Suchergebnisse

The Ξ− b πþπ− invariant mass spectrum is investigated with an event sample of proton-proton collisions at ffiffi s p ¼ 13 TeV, collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC in 2016–2018 and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 140 fb−1. The ground state Ξ− b is reconstructed via its decays to J=ψΞ− and J=ψΛK−. A narrow resonance, labeled Ξbð6100Þ−, is observed at a Ξ− b πþπ− invariant mass of 6100.3 0.2ðstatÞ 0.1ðsystÞ 0.6ðΞ− b Þ MeV, where the last uncertainty reflects the precision of the Ξ− b baryon mass. The upper limit on the Ξbð6100Þ− natural width is determined to be 1.9 MeV at 95% confidence level. The low Ξbð6100Þ− signal yield observed in data does not allow a measurement of the quantum numbers of the new state. However, following analogies with the established excited Ξc baryon states, the new Ξbð6100Þ− resonance and its decay sequence are consistent with the orbitally excited Ξ− b baryon, with spin and parity quantum numbers JP ¼ 3=2−. ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid and other centers for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC, the CMS detector, and the supporting computing infrastructure provided by the following funding agencies: BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RIF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC PUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRSIN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR, and NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI, and FEDER (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); and DOE and NSF (USA). Individuals have received support from the Marie Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, Contracts No. 675440, No. 724704, No. 752730, and No. 765710 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWTBelgium); the F. R. S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science—EOS"—be.h Project No. 30820817; the Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, No. Z191100007219010; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), under Germany's Excellence Strategy—EXC 2121 "Quantum Universe"—390833306, and under Project No. 400140256—GRK2497; the Lendület ("Momentum") Program and the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program ÚNKP, the NKFIA Research Grants No. 123842, No. 123959, No. 124845, No. 124850, No. 125105, No. 128713, No. 128786, and No. 129058 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), Contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/ 13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Project No. 14.W03.31.0026 (Russia); the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia María de Maeztu, Grant No. MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Kavli Foundation; the Nvidia Corporation; the SuperMicro Corporation; the Welch Foundation, Contract No. C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (USA).

A search is performed for the rare decay W± → π±γ in proton-proton collisions at √s = 13 TeV. Data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb−1 were collected during 2016 to 2018 with the CMS detector. This analysis exploits a novel search strategy based on W boson production in top quark pair events. An inclusive search for the W± → π±γ decay is not optimal at the LHC because of the high trigger thresholds. Instead, a trigger selection is exploited in which the W boson originating from one of the top quarks is used to tag the event in a leptonic decay. The W boson emerging from the other top quark is used to search for the W± → π±γ signature. Such decays are characterized by an isolated track pointing to a large energy deposit, and by an isolated photon of large transverse momentum. The presence of b quark jets reduces the background from the hadronization of light-flavor quarks and gluons. The W± → π±γ decay is not observed. An upper exclusion limit is set to this branching fraction, corresponding to 1.50 × 10−5 at 95% confidence level, whereas the expected upper exclusion limit is 0.85+0.52 −0.29 × 10−5. ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator depart-ments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS in-stitutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construc-tion and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MOST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RIF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC PUT and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hun-gary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, ROSATOM, RAS, RFBR, and NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI, and FEDER (Spain); MoSTR(Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie pro-gram and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract Nos. 675440, 724704, 752730, and 765710 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A.P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Sci-ence – EOS" – be.h project n. 30820817; the Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, No. Z191100007219010; The Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports(MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under Ger-many's Excellence Strategy – EXC 2121 "Quantum Universe" – 390833306; the Lendület ("Momentum") Program and the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sci-ences, the New National Excellence Program ÚNKP, the NK-FIA research grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105, 128713, 128786, and 129058 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Re-search Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, project no. 02.a03.21.0005 (Russia); the Tomsk Polytechnic University Competitiveness Enhancement Program; the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia María de Maeztu, grant MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoc-toral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thai-land); the Kavli Foundation; the Nvidia Corporation; the SuperMi-cro Corporation; the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (USA).

A search for leptoquarks produced singly and in pairs in proton-proton collisions is presented. We consider the leptoquark (LQ) to be a scalar particle of charge −1/3e coupling to a top quark plus a tau lepton (tτ) or a bottom quark plus a neutrino (bν), or a vector particle of charge +2/3e, coupling to tν or bτ. These choices are motivated by models that can explain a series of anomalies observed in the measurement of B meson decays. In this analysis the signatures tτνb and tτν are probed, using data recorded by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC at √s = 13 TeV and that correspond to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb−1. These signatures have not been previously explored in a dedicated search. The data are found to be in agreement with the standard model prediction. Lower limits at 95% confidence level are set on the LQ mass in the range 0.98–1.73 TeV, depending on the LQ spin and its coupling λ to a lepton and a quark, and assuming equal couplings for the two LQ decay modes considered. These are the most stringent constraints to date on the existence of leptoquarks in this scenario. ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator depart-ments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS in-stitutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construc-tion and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MOST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RIF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC PUT and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hun-gary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, ROSATOM, RAS, RFBR, and NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI, and FEDER (Spain); MoSTR(Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie pro-gram and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract Nos. 675440, 724704, 752730, and 765710 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; theA.P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S. -FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science – EOS" – be.h project n. 30820817; the Beijing Munic-ipal Science & Technology Commission, No. Z191100007219010; The Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports(MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) un-der Germany's Excellence Strategy – EXC 2121 "Quantum Uni-verse" – 390833306; the Lendület ("Momentum") Program and the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program ÚNKP, the NK-FIA research grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105, 128713, 128786, and 129058 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Re-search Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, project no. 0723-2020-0041 (Russia); the Tomsk Polytechnic University Com-petitiveness Enhancement Program; the Programa Estatal de Fo-mento de la Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia María de Maeztu, grant MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofi-nanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Kavli Foundation; the Nvidia Corporation; the SuperMicro Corporation; the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (USA).

