of trade and capital. This furthered the stimulation of technological and scientific innovation in both, enabled not only through the introduction of the latest advances in machinery and method, but also the immigration of technical skilled workers from Europe and North America. New sugar frontiers were opened that offered room for expansion at a time of rapidly growing demand for sugar in Europe; but for this to occur, radical changes needed to be made to the system of land ownership and use. At the same solutions were needed for how to mobilise and control sufficient labour without jeopardising the colonial order. This question eventually came to dominate the political system through which social control could be ensured – particularly, because Cuba and Java came to be ever more closely tied to global capital and trade; and both islands become dominated by sugar while at the same time coming to dominate global sugar production.

When we set out to carry out the first work of the classics section of this magazine on Isaiah Bowman, we not only found his production on political and geopolitical geography but also on physical geography, and much about Peru in its southern territories that we did not know. We decided to get to know Isaiah Bowman more not only as an academic but also as a politician and advisor to the highest echelons of American power in the two world wars, Bowman was convinced that he represented the free world and that is why he sadly confronted the school in his texts German geopolitics, but also in Peru in his works he describes the oppression of the Andean and Amazonian Indians who were exploited in almost slavery regimes in the south of Peru, which he detailed and was a great contribution to know the reality of Peru.But in that archeology of Bowman's geographical thought we also find as the great architect of Latin American studies from the academic and political organizations created to study the social subject that is south of the Rio Bravo in Mexico or the Rio Grande in the United States. An artifact of that hegemonic moment of the 20th century from Washington is the project of the Map to the Millionth of Hispano America, which began the use of new cartographic techniques to collect geoinformation for that purpose. ; Cuando nos propusimos realizar el primer trabajo de la sección de clásicos de esta revista sobre Isaiah Bowman, no solo encontramos su producción sobre geografía política y geopolítica sino también sobre geografía física, y mucho sobre el Perú en sus territorios sureños que desconocíamos. Decidimos conocer más a Isaiah Bowman no solo como académico sino también como político y asesor de las altas esferas del poder norteamericano en las dos guerras mundiales, Bowman era un convencido que representaba al mundo libre y por eso se enfrentó en sus textos a la tristemente escuela geopolítica alemana, pero también en el Perú en sus trabajos describe la opresión de los indios andinos y amazónicos que eran explotados en regímenes casi de esclavitud en el sur del Perú, lo cuales detallo y fue un gran aporte para conocer la realidad del Perú. Pero en esa arqueología del pensamiento geográfico de Bowman también encontramos como el gran arquitecto de los estudios latinoamericanos desde las organizaciones académicos y políticas creadas para estudiar al sujeto social que se encuentra al sur del Río Bravo en México o Río Grande en Estados Unidos. Un artefacto de ese momento hegemónico del siglo XX desde Washington es el proyecto del Mapa al Millonésimo de Hispano America, que dio inicio al uso de nuevas técnicas cartográficas para recolectar geoinformación para ese propósito. ; Quando nos propusemos a realizar o primeiro trabalho da seção de clássicos desta revista sobre Isaiah Bowman, não encontramos sua produção apenas sobre geografia política e geopolítica, mas também sobre geografia física, e muito sobre o Peru em seus territórios do sul que não encontramos. saber. Decidimos saber mais sobre Isaiah Bowman não apenas como acadêmico, mas também como político e conselheiro dos mais altos escalões do poder americano nas duas guerras mundiais. Bowman estava convencido de que representava o mundo livre e por isso enfrentou tristemente o escola em seus textos geopolítica alemã, mas também no Peru em suas obras descreve a opressão dos índios andinos e amazônicos que foram explorados em regimes quase escravistas no sul do Peru, que detalhou e foi uma grande contribuição para conhecer a realidade de Peru. Mas nessa arqueologia do pensamento geográfico de Bowman também nos encontramos como o grande arquiteto dos estudos latino-americanos das organizações acadêmicas e políticas criadas para estudar a questão social que fica ao sul do Rio Bravo no México ou o Rio Grande nos Estados Unidos. Um artefato desse momento hegemônico do século 20 vindo de Washington é o projeto do Mapa ao Milionésimo da Hispano América, que deu início ao uso de novas técnicas cartográficas de coleta de geoinformação para esse fim.

