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Working-time arrangements are being restructured across Europe in parallel with the spread of dual-earner arrangements for couples. This article elaborates the different temporal dimensions to the employment relationship, distinguishing between the different dimensions of working-time schedules, work-time intensity, and the time-money exchange. This conceptualization is used to draw attention to occupational class, gender, and household differences in the temporal organization of employment illustrated with the example of the United Kingdom. The argument made is that class differences between households must be integrated into analyses of gender inequalities in work time. This is necessary to develop an understanding of the implications of the temporal reorganization of employment and to compare how the outcomes may vary between countries due to societal differences in regulations and political debates.

In spite of growing mobility of production and production factors, economic development is increasingly localized in economic agglomerations. This article reviews three partially overlapping perspectives on local economic development, which derive from three factors intensifying the localized nature of economic development: externalities, learning and governance. Externalities play a central role in the new geographical economics of Krugman and in new economic geography of clusters and industrial districts. The dynamics of local economic development are increasingly associated with evolutionary economic thinking in general and with collective learning in particular. Inter‐firm and extra‐firm organization has experienced considerable innovation in the last few decades. New institutional devices are based on the notions of commodity chain, cluster and milieu. These innovations introduce new issues of economic governance both at the level of industry and of territory.

This article develops a model that integrates organizational level technology research with human resource management strategies. The model relates dimensions of technical processes to human resource practices, focusing on practices used to develop employees. These relationships are mediated by the type of skills employees use. An empirical study of 139 employees found support for two hypotheses developed from the model. Results suggested that technology and HRM activities are connected through the level of cognitive skill complexity and the amount of support employees receive in developing new skills. Due to changes in the way decisions are made in organizations today (for example, making more decisions at lower levels) the connection between the work process, the skills employees need, and the emphasis on developing employees will become increasingly important.

The transformation of the American health care environment from retrospective fee-for-service to managed care has been both rapid and chaotic. This period of change has been infected by value conflict, evoking unconscious processes in system participants as they have attempted to cope with personally threatening situations. This article attempts to elucidate this process by presenting an account of events and accompanying value conflict as it occurred over time. It also includes a systems analysis of the rapidly changing mosaic of unconscious processes that resulted from the divergent values held by the public and health care professionals, using various organization behavior theories. Examples of the types of theory used are Jungian archetypes, scapegoating and mutual negative stereotyping, the Karpman Drama Triangle, and Wells' `group-as-mother' analogue.

The motive to manage impressions has been broken down into protective and acquisitive orientations. A protective orientation exists when an individual is concerned primarily with encountering disapproval, rather than approval, from the relevant audience. An acquisitive orientation exists when an individual is concerned primarily with obtaining approval from the audience. This study tests the proposition that organizational managers have primarily an acquisitive orientation. The affective sentiments of 95 international middle‐ and upper‐level business managers toward their organization, its leaders, and its business control mechanisms were compared with their perceptions of the acquisitiveness and protectiveness of their work environment. The results indicate that affective sentiments of managers are correlated with the acquisitiveness, but not the protectiveness, of the work environment, supporting the notion that managers have primarily an acquisitive orientation.

U.S. strategy in the Balkans and the Army's role there is examined. The author recommends continued U.S. involvement, consideration of a long-term American military presence in the region, and some significant changes in role of the U.S. Army. The goals that led the United States into the Balkans have not yet been fully met. To do so requires both sustained involvement in that region and a continued refinement at the Army's peace operations capabilities. From a broader perspective, he argues that, if U.S. political leaders decide that involvement in protracted peace operations will be an enduring part of American strategy, the Department of Defense should help form specialized joint and interagency peacekeeping organizations as an augmentation to the existing military. The Army should clearly play a leading role in this. ; https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1121/thumbnail.jpg

International audience ; Turkey seems to have hesitated to act unilaterally towards this Republic whose name, if not identity, was contested. In the years 1992-1994, the recognition of the independence of the Republic and the establishment of diplomatic relations was estimated to be the most Turkey could do in such an international and regional context. It acted as much as it could within international organizations to which it belongs, but avoided tightening bilateral links on sensitive (political or strategic) issues. Yet, this "self-restrained" Turkish diplomacy in the Balkans does not explain or justify the incoherencies of the Turkish diplomacy toward this country, and notably the late signing and implementation of economic cooperation instruments, whereas exchanges are the best way to strengthen, in the long term, a political partnership.