Measurements of the differential cross sections of Z + jets and g + jets production, and their ratio, are presented as a function of the boson transverse momentum. Measurements are also presented of the angular distribution between the Z boson and the closest jet. The analysis is based on pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb-1 recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC. The results, corrected for detector effects, are compared with various theoretical predictions. In general, the predictions at higher orders in perturbation theory show better agreement with the measurements. This work provides the first measurement of the ratio of the differential cross sections of Z + jets and g + jets production at 13TeV, as well as the first direct measurement of Z bosons emitted collinearly with a jet. ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid and other centers for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC, the CMS detector, and the supporting computing infrastructure provided by the following funding agencies: BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RIF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC PUT and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR, and NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI, and FEDER (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract Nos. 675440, 724704, 752730, and 765710 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWTBelgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science – EOS" – be.h project n. 30820817; the Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, No. Z191100007219010; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), under Germany's Excellence Strategy – EXC 2121 "Quantum Universe" – 390833306, and under project number 400140256 - GRK2497; the Lendület ("Momentum") Program and the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program ÚNKP, the NKFIA research grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105, 128713, 128786, and 129058 (Hungary);the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the Lebanese CNRS and the Lebanese University(Lebanon); the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonatabis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, project no. 0723-2020-0041 (Russia); the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia María de Maeztu, grant MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Kavli Foundation; the Nvidia Corporation; the SuperMicro Corporation; the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (USA).

Modifications to the distribution of charged particles with respect to high transverse momentum (pT) jets passing through a quark-gluon plasma are explored using the CMS detector. Back-to-back dijets are analyzed in lead-lead and proton-proton collisions at p sNN = 5.02TeV via correlations of charged particles in bins of relative pseudorapidity and angular distance from the leading and subleading jet axes. In comparing the lead-lead and proton-proton collision results, modifications to the charged-particle relative distance distribution and to the momentum distributions around the jet axis are found to depend on the dijet momentum balance xj , which is the ratio between the subleading and leading jet pT. For events with xj _ 1, these modifications are observed for both the leading and subleading jets. However, while subleading jets show significant modifications for events with a larger dijet momentum imbalance, much smaller modifications are found for the leading jets in these events. ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centres and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid and other centres for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC, the CMS detector, and the supporting computing infrastructure provided by the following funding agencies: BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RIF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC PUT and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR, and NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI, and FEDER (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (U.S.A.). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie programme and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract Nos. 675440, 724704, 752730, and 765710 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWTBelgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science – EOS" – be.h project n. 30820817; the Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, No. Z191100007219010; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), under Germany's Excellence Strategy – EXC 2121 "Quantum Universe" – 390833306, and under project number 400140256 – GRK2497; the Lendület ("Momentum") Programme and the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program ÚNKP, the NKFIA research grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105, 128713, 128786, and 129058 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, project no. 0723-2020-0041 (Russia); the Tomsk Polytechnic University Competitiveness Enhancement Program; the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia María de Maeztu, grant MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programmes cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Kavli Foundation; the Nvidia Corporation; the SuperMicro Corporation; the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.).

La empresa familiar es la gran desconocida para la mayoría de las personas pese a que convivimos con ellas de manera habitual, ya que tanto un trabajador autónomo como una sociedad mercantil pueden ser empresas familiares. En la Comunidad Valenciana estas empresas representan un porcentaje muy importante del tejido empresarial, por lo que no es de extrañar que todos tengamos algún conocido o amigo que forme parte de una empresa familiar o incluso nosotros mismos. Según el Instituto de Empresa Familiar (IFE) las empresas familiares son las grandes generadoras de empleo en nuestra comunidad y, por tanto, el estudio de su continuidad toma una gran relevancia1. Las empresas familiares deben conjugar intereses personales con los intereses empresariales, de ahí que sea tan necesario que planifiquen de manera meticulosa el relevo generacional, uno de sus grandes hándicaps, y para ello, el legislador ha articulado a través del Impuesto sobre el Patrimonio y del Impuesto sobre Sucesiones y Donaciones incentivos fiscales para que este cambio generacional se pueda hacer sin grandes perjuicios económicos para los miembros de la familia y, a través de los diferentes apartados de esta Trabajo Fin de Máster, estudiaré cuáles son los requisitos que deben cumplir los bienes afectos a una actividad económica para poder estar exentos de tributación en el Impuesto sobre el Patrimonio y, así, permitir que en el caso de una sucesión o donación entre miembros del grupo familiar, los beneficiarios puedan aplicar las reducciones que se contemplan en el Impuesto sobre Sucesiones y Donaciones. Y, para terminar, dado que la planificación fiscal debe ser una de las tareas primordiales antes de emprender un negocio ya sea familiar o no, he querido analizar cómo se regulan los beneficios fiscales para las empresas familiares en las Comunidades Autónomas limítrofes con la Comunidad Valenciana, ya que la cesión por parte del Estado a las Comunidades Autónomas de competencias tributarias y, en concreto, en materia de sucesiones y donaciones, puede generar diferencias competitivas muy importantes. El trabajo lo he estructurado pensando en el lector que, a través de este Trabajo Fin de Máster, tiene una primera toma de contacto con la empresa familiar y con la tributación de la transmisión de éstas intentando en todo momento aclarar conceptos que desde mi punto de vista son claves de una forma concisa y esquemática, para conseguir una lectura agradable y clara a través del maremágnum normativo que tenemos en España. ; The family business is the great