AMÉRICA LATINA El milagro de los mineros en Chile: el plan de rescate en marcha.Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/08/29/chile.miners/index.html#fbid=A5hLEVv15Gl&wom=falsehttp://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2010/08/27/chili-le-percement-d-un-puits-de-secours-commencera-dimanche-ou-lundi_1403681_3222.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1300066http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Chile/envia/envia/ayuda/mineros/estudia/plan/alternativo/elpepuint/20100829elpepuint_1/TesLa guerra de bandas narcotraficantes deja al menos 48 ejecutados en México.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/guerra/bandas/narcotraficantes/deja/48/ejecutados/Mexico/elpepuint/20100828elpepuint_5/Teshttp://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2014610,00.htmlhttp://www.lemonde.fr/depeches/2010/08/30/tirs-entre-armee-et-trafiquants-au-mexique-7-morts-dont-un-militaire_3210_60_43273821.htmlhttp://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2010/08/30/la-police-mexicaine-renvoie-10-de-ses-effectifs_1404589_3222.htmlhttp://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/705184.htmlhttp://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-mexico-police-fired-20100831,0,5955735.storyGuerra de pandillas recrudece en Medellín: sólo este año ya se registran más de 1.250 homicidios.Para más información:http://diario.elmercurio.com/2010/08/30/internacional/_portada/noticias/FBFB820E-9212-440E-89D9-FEEDB862F0C7.htm?id={FBFB820E-9212-440E-89D9-FEEDB862F0C7}http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/38947984/ns/world_news-americas/Chávez acusa a medios internacionales de "conflagración" contra su gobierno.Para más información:http://diario.elmercurio.com/2010/08/30/internacional/_portada/noticias/32F42A6C-A170-4FB5-9802-1FD0BD31A345.htm?id={32F42A6C-A170-4FB5-9802-1FD0BD31A345}Elecciones presidenciales en Perú.Para más información: http://diario.elmercurio.com/2010/08/30/internacional/internacional/noticias/2FE71BE0-3861-4DF8-A474-FA6CEE1E3C49.htm?id={2FE71BE0-3861-4DF8-A474-FA6CEE1E3C49}América sigue de cerca los pasos del huracán Earl.Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/31/us/31hurricane.html?ref=worldhttp://www.lemonde.fr/depeches/2010/08/30/atlantique-l-ouragan-earl-se-renforce-et-atteint-la-4e-categorie_3210_60_43273720.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-11141730Inundaciones al sur de México.Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/latinamerica/la-fgw-mexico-flooding30-20100830,0,3048854.storyOtro exabrupto de Chávez: tildó de "imbéciles" a periodistas de CNN.Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1299914Venezuela: huelga de hambre con trágico final.Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1300067http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/fallecio-franklin-brito-productor-venezolano-en-huelga-de-hambre_7886831-1Ataque narco contra un bar en Cancún: 8 muertos.Para más información:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/38933612/ns/world_news-americas/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1300123Fidel Castro admite su culpa por la ola homofóbica que existió en Cuba.Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1300018http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11147157http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/fidel-castro-se-arrepiente-de-haber-discriminado-en-su-gobierno-a-los-homosexuales_7887281-1Accidente en autobús en Ecuador deja casi 40 muertos.Para más información:http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2010-08/30/content_11221246.htmNewsweek analiza: ¿Por qué las democracias de América Latina dan ataques contra la libertad de prensa?.Para más información:http://www.newsweek.com/2010/08/31/latin-american-democracies-lash-out-at-the-press.htmlESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADÁLa ultraderecha exhibe su poderío en Washington.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/ultraderecha/exhibe/poderio/Washington/elpepuint/20100829elpepiint_2/TesA cinco años de Katrina, ciertas heridas continúan abiertas.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Katrina/tragedia/sonroja/Estados/Unidos/elpepuint/20100828elpepuint_7/Teshttp://diario.elmercurio.com/2010/08/30/internacional/internacional/noticias/DD45E2B8-FD30-423E-9455-BDF7FF6F1766.htm?id={DD45E2B8-FD30-423E-9455-BDF7FF6F1766}Repercusiones de la visita de Jimmy Carter a Corea del Norte.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Llega/EE/UU/estadounidense/liberado/Corea/Norte/Jimmy/Carter/elpepuint/20100827elpepuint_11/Teshttp://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/08/27/jimmy-carter-obtient-la-liberation-d-un-americain-par-la-coree-du-nord_1403291_3216.htmlBernanke garantiza a los mercados que la FED está lista para actuar "en caso de necesidad".Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/Bernanke/garantiza/mercados/Fed/lista/actuar/caso/necesidad/elpepueco/20100827elpepueco_6/Teshttp://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2010/08/27/la-delicate-position-de-la-fed-face-aux-risques-de-rechute_1403602_3222.htmlLos desafíos de la Casa Blanca hacia el fin de la estadía de los Estados Unidos en Irak.Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1300177http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2010-09/01/content_11235899.htmhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-11147300http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/orienteproximo/obama-anuncia-el-fin-simbolico-de-las-operaciones-de-combate-en-irak_7887262-1Nuevas sanciones de Estados Unidos a Corea del Norte.Para más información:http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2010-08/31/content_11231687.htmhttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/38921932/ns/world_news-asiapacific/Estados Unidos trabaja en estrechar lazos comerciales con China.Para más información:http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2010-08/31/content_11229402.htmRamadán en Guantánamo.Para más información:http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/08/24/1788938/ramadan-at-guantanamo-bay-includes.htmlEUROPAUn directivo del Bundesbank arremete contra inmigrantes, musulmanes y judíos.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/directivo/Bundesbank/arremete/inmigrantes/musulmanes/judios/elpepuint/20100829elpepuint_3/TesGran Bretaña exige al Hamas la liberación de Gilad Shalit.Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/08/28/israel.shalit.birthday/index.html#fbid=A5hLEVv15Gl&wom=falseFrancia: los socialistas lanzan campaña presidencial para 2012Para más información:http://diario.elmercurio.com/2010/08/30/internacional/internacional/noticias/DC873B05-0184-4DFB-94B9-64ADA71368A3.htm?id={DC873B05-0184-4DFB-94B9-64ADA71368A3}Importante desplazamientos de tierras en Turquía.Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2010/08/27/inondations-et-glissements-de-terrain-font-douze-morts-en-turquie_1403655_3244.htmlTony Blair confiesa su "angustia" por la guerra en IrakPara más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/internacional/2010/09/100901_blair_memorias_publicacion_wbm.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-11139978http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/38946316/ns/today-books/ASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTESalvad a Shakineh, la mujer iraní cuyos derechos humanos son violados.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/opinion/Salvad/Shakineh/elpepusocdgm/20100829elpdmgpan_1/TesLa mala gestión en las inundaciones hunde a la clase política paquistaní.Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/08/28/pakistan.floods/index.html#fbid=A5hLEVv15Gl&wom=falsehttp://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2014480,00.htmlBalance de la situación irakí tras salida de las fuerzas estadounidenses.Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/31/world/middleeast/31legacy.html?_r=1&ref=world http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-iraq-assassinations-20100831,0,2759500.storyPara los iraquíes, un día histórico que abre interrogantes.Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1300178http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/38948947/ns/world_news-the_new_york_times/Biden en su visita a Irak.Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/31/world/middleeast/31biden.html?ref=worldCorea del Norte confirma visita del líder a China.Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/31/world/asia/31korea.html?ref=worldhttp://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-china-kim-20100831,0,2176527.storySiete soldados estadounidenses mueren en Afganistán.Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/31/world/asia/31afghan.html?ref=worldhttp://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-afghanistan-casualties-20100831,0,2749111.storyElecciones en Afganistán.Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/08/30/elections-en-afghanistan-la-dure-campagne-des-candidates_1404239_3216.htmlFrente a las sanciones del mundo, Corea del Norte continúa resistente.Para más información:http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2010-06/06/content_9939777.htmInsurgentes talibanes atacan dos bases de la OTAN en Afganistán.Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-0829-afghan-nato-attack-20100829,0,416060.storyhttp://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Insurgentes/talibanes/atacan/bases/OTAN/Afganistan/elpepuint/20100828elpepuint_2/TesLa erupción de un volcán indonesio obliga a evacuar a 12.000 personas.Para más información:http://diario.elmercurio.com/2010/08/30/internacional/internacional/noticias/D53D584A-9132-49D6-AE08-5645160D70F8.htm?id={D53D584A-9132-49D6-AE08-5645160D70F8}http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/705141.htmlhttp://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/erupcion/volcan/indonesio/obliga/evacuar/12000/personas/elpepuint/20100829elpepuint_2/TesComienza el proceso de puesta en marcha de la central nuclear iraní de Bushehr.Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-iran-bushehr-20100822,0,3826490.storyhttp://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Comienza/proceso/puesta/marcha/central/nuclear/irani/Bushehr/elpepuint/20100821elpepuint_5/TesNetanyahu fija tres principios para la paz con los palestinos.Para más información:http://diario.elmercurio.com/2010/08/30/internacional/_portada/noticias/2F5E7770-A932-41B8-BB82-BFF7A007C38D.htm?id={2F5E7770-A932-41B8-BB82-BFF7A007C38D}http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-fg-mideast-talks-20100830,0,4968168.storyAtaque mortal de Hamas para sabotear el diálogo, deja cuatro víctimas mortales.Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1300065http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11148097http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/38936341/ns/world_news-mideastn_africa/ÁFRICAEl Consejo de Seguridad exige investigar la violación de al menos 154 congoleñas.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Consejo/Seguridad/exige/investigar/violacion/154/congolenas/elpepuint/20100828elpepiint_10/TesLa ONU cree que Ruanda cometió genocidio contra los hutus en CongoPara más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/ONU/cree/Ruanda/cometio/genocidio/hutus/Congo/elpepuint/20100828elpepiint_9/TesGaddafi vuelve a reclutar a 200 jóvenes en su visita a RomaPara más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/31/world/europe/31romebrief.html?ref=worldhttp://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Gaddafi/vuelve/reclutar/200/jovenes/visita/Roma/elpepuint/20100829elpepuint_4/TesTrágica situación de los niños al sur de Sudán.Para más información:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/38920431/ns/world_news-mideastn_africa/Nigeria: entre asesinatos, violencia y elecciones.Para más información:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/38918125/ns/world_news-africa/OTRAS NOTICIASThe Economist presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week".Para más información:http://www.economist.com/node/16648201?story_id=16648201CNN publica la sección: "Impact your world":Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/impact.your.world/

In 1928, Utah Construction Company completed its first project outside of the United States with the 110 mile railroad for Southern Pacific of Mexico. Over the next 30 years, UCC continued to work on projects in Mexico including dams, roads, mining, and canals. The collection contains several booklets and correspondence along with approximately 500 photographs. ; 8.5 x 11 in. paper ; Mexico 20 December 1972 E. C. DeMoss cc A. M. Wilson (2) Hugh Douglas Weston Bourret RECENT ECONOMIC TRENDS - MEXICO According to the Financial Times reports and speeches of informed officials, Mexico is presently witnessing a disturbing trend with respect to major mining investments. A few items bearing on this subject: 1. According to U. S. Ambassador Robert McBride, the trend of foreign investment policy is not all rosey and an upsurge in economic nationalism has provoked fears among mining investors. Mr. William Spencer, President of The First National City Bank of New York said last month ""Foreign investors are worried about the growing tendency of the Echeverria policies."" 2. The policy of Mexico, which began to gather force in the 1960s and has now been given new impetus by the Echeverria Administration, has improved the picture for the Mexico City Stock Exchange. The reason of course being that many foreign companies have suddenly found themselves obliged to sell up to 60 percent of equity to Mexican nationals. Invariably, they turn to the Mexican Stock Exchange to do so and naturally the effect is depressing on price of shares and P. E. multiple. 3. The Minister of National Patrimony, Sr. Florez de la Pena, in a recent blast told Congress ""Foreign investors who want to come to Mexico can come as partners, but we cannot allow them to convert Mexico into a land of maids and waiters."" 4. Of the three big mining companies, namely, Asarco Mexicana, Minera Frisco and Industrias Penoles, all suffered a sharp fall in profits in 1971 - partly of course due to lower metal prices. Minera Frisco profits declined by more than 50 percent compared to 1971. 