During roughly the half-century straddling the turn of the twentieth century, America's national government underwent a dramatic transformation. It proceeded on two fronts, politics and administration. At the beginning of the era, politicians were deeply enmeshed in a system of patronage and graft reflecting their indebtedness to the local and state political parties without whose support their careers would have languished. Local party organizations recruited and sponsored candidates, ran election campaigns, and directed subsequent career moves among its cadre of politicians. In return, these politicians used their offices to stoke the party machine with a steady supply of patronage appointments and government contracts. By the end of the era, a variety of state and national reforms had effectively dismantled the patronage system.

Security and state sovereignty need to be understood as two sides of the same. Without security, state sovereignty cannot be realized and vice versa. Security and state sovereignty are part of the global understandings, institutions, and rules that are continually being negotiated by global actors, including those in the Asia-Pacific region. While some analysts and policy-makers have claimed that sovereignty is absolute, indivisible, and inalienable, the transitional societies of Cambodia and East Timor have demonstrated that sovereignty can be shared among several entities, including the United Nations. Moreover, developments in the Asia-Pacific region and elsewhere show that states, international organizations, and other global actors continue to redefine the meanings and understandings of security and sovereignty in their interactions with one another. (Contemp Southeast Asia/DÜI)

The neoliberal development model used in the urban economic revitalization of downtown Philadelphia, PA, illustrates the commodification of urban space by the removal of the poor from the public sphere & the suburbanization of the American consciousness. Contemporary research on urban poverty is explored to determine neoliberal practices that shift resources to suburbanization & away from the promotion of social equality. Postwar policies for suburbanization started the capital strategies that fostered uneven development, economic polarization, & a stratified geographical & symbolic landscape. Unfortunately, the same rhetoric of the corporate elites is reflected in urban studies. The class-based rhetoric of a multiracial welfare rights organization in Philadelphia serves as an example of contemporary research that acknowledges political economy & respects the position of the urban poor. L. A. Hoffman

International audience ; Turkey seems to have hesitated to act unilaterally towards this Republic whose name, if not identity, was contested. In the years 1992-1994, the recognition of the independence of the Republic and the establishment of diplomatic relations was estimated to be the most Turkey could do in such an international and regional context. It acted as much as it could within international organizations to which it belongs, but avoided tightening bilateral links on sensitive (political or strategic) issues. Yet, this "self-restrained" Turkish diplomacy in the Balkans does not explain or justify the incoherencies of the Turkish diplomacy toward this country, and notably the late signing and implementation of economic cooperation instruments, whereas exchanges are the best way to strengthen, in the long term, a political partnership.

This essay disputes the arguments made by Robert Paehlke & John Dryzek in their contributions to this issue of Global Environmental Politics. Both reform & resistance are necessary, but not sufficient, elements in collective efforts to facilitating global & local environmental protection & sustainable development. What is essential, as well, are campaigns to establish alternative institutional frameworks for the fulfillment of these goals. This essay suggests that initiatives such as those found around the issue of sustainable forestry practices might be the basis for such frameworks &, in the long run, could pressure both capital & governments to agree on strengthened & effective systems of public environmental regulation. The essay also notes the so-called democratic deficit among nongovernmental organizations & movements, but questions whether there is any democracy among capitals & international institutions. 5 References. Adapted from the source document.

The author analyzes the role of landpower in the 170 smaller-scale contingencies conducted by the United States during the last decade. He divides such contingencies into engagement, enhanced deterrence, hostility, and stabilization phases, and discusses the military's role in each one. The author especially emphasizes the recurring problems in the planning, execution, and force structure for stabilization tasks, including nation-building. He concludes that, despite the desire of American leaders to limit military involvement in such missions, it is unavoidable because of the capability mismatch between military and civilian organizations, combined with the requirements of peace operations and the character of American soldiers. Recommendations include acceptance of some degree of nation-building as the Army's mission and adapting its force structure, training, and planning accordingly. ; https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1840/thumbnail.jpg

This study investigates the consequences of regulation for organizational & accounting change in privatized industries by means of a case study of the British gas industry, with particular emphasis on issues of accountability & the role of accounting information. The paper extends Stewart & Ranson's (1988) discussion of the distinctive conditions that apply to public & private sector organizations by highlighting an important interim phase in relation to privatized industries, where public service obligations coexist to varying degrees with private sector objectives. The extension of their framework of public & private sector models to include a new "commercial" model provides the basis for an analytical framework encompassing the three cultures -- public service, commercial, & competition -- which is used to understand organizational change in the gas industry. 1 Table, 34 References. Adapted from the source document.