unknown for most of the people despite the fact that we live with them on a regular basis, since both a self-employed worker and a commercial company can be family businesses. In the Valencian Community these companies represent a very important percentage of the business fabric, so it is not surprising that we all have an acquaintance or friend who is part of a family business or even ourselves. According to the Family Business Institute (IFE), family businesses are the great generators of employment in our community and, therefore, the study of their continuity is highly relevant. Family businesses must combine personal interests with business interests, hence it is so necessary that they meticulously plan the generational change, one of their great handicaps, and for this, the legislator has articulated through the Wealth and Property Tax Inheritance and Donation Tax tax incentives so that this generational change can be done without great economic damage to family members and, through the different sections of this Master's Thesis, I will study what are the requirements that the assets must meet related to an economic activity to be able to be exempt from taxation in the Wealth Tax and, thus, allow that in the case of a succession or donation between members of the family group, the beneficiaries can apply the reductions contemplated in the Tax on Successions and Donations. And, finally, given that tax planning must be one of the primary tasks before starting a business, whether family or not, I wanted to analyze how tax benefits are regulated for family businesses in the Autonomous Communities bordering the Valencian Community, since the transfer by the State to the Autonomous Communities of tax powers and, specifically, in matters of inheritance and donations, can generate very important competitive differences. I have structured the work thinking of the reader who, through this Master's Thesis, has a first contact with the family business and with the taxation of the transmission of these, trying at all times to clarify concepts that from my point of view Sight are key in a concise and schematic way, to achieve a pleasant and clear reading through the regulatory mass that we have in Spain.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ; We present the steps taken to produce a reliable and complete input galaxy catalogue for the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Bright Galaxy Survey (BGS) using the photometric Legacy Survey DR8 DECam. We analyse some of the main issues faced in the selection of targets for the DESI BGS, such as star–galaxy separation, contamination by fragmented stars and bright galaxies. Our pipeline utilizes a new way to select BGS galaxies using Gaia photometry and we implement geometrical and photometric masks that reduce the number of spurious objects. The resulting catalogue is cross-matched with the Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey to assess the completeness of the galaxy catalogue and the performance of the target selection. We also validate the clustering of the sources in our BGS catalogue by comparing with mock catalogues and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) data. Finally, the robustness of the BGS selection criteria is assessed by quantifying the dependence of the target galaxy density on imaging and other properties. The largest systematic correlation we find is a 7 per cent suppression of the target density in regions of high stellar density. © 2021 The Author(s). ; OR-M is supported by the Mexican National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT) through grant no. 297228/440775 and funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 734374. SC, PN, PZ, CMB, and JL acknowledge support from the Science and Technology Facilities Council through ST/P000541/1 and ST/T000244/1. ADM was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics, under Award Number DE-SC0019022. JM gratefully acknowledges support from the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics under Award Number DE-SC002008 and from the National Science Foundation under grant AST-1616414. This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility operated under contract no. DEAC02-05CH11231. This work also made extensive use of the NASA Astrophysics Data System and of the astro-ph preprint archive at arXiv.org. Authors want to thank the GAMA Collaboration for early access to GAMA DR4 data for this work. Some of the results in this paper have been derived using the HEALPY and HEALPIX package. We acknowledge the usage of the HyperLeda data base (http://leda.univ-lyon1.fr). The Siena Galaxy Atlas was made possible by funding support from the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics under Award Number DE-SC002008 and from the National Science Foundation under grant AST-1616414. This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia (https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. This work used the DiRAC@Durham facility managed by the Institute for Computational Cosmology on behalf of the STFC DiRAC HPC Facility (www.dirac.ac.uk). The equipment was funded by BEIS capital funding via STFC capital grants ST/K00042X/1, ST/P002293/1, and ST/R002371/1, Durham University, and STFC operations grant ST/R000832/1. DiRAC is part of the National e-Infrastructure. This research is supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH1123, and by the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, a DOE Office of Science User Facility under the same contract; additional support for DESI is provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation, Division of Astronomical Sciences under contract no. AST-0950945 to the NSF's National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory, the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the Heising-Simons Foundation, the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), the National Council of Science and Technology, Mexico, the Ministry of Economy of Spain, and by the DESI Member Institutions. The authors are honoured to be permitted to conduct astronomical research on Iolkam Du'ag (Kitt Peak), a mountain with particular significance to the Tohono O'odham Nation. ; With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709. ; Peer reviewed

[spa] El objetivo principal de esta Tesis es producir estrategias para la productividad, perdurabilidad y calidad mediante el desarrollo de nuevas variedades comerciales de arroz mediterráneo (O. sativa) e introducir alelos de tolerancia a la salinidad y resistencia a herbicidas mediante speed breeding, para proteger el sector del arroz contra el cambio climático, la invasión de malas hierbas y penetración del caracol manzana (P. maculata). En cuanto a los objetivos específicos, son los siguientes: 1. Cruzar líneas de arroz tolerantes a salinidad y resistente a herbicida por hibridación forzada siguiendo un esquema de retro-cruzamiento. 2. Poner a punto una técnica de rescate de embriones (embryo rescue) para optimizar el speed breeding (mejora acelerada de variedades) en el programa de retrocruces. 3. Establecer una selección in vitro de los embriones que presenten tolerancia al herbicida Cicloxidim. 4. Selección por PCR de los descendientes que presenten marcador SSR Saltol. 5. Selección por CAPS de los descendientes que presenten el alelo mutante de resistencia a Cicloxidim. 6. Aplicación de selección de mayor retorno al parental recurrente mediante marcadores KASPar. 