5. In the past two years the government has bought out several important foreign companies. Simultaneously, the government has established new and stricter rules for foreign investors. Presently a bill is in Congress to control the importation of technology; and a second bill is now being drafted to cover the whole field of foreign investment including mining. Apparently, President Echeverria feels comfortable enough in his third year of power to challenge the private sector and his so called ""smothering"" influence of the United States. 6. The Latin American Review for November 10, 1972 carried the attabbed editorial on Mexico entitled ""Mexico: rules of the game."" After reading this editorial it appears that our Ambassador McBride is on the ball in inquiring as to what extent the rules of the game have really been changed. It is my thought that we continue to monitor developments related to Asarco Mexicana's LaCaridad copper mine and smelter. Rumors are that this proposition is not bankable in its present form as presented to the Consortium of Banks. We shall attempt to closely follow this situation as a ""bellweather"" of the government's attitude toward major mining investments. In the meantime, I suggest we talk to our U. S. Ambassador; the President of Asarco Mexicana, one or two bankers and the Minister of Finance, Sr. Pena before making any dollar committment on the acquisition of a mining concession in Mexico. Weston Bourret Attachment tenure. In Ecuador, 45 per cent of agricultural land is owned by 0.4 percent of the rural population, and 81.7 per cent o the farms are less than 5 hectares in area. The government's promise to respect 'productive' private land holdings probably means few or no expropriations of farms owned by rich Ecuadoreans. Mexico: rules of the game The government is beginning to change the rules of foreign investment without actually re-writing them. The first change concerns foreign know-how. By sending a bill to congress last week regulating the import of foreign technology, President Luis Echeverra took the first overt step towards estab-lishing stricter control over the use of foreign capital. The question of foreign know-how is by no means the major issue in Mexican minds over how to deal with investment from abroad, but it has been a painful thorn in their flesh for some time. Their complaint is that many foreign com-panies have charged their Mexican clients, asso-ciates or subsidiaries 'outrageous' sums for royalties, licences, patents, trade marks and tech-nical know-how generally. This technology is often outdated, or not needed, or excessively expensive, or unsuited to Mexican conditions. As regards subsidiaries of foreign companies, many are alleged to have preferred to pay for some indeter-minate know-how to their parent concern and deduct 23 per cent from the payment as federal tax, rather than retain the money in Mexico and pay a larger proportion out as corporation tax, compulsory profit sharing and so on. An added refinement, the indictment goes on, is that some subsidiaries pay for know-how to 'ghost' com-panies in Lichtenstein or Panama, so enabling the parent concerns to evade tax at home. All this is now to be stopped. Under the new bill, which is virtually certain to be approved in roughly its present form, any contract with a foreign firm which involves a Mexican company paying for any form of know-how or technological rights, must be registered with the ministry of trade and industry. If registration were refused, it would invalidate the agreement. This would give the government the same kind of wide discretionary powers to regulate the import of foreign tech-nology, as it already has in respect of goods and capital. Many foreign businessmen have for years complained that the existence of these powers, and the way they are exercized, leave them uncertain about what rules of the game really are. But this 358 is just what suits the Mexicans, who are nothing if not flex in the practice of government. For this reason the rules are unlikely to be re-written, even though they are to be applied more strictly. The signs of this have been legion of late. Even Echeverra himself has inveighed against the ten-dency of some foreign investors to buy up cheaply Mexican firms in difficulties, instead of investing to create new businesses and jobs. The driving force behind the campaign against the kind of investment the government does not want has come from Jos Campillo Sainz, deputy minister for trade and industry, who appears to have got his ideas accepted by the President. Indeed some reports have suggested that Campillo Sainz, who became disillusioned about the 'outrageous' pay-ments for know-how to United States firms when he was legal advisor to the private steel concern Fundidora of Monterrey, may replace the minister, Carlos Torres Manzo, in the foreseeable future. It was in fact Campillo Sainz who last month unleashed a somewhat acid exchange with the United States ambassador, Robert McBride, over the treatment of foreign investors. After the deputy minister had spoken on the subject to the Mexican-United States businessmen's committee, setting