7. Evaluación de las líneas Saltol en ensayos de campo en el Delta del Ebro. ; [eng] Rice (Oryza sativa) is a crop with a major economic interest and the projection of global world growth make the increase of the food production an imminent need. Framed in the gramineous family (Poaceae), this crop is a diploid species with 24 chromosomes, and it is the most important basic harvesting plant in the world, as it satisfies the caloric needs of half of the world's population. The Oryza genus includes 24 species, but just two of them are cultivated: Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima. Firstly, O. sativa is characterized by its length, approximately about 0.4 to 2 meters and its semiaquatic nature. O. sativa cultivars are classified in five subspecies, corresponding to indica, aus, aromatic, temperate japonica and tropical japonica. The aus are minor groups commonly considered subspecies or ecotypes indica (from the Himalayan region), the temperate japonica (from China, Korea, Japan and Europe), tropical japonica (from Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines) and aromatic (from Pakistan, India and some other countries). Secondly, O. Glaberrima is cultivated in a minority way in west Africa. The japonica subspecies is the most cultivate in Europe due to its adaptation to temperate climates and its use as an ingredient of local typical dishes worldwide known as the Italian risotto or the Spanish paella. The global rice production in 2019 reached the 500.6 millions of tons, a value 0.8% lower than the historical maximum of 2018, with 506.3 millions of tons, due to climatic factors. In Europe, the production of rice only reaches the 0.6% of the global production, with Italy and Spain as the main producers. This Thesis is part of the NEURICE project (New commercial European RICE), a HORIZON 2020 project funded by the European Union. We used two varieties japonicas sensitive temperate salinity provided by Càmara Arrossera of the Montsià a long grain PL12 and one medium grain PM37, were crossed with two Indica donors carrying Saltol: FL478, a salinity-tolerant RIL obtained from the Pokkali x IR29 cross and IR64- Saltol, a salt-tolerant NIL obtained from the cross FL478 x IR64 . The crosses between PL12 and FL478 were called LP, and the crosses between PM37 and IR64- Saltol were called MS. This thesis has managed to evaluate, for the first time, tolerance to salinity in the new Saltol LP and MS lines from the crosses between the parents and to obtain the new Saltol lines. Therefore, the thesis is divided into three research areas or experiments: 1) The introgression of a QTL Saltol to obtain new lines of rice tolerant to salinity verified through two years of field trials where interesting morphological analogies were found with respect to the number of shoots / plants, number of panicles / plants, length of the plant and panicle fertility percentage to mitigate the adverse impact of salinity and avoid the loss of apple snail production in the Ebro delta. 2) in vitro optimization for six different varieties of Mediterranean template japonica and a tropical indica by the addition of an adjustable concentration design such as 2.50 µM, 3.00 µM, 3.25 µM and 3.50 µM (concentration at the limit of lethality) of the herbicide Cycloxidim to select resistant individuals, 3) the crossing of a herbicide- resistant tropical indica line with six commercial Mediterranean elite lines by forced hybridization following a backcrossing scheme, using an optimized embryo rescue technique to accelerate the process and CAPS selection of the descendants presenting the mutant OsACC2 allele of resistance to the herbicide Cicloxidim.

La Directiva 2006/24/CE del Parlament Europeu i del Consell, de 15 de març de 2006, sobre la conservació de les dades va establir l'obligació dels operadors de telecomunicacions de conservació generalitzada i indiferenciada de les dades relatives a les comunicacions electròniques (telefonia fixa, mòbil o internet) amb finalitats de recerca, detecció i enjudiciament de delictes greus. No obstant això, el TJUE va fer trontollar les bases d'aquesta regulació amb els casos Digital Rights Ireland, Seitlinger i altres (2014) i Tele2 Sverige, Watson i altres (2016), en què va declarar contrària al Dret de la Unió aquesta conservació de dades en els termes de la Directiva de 2006. Per la seva banda, en el Dret espanyol, va ser la Llei 25/2007, de 18 d'octubre, de conservació de dades relatives a les comunicacions electròniques i a les xarxes públiques de comunicacions la que va fer la transposició de la Directiva de conservació de dades (2006), però, en vista de la doctrina del TJUE, la seva aplicació podria ser qüestionada (igual que les altres legislacions nacionals que la van traslladar). Tanmateix, lluny de ser una qüestió pacífica, s'han anat mantenint posicions molt diferents per part del Tribunal Suprem en les seves resolucions o de la doctrina. A això se li afegeixen, a més, els pronunciaments del mateix TJUE en les seves resolucions posteriors, en què sembla que s'ha fet un canvi de doctrina, especialment en el cas La Quadrature du Net i altres contra Premier Minister i altres (2020). A tot això se li afegeixen, a més, els pronunciaments posteriors del TJUE, especialment el cas La Quadrature du Net i altres contra Premier Ministre i altres (2020), en què el TJUE ha anat establint les bases de la conservació de dades en l'àmbit de les comunicacions electròniques o telecomunicacions. ; Directive 2006/24/ECof the European Parliamentand of the Council, of 15 March 2006, on data retention, established the obligation (to telecommunications operators) to retain electronic communications data (fixed network telephony, mobile telephony or Internet) for the purpose of the investigation, detection and prosecution of serious crime. TheECJ, however, destabilisedthe bases of said regulationwith the case Digital Rights Ireland and Seitlinger and Others (2014), as well as with the case Tele2 Sverige and Watson and Others (2016), in which it declared that data retention in the terms of the 2006 Directive was contrary to EU law. With respect to Spanish law, it was Law 25/2007, of 18 October, on data retention relating to electronic communications and the public communications networks, which made the transposition of the Data Retention Directive (2006), but in the light of the ECJ doctrine, its application could be questioned (as well as the other national legislations that transposed it). However, far from being a harmonious matter, very different positions have been maintained by the Supreme Court of Spain in its decisions andin relation to the doctrine. Furthermore, to this may be added the subsequent pronouncements of the ECJ, particularly the case of La Quadrature du Net and Others versus Premier Ministre and Others (2020), in which the ECJ has laid the foundations for data retention in the field of electronic communications or telecommunications. ; La Directiva 2006/24/CE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 15 de marzo de 2006, sobre conservación de datos estableció la obligación de los operadores de telecomunicaciones de conservación generalizada e indiferenciada de los datos relativos a las comunicaciones electrónicas (telefonía fija, móvil o internet) con fines de investigación, detección y enjuiciamiento de delitos graves. El TJUE, sin embargo, hizo tambalear las bases de dicha regulación con los casos Digital RightsIreland y Seitlinger y otros (2014) y Tele2 Sverige y Watson y otros (2016), en los que declaró contraria al Derecho de la Unión la conservación de datos en los términos de la Directiva de 2006. Por su parte, en el Derecho español, fue la Ley 25/2007, de 18 de octubre, de conservación de datos relativos a las comunicaciones electrónicas y a las redes públicas de comunicaciones la que hizo la transposición de la Directiva de Conservación de Datos (2006), si bien, a la luz de la doctrina del TJUE, su aplicación podría ser cuestionada (al igual que las demás legislaciones nacionales que la traspusieron). No obstante, lejos de ser una cuestión pacífica, se han venido manteniendo posiciones muy distintas por parte del Tribunal Supremo en sus resoluciones o de la doctrina. A ello se le añaden, además, los pronunciamientos posteriores del TJUE, en especial el caso La Quadrature du Net y otros contra Premier ministre y otros (2020), en los que el TJUE ha ido sentando las bases de la conservación de datos en el ámbito de las comunicaciones electrónicas o telecomunicaciones.

Trabajo de Fin de Máster del Máster en Profesor de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria y Bachillerato, Formación Profesional y Enseñanza de Idiomas, curso 2019/2020 ; [ES] La globalización ha cambiado las necesidades de la sociedad moderna. El incremento de la movilidad de la ciudadanía, la Unión Europea y el desarrollo tecnológico son solo algunos de los elementos que muestran cómo ha cambiado la vida en España y como el aprendizaje de idiomas se considera necesario. El inglés se ha convertido en el idioma predilecto entre personas que no comparten la misma lengua materna. La lengua y la cultura inglesa aparecen en la televisión, los medios sociales, internet, la música, el arte e incluso en nuestra propia lengua materna. Como consecuencia, resulta imprescindible aprender inglés en el siglo XXI. Teniendo en cuenta la necesidad de aprender idiomas, la legislación española y las normas del Marco Común Europeo de Referencia para las Lenguas, se diseña esta Programación Didáctica para el 1º de Bachillerato con el objetivo de enseñar inglés como lengua extranjera a hispanohablantes y/o no-hispanohablantes. El primer objetivo es ayudarles entender la importancia de aprender idiomas y desarrollar sus competencias comunicativas, su pensamiento crítico, su autonomía a la hora de aprender, sus habilidades sociales y su personalidad. Esta Programación Didáctica está dividida en dos partes: la primera parte, es la parte metodológica en la que está basada toda la Programación Didáctica; en la segunda parte, se presenta detalladamente una de las unidades didácticas propuestas. La parte metodológica empieza con una breve presentación del aprendizaje comunicativo (Com-municative Language Teaching), aprendizaje por tareas (Task Based Learning) y del Flipped Classroom. Aunque el papel del profesor y del alumnado está mencionado en toda la Programación Didáctica, se dedica un apartado especial, para hablar del papel del profesorado y del alumnado en el aula de inglés como lengua extranjera. Se presentan específicamente las características que el profesor debe tener, como gestionar el aula y promover la motivación. Posteriormente, se recoge la forma de evaluación, los contenidos del curso y la distribución temporal. Por último, en la segunda parte de esta Programación Didáctica se presenta detalladamente la unidad didáctica seleccionada y dos programaciones de aula. ; [EN] Globalization has affected the needs of today's society. Citizens' mobility, the creation of the European Union, the constant technological development, are only some of the reasons that indicate how life in Spain and other countries is changing, and how language learning has become a necessity. More specifically, English has become a lingua franca among people who share different mother tongues. English language and culture are on television, social media, the internet, music, art and they can be even found in our own L1. Therefore, it is essential to be aware of the expansion, consequences and importance of language acquisition and communication, as a high level of English proficiency is a real asset in the 21st century. Having in mind the importance of language learning, the Spanish legislation and the norms proposed by the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, I have designed this Teaching Programme for the first year of Bachillerato with the purpose of teaching English as a Foreign Language to Spanish and/or non-Spanish L1 speakers (some of my students may not be native Spanish speakers). Thence, the main aim of this Teaching Proposal is to help them understand the importance of language learning and assist them to develop their English language communicative competences, their critical thinking, their autonomous learning, their social skills and their personality. This Teaching Programme is divided into two parts: first, the theoretical and methodological framework on which my Teaching Programme is based; second, the detailed presentation of one of the teaching units proposed. The methodological part begins with a short presentation of Communicative Language Teaching, Task-Based Learning and the EFL Flipped Classroom Teaching Model. Even though the role of the teacher and the students is treated in this first part, I have included a specific section that addresses the role of the teacher and the learner in the classroom of English as a Foreign Language. There, I present some of the qualities educators should have, and how those can be useful in managing the classroom and enhancing motivation. Next, I describe the ways of assessment, the contents of the course and the temporal distribution. Moreover, in the second part of this Teaching Programme, the selected teaching unit is described in detail along with the two fully designed lesson plans.

Introducción: En la actualidad, debido al volumen de situaciones jurídicas que requieren de decisiones muy particulares por los jueces, en el sector deportivo, mientras expertos en la materia adoptan posiciones frente a si el derecho deportivo es una rama del derecho, la realidad es que cada día los operadores judiciales tienen que tomar decisiones jurídicas en el marco del derecho penal o civil creando nueva jurisprudencia con algunas particularidades y especificidades propias del derecho deportivo, lo que no va a la par con la normatividad jurídica para el deporte, que emiten – o no- los órganos legislativos de cada Estado. Objetivo General: Determinar la normatividad relacionada en la jurisprudencia penal y civil colombiana sobre conductas que generan responsabilidad disciplinaria con conductas deportivas dolosas, que causan daño antijurídico y su relación con la jurisprudencia internacional del mismo tipo. Metodología: A partir de la revisión normativa vigente en Colombia en derecho disciplinario, adjunta la perspectiva de la normatividad internacional de varios países como: Inglaterra, Canadá, China, Uruguay, Venezuela, Chile, Paraguay, Argentina, México, Italia, España, debido a sus avances en el tema, y la emanada de algunos organismos internacionales, que rigen el deporte mundialmente, comparando en cada uno de ellos conceptualización del deporte, como: el accidente deportivo, la culpa y el dolo (desde lo penal y disciplinario y desde lo disciplinario deportivo) y haciendo un análisis de las convergencias y divergencias que puedan en alguna medida unificar criterios para finalizar con un análisis de la aplicación de estos conceptos (la culpa y el dolo), en el régimen sancionatorio disciplinario deportivo actual. Resultados: Al final un análisis de las diferentes situaciones que se pueden dar por acción y efecto de la práctica consensuada y auto-asumida del deporte que ocasiona daños a la persona, en ocasiones determina responsabilidad que debe o debería