out the government's official view, the ambassador asked if the rules of the game had in effect been changed, and was told they had. McBride then complained that United States investors did not know for certain whether they were wanted or not, and found it very difficult to operate when the rules of the game were liable to be changed during play. These remarks caused a veritable deluge of protest from the Mexican press, and even the foreign minister, Emilio Rabasa, commented drily that the United States itself had changed the rules of the game by imposing a 10 per cent import surcharge during the dollar crisis last year, without warning to any of the players 1 Rabasa pointed out that all countries change the rules when they feel their vital interests to be affected. The fact remains that Mexico still wants foreign investment, and foreign know-how. But from now on it will be much more difficult for foreign investors, either new or long-established, to get away with bending the rules to the advantage of their profits. High profits will still be held out as an inducement, but only in areas where the Mexicans really want the investment to go. And in fact many of those 'old hands' who did bend the rules are probably resigned to seeing an end to the excellent run they have had for their money. This time there is unlikely to be any sudden panic withdrawal or withholding of private investment that occurred 12 years ago when the late President Adolfo Lpez Mateos announced that his government was 'extreme left within the constitution'. LATIN AMERICA, 10 November 1972

International audience ; Transnational perspective at work : municipal American travellers in Europe 1900-1940 The circulation of experiments, people, technical and administrative devices marks the contemporary municipal scene. Those who organised and took part to this work of connections shared the conviction that municipal achievements could be imported, transferred and adapted despite radical differences in local contexts or national legislative realities. All along the 20th century, exhibitions, congresses, specialised periodicals and networks or associations of cities adopted this attitude. Perhaps this principle was most intensely developed through the work of American municipal reformers who scoured Europe for ideas and suggestions. This new sort of reforming Grand Tour developed from the years 1880-1890 when more and more American considered that the Old and the New worlds had a common destiny. Those last decades of the 19th century welcomed a considerable growth of the North-Atlantic cultural and intellectual trade, that from the 1930s was completed by an hemispheric concern towards Latin and South America. This article makes use of existing scholarship to map the travelling interests of American municipal reformers between 1890 and 1914, before scrutinising the series of travels carried on by a cluster of professional societies of municipal administrators and technicians in the 1930s. This double endeavour helps to understand the possibilities, constraints and limits of the European municipal travel. For its American visitors, municipal Europe was simultaneously a rhetoric tool, an inspiration and a beachhead to spread the gospel of reformed municipal government towards the rest of the world. ; La sphère municipale contemporaine est riche de circulations d'expériences, de recettes, d'hommes, de solutions techniques ou réglementaires. Les acteurs de ces circulations partagèrent l'idée que les expériences en matière municipale sont transmissibles, traduisibles et transférables au delà des spécificités législatives ou des contextes locaux. Au 20e siècle, divers périodiques, expositions, ou encore les travaux d'une association internationale comme l'Union Internationale des Villes adoptent explicitement ce point de vue. Mais c'est peut-être dans le regard et la pratique des visiteurs états-uniens en Europe que ce principe transnational a été le plus intense à partir des années 1880-1890 où le constat d'un devenir commun l'emporte sur la méfiance vis à vis du vieux monde corrompu et non démocratique. Les dernières dé¬cen¬nies du 19e siècle voient grandir l'échange nord-atlantique, qui dans les années 1930 se combine, de la part des acteurs états-uniens, avec un investissement hémis¬phérique en direction du reste des Amériques. On se propose ici revenir sur l'économie générale de ces échanges entre 1890 et 1914 (thèmes, modalités, milieux), avant de scruter plus en détail une série de voyages initiés par les organisations professionnelles d'administrateurs et de techniciens municipaux états-uniens dans les années 1930, afin de mieux comprendre les possibilités, les contraintes et les limites du voyage municipal en Europe. L'Europe municipale fut pour ses spectateurs américains à la fois un outil rhé¬tori¬que, une source d'inspiration et un théâtre d'opérations. ?????