sobrepasar de la mera conducta disciplinaria a la sanción civil e incluso penal. Conclusiones: Esta revisión bibliográfica pretende aportar desde la óptica del derecho disciplinario deportivo, cómo es entendida y aplicada la responsabilidad en los encuentros deportivos, para ello, se busca analizar la jurisprudencia internacional en temas relacionados de responsabilidad disciplinaria con conductas deportivas dolosas, que causan daño antijurídico y su posible aplicación en el contexto nacional. Ahí, es donde la mayoría de los códigos deportivos no llegan, porque, el derecho disciplinario deportivo no es parte de la rama jurisdiccional. ; Introduction: At present, due to the volume of legal situations that require very particular decisions by the judges, in the sports sector, while experts in the field adopt positions regarding whether sports law is a branch of law, the reality is that Every day judicial operators have to make legal decisions within the framework of criminal or civil law creating new jurisprudence with some particularities and specificities specific to sports law, which does not go hand in hand with the legal regulations for sport, which issue - or no - the legislative bodies of each State. General Objective: To determine the related regulations in Colombian criminal and civil jurisprudence on behaviors that generate disciplinary responsibility with malicious sports behaviors, which cause unlawful damage and its relationship with international jurisprudence of the same type. Methodology: From the normative revision in force in Colombia in disciplinary law, attached the perspective of the international regulations of several countries such as: England, Canada, China, Uruguay, Venezuela, Chile, Paraguay, Argentina, Mexico, Italy, Spain, due to his advances in the subject, and the emanated of some international organisms, that govern the sport worldwide, comparing in each one of them conceptualization of the sport, like: the sport accident, the fault and the fraud (from the penal and disciplinary and from sports discipline) and making an analysis of the convergences and divergences that may somehow unify criteria to end with an analysis of the application of these concepts (guilt and intent), in the current disciplinary sports disciplinary regime. Results: In the end, an analysis of the different situations that can occur due to the action and effect of the consensual and self-assumed practice of sport that causes damage to the person, sometimes determines responsibility that should or should exceed the mere disciplinary conduct the civil and even criminal sanction. Conclusions: This bibliographic review aims to contribute from the perspective of sports disciplinary law, how responsibility is understood and applied in sporting events, for this, it seeks to analyze international jurisprudence in matters related to disciplinary responsibility with malicious sports behaviors, which cause antijury damage and its possible application in the national context. There, it is where most sports codes do not come, because, sports disciplinary law is not part of the jurisdictional branch. ; Incluye referencias bibliográficas

Large-scale gene duplication, including whole-genome duplication (WGD), is a very common phenomenon in eukaryotic genomes. Bursts of gene duplications are considered a major source of evolutionary innovation and have been associated with the increase in biological complexity and adaptive radiations of species (Zhang 2003). In particular, large-scale gene duplications, generally associated with WGDs, have been reported for many eukaryotic lineages including plants (Van de Peer et al. 2017), fungi (Marcet-Houben and Gabaldón 2015), and animals (Taylor et al. 2001). Although large-scale duplication seems less pervasive in animals than in plants, a growing number of studies report such events in animals. Among other lineages, putative WGDs have been described at the base of vertebrates (Ohno 1970; Dehal and Boore 2005; Putnam et al. 2008), and in several lineages of fish (Christoffels et al. 2004; Glasauer and Neuhauss 2014), amphibians (Mable et al. 2011; Session et al. 2016), and arthropods (Jacobson et al. 2013; Kenny et al. 2016; Schwager et al. 2017; Li et al. 2018). Aphids belong to the infraorder Aphidomorpha that includes three families: Aphididae, Adelgidae, and Phylloxeridae (Favret 2013; Nováková et al. 2013; Blackman and Eastop 2000). Aphids and related (Aphidomorpha) species (Becker-Migdisova and Aizenberg 1962) are hemipteran insects that feed on plant sap (Tjallingii 1995). This specialized diet, rich in carbohydrates but poor in nitrogen compounds, has resulted in several adaptations including the establishment of tight relationships with bacterial endosymbionts (Scarborough et al. 2005; Moya et al. 2008; von Dohlen et al. 2017). There are more than 5,000 described aphid species, of which, about 450 have been collected from crop plants, and 100 are considered of significant economic importance (Van Emden and Harrington 2017). Genomes of several aphid species of agricultural interest have been sequenced, including Acyrthosiphon pisum, Myzus persicae, Diuraphis noxia, Aphis glycines, and Sipha flava (International Aphid Genomics Consortium 2010; Nicholson et al. 2015; Mathers et al. 2017; Wenger et al. 2017). However, except for S. flava (subfamily Chaitophorinae), the sequenced aphids belong to a single subfamily, Aphidinae, limiting our understanding of the genomic diversity in this group of insects. Remarkably, most genome analyses in these species have revealed an important number of paralogous sequences and expanded gene families, including amino acid transporters, odorant and gustatory receptor genes, miRNA-specific dicer-1, ago1 genes, and pasha, among others (Smadja et al. 2009; Huerta-Cepas et al. 2010; Jaubert-Possamai et al. 2010; Duncan et al. 2016; Mathers et al. 2017). However, the close relatedness of the sequenced species provides little resolution to the phylogenetic placement of the duplication events, particularly the ancestral ones. Recent studies have focused on assessing patterns of sequence and expression divergence among recently duplicated genes in A. pisum (Fernández et al. 2019) or M. persicae (Mathers et al. 2017). They have also inspected the distribution of old and young A. pisum paralogs along chromosomes, by categorizing the age of genes that are best-reciprocal hits of each other based on the amount of synonymous substitutions (Li et al. 2019). However, we still lack a proper understanding of when the ancestral duplications occurred, and whether they can be linked to phenotypic innovations shared by aphids or related species. To better assess the origin of the paralogous genes of aphids we sequenced the genome of Cinara cedri (Lachninae subfamily, tribe Eulachnini), the first representative genome from an early-branching lineage of the Aphididae family. Cinara species (and most Lachninae) are particular among aphids as they feed on conifers (gymnosperms), whereas all the other genome-sequenced aphids feed on angiosperms. Another clear difference between the Lachninae and the rest of aphids is that two co-obligate endosymbionts (Buchnera aphidicola, Serratia symbiotica) are present in this group, whereas only B. aphidicola is obligate for the rest of aphids (Latorre and Manzano-Marín 2017). We used a phylogeny-based approach (Huerta-Cepas and Gabaldón 2011) to provide the relative timing of aphid duplications in a phylogenetic framework that includes 21 other fully sequenced genomes and two transcriptomes. Our results provide compelling evidence for an ancestral wave of gene duplications, whose origin predates the diversification of all sequenced aphids, adelgids, and phyloxerids, but are subsequent to their divergence from the Coccoidea lineage, ∼106–227 Ma. ; This research was funded by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Spain) (Grant Nos. PGC2018-099344-B-100 and BFU2015-67107). T.G. group also acknowledges support from the Catalan Research Agency (AGAUR) SGR857, and grants from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the grant agreements ERC-2016-724173 and MSC-747607. T.G. also receives support from an INB (Grant No. PT17/0009/0023—ISCIII-SGEFI/ERDF). The authors want to thank Sophia Derdak for her help in the genome polishing step. ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (published version)

Rail transport has been a backbone of cities since the industrial revolution until today. Since its implementation, the construction of railway corridors in Spain has tended to anticipate demand, making it difficult to properly operate this mode of transport. This fact caused on several occasions the bankruptcy of private railway operators, which were absorbed by other companies, establishing an oligopoly.With the nationalizationof the network, Renfe suffered the same problems as its predecessors, and with a rolling stock and an outdated layout it could not cope with the new modes of transport that appeared to compete in the market. Aircraft and automobiles significantly reducedrail demand, forcing it to play a residual role if it did not improve its performance.With the arrival of high speed, the railway was able to re-capture a large part of the market share in medium-long-haul corridors thanks to its reduction in travel timeand high performance.Despite its improvement in market share, the profitability of the lines is questionable. The technical characteristics necessary to operate at high speed require tolerances, layouts and factory works that make its construction more expensive, which means that from an economic and social point of view, its operationis only profitable if construction costs are not taken into account.Knowing this and the fragmentation of transport in Europe, the European Union has applied various packages of regulations to create a unified transport market, liberalizing and allowing access to foreign operators. In case of air transport, it favouredthe creation of a single liberalized airspace. With this liberalization, generalisedprice reductions wereobtained thanks to the entry of low-cost operators, in addition to the opening of new routes. In the railwaycase, the vertical separation between infrastructure administration and operators was necessary, and in the countries where it has been applied, price reductions, increased demand and frequencies have been obtained due to competition.By applying a time-price model on the Madrid-Barcelona line, it has been obtained that the generalized cost of High Speed is less than the oneof the plane, and thatthe entry of new operators can capture considerable volumes of users, highly depending on the chosen elasticity.Regarding profitability, the net present value (NPV) has been applied to calculate profitability, considering only the acquisition costs of thetrains. ; El transporte ferroviario ha sido un elemento vertebrador de las ciudades desde la revolución industrial hasta la actualidad. Desde sus inicios, la construcción de las líneas ferroviarias en España ha tendido a adelantarse a la demanda, dificultando la correcta explotación de este modo de transporte. Este hecho provocó en varias ocasiones la quiebra de operadores ferroviarios privados, los cuales fueron absorbidos por otras compañías, estableciendo oligopolio. Con la nacionalización de la red, Renfe acusó los mismos problemas que sus predecesores, y con un material rodante y un trazado anticuado no podía hacer frente a los nuevos modos de transporte que aparecían para competir en el mercado. Avión y automóvil redujeron notablemente la demanda ferroviaria, obligándolaa ejercer un papel residual si no mejoraba sus prestaciones. Con la llegada de la alta velocidad,el ferrocarril fue capaz de volver a captar gran parte de cuota de mercado en corredores de medio-largo recorrido gracias a su reducción de tiempo de viaje y sus altas prestaciones. Pese a su mejora en la cuota de mercado, la rentabilidad de las líneas es cuestionable. Las características técnicas necesarias para operar a alta velocidad requieren tolerancias, trazados y obras de fábrica que encarecen su construcción, lo cual provoca que desde un punto de vista de contabilidad económica y social solamente sea rentable su explotación si se consideran como costes hundidos los costes de construcción. Conocido esto y la fragmentación de los transportes en Europa, la Unión Europea ha aplicado diversos paquetes de normativas para la creación de un mercado europeo de transporte, liberalizando el mercado y permitiendo el acceso a operadores extranjeros. En el caso del transporte aéreo, favoreció la creación de un espacio aéreo único liberalizado. Con esta liberalización se obtuvieron rebajas de precios generalizadas gracias a la entrada de operadores de bajo coste, además de la apertura de nuevas rutas. En el caso ferroviario, era necesaria la separación vertical entre administración de infraestructuras y operadores, y en los países donde se ha aplicado se han obtenido reducciones de precios, aumento de demanda y de frecuenciasdebido a la competencia. Al aplicar el modelo de precio tiempo en la línea de Madrid-Barcelona, se ha obtenido que el coste generalizado de la Alta Velocidad esmenor al del avión, y que la entrada de nuevos operadores puede captar volúmenes considerables de usuarios, dependiendo altamente de la elasticidad escogida. En cuanto a la rentabilidad, se ha aplicado el valor actual neto (VAN) para el cálculo de la rentabilidad, considerando solamente los costes de adquisición de los trenes.

The new globalized social context and the lack of consolidation of public institutions are convulsed by the systematic advance in the lack of response to the demands that citizens make in the various areas of public administration. In the face of this, administrative law is looking for alternatives to improve not only from the conception of the relationship Administration/citizen, but from technological advances that are undeniable in all areas of life. With this, a new right is being developed, thought not only from the legitimacy of the acts of those who govern, but that allows the proximity of those who participate in the administrative life./nIn that innovative search, we can find e-government, which involves not only the exercise of the fundamental rights of access to public information and citizen participation, but also the improvement in the provision of services by public administrations, achieving an agile interconnection, simple, timeless and facilitating in search of general well-being. ; /nThus, legislative, doctrinal and consultative advances are required at all levels of government, so that through the development of digital or electronic platforms citizens have access to information and public services. And there, remotely, they can consult, claim, suggest and initiate an administrative process or file. Such developments are already taking place around the world. We find new laws of administrative procedure as the 39 and 40/2015 in Spain, and its electronic portal of access through the official page, which provides several tools, among them, the «Citizen Folder». We find replicas of this, for example, in the Province of Córdoba in Argentina, through the «Digital Citizen» platform. ; /nIn this facilitation of access, the citizen finds the Administration closer and more committed; also, more transparent, since it allows to know information related to public officials, to recruitment, to the execution of the budget, etc. Despite the advantages of the implementation of electronic administrations, we find in them certain problems generated by socio-economic inequalities and knowledge, which should be taken into account by governments in order to ensure respect for the fundamental rights of citizens. e-Government or e-government is a challenge to which we must all contribute, because new technologies must serve not only for the accessibility of citizens to public information, which means giving governments greater transparency, but for a more agile satisfaction of needs. ; El nuevo contexto social globalizado y la falta de consolidación de las instituciones públicas se ven convulsionadas por el avance sistemático en la falta de respuesta a las demandas que los ciudadanos efectúan en los diversos ámbitos de las administraciones públicas. Frente a ello, desde el derecho administrativo se están buscando alternativas mejoradoras no solo desde la concepción de la relación Administración/ciudadano, sino desde los avances tecnológicos que son innegables en todos los ámbitos de la vida./nCon ello, se va gestando un nuevo derecho, pensado no solo desde la legitimidad de los actos de quienes gobiernan, sino que permita la proximidad de quienes participan en la vida administrativa. ; /nEn esa búsqueda innovadora, podemos encontrar la administración electrónica, que implica no solamente el ejercicio de los derechos fundamentales de acceso a la información pública y participación ciudadana, sino el mejoramiento en la prestación de los servicios por parte de las administraciones públicas, logrando una interconexión ágil, sencilla, atemporal y facilitadora en búsqueda del bienestar general. ; /nAsí planteado, se requieren avances legislativos, doctrinarios y consultivos en todos los niveles de gobierno, para que a través del desarrollo de plataformas digitales o electrónicas los ciudadanos tengan acceso a la información y los servicios públicos. Y allí, de manera remota, puedan consultar, reclamar, sugerir e iniciar un trámite o expediente administrativo. Dichos avances ya se están produciendo en todo el mundo. Encontramos nuevas leyes de procedimiento administrativo como la 39 y 40/2015 en España, y su portal electrónico de acceso a través de la página oficial, que prevé varias herramientas, entre ellas, la «Carpeta Ciudadana». Encontramos réplicas de ello, por ejemplo, en la Provincia de Córdoba en Argentina, mediante la plataforma «Ciudadano Digital». ; /nEn esa facilitación de acceso, el ciudadano encuentra a la Administración más cerca y comprometida; asimismo, más transparente, ya que permite conocer información vinculada a los funcionarios públicos, a las contrataciones, a la ejecución del presupuesto, etc. ; /nNo obstante las ventajas de la implementación de las administraciones electrónicas, encontramos en ellas ciertos problemas generados por las desigualdades socioeconómicas y del conocimiento, que deberán ser tenidas en cuenta por los gobiernos a fin de asegurar el respeto de los derechos fundamentales de los ciudadanos. ; /nEl e-Gobierno o e-administración es un desafío al que todos debemos contribuir, porque las nuevas tecnologías deben servir no solo para la accesibilidad de los ciudadanos a la información pública, lo que supone dotar a los gobiernos de mayor transparencia, sino para una satisfacción de las necesidades de manera más ágil.

The SARS-Cov-2 (COVID-19) pandemic outnumbered the spread of the virus 10 times more than the SARS-Cov-1 DEL 2002. It caused a major economic recession brought with it the pandemic that added to the 2019 economic crisis. The public and private systems of developed countries collapsed, which underestimated the aggressiveness of the viral agent, such as Italy and Spain, resulting in 372,756 confirmed cases and 16,231 deaths (4.3% of total cases) globally. Countries like Singapore and Taiwan, developed their protocols with the SARS-Cov-1 epidemic, and demonstrated to the world as efficient at a global biological threat. Currently, their strategies allowed to flatten the viral propagation curve of COVID-19, and were global benchmarks for tackling the pandemic locally. However, Mainland China, without staying on the sidelines, competes with the US. for the economic and political power of the regions and currently for the discovery of the vaccine against COVID-19. Aims: To determine the strategies and indicators associated with COVID-19 and its political impact on health and on the world and local economy. Determine country-based public health strategies efficient in emerging biological responses to minimize or flatten the epidemiological curve of COVID-19. Results: Ecuador, in South America, with 17 million inhabitants, with a GDP of 9.5% invested in public health, became the second country with the highest prevalence of COVID-19 cases (n=981) and ranked 26th in the world. The partial strategies taken at the national level, added to the lack of preventive culture in Ecuadorian society, quickly spread COVID-19. The lack of management of medical supplies, and the shortage of medical personnel (15 doctors per 10,000 inhabitants), as well as deficits in hospital beds (rate=1.4/1,000 inhabitants / national level [0.8 of the public sector], below Cuba with 5.4) and PCR-RT tests, it puts the health system at risk of collapse, due to the exponential increase of COVID 19 cases until the 6th week of local impact. However, the analysis of GDP% between Ecuador (GDP = 9.5%) and Taiwan (GDP = 6.3%), and the strategic measures used, rectify that the universal health system of Taiwan is very efficient in strategies and responses to the COVID-19 emergency. Taiwan's strategies have been reflected in our environment to flatten the epidemiological curve and reduce local public spending. ; La pandemia del SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) superó a 10 veces más la propagación del virus que el SARS-CoV-1 del 2002. Causó una gran recesión económica que se sumó a la crisis económica del 2020. Colapsó los sistemas públicos y privados de los países desarrollados que subestimaron la virulencia y mutación viral, especialmente en Italia y España, resultando en 372.756 casos confirmados y 16231 muertes (4.3% de casos totales) a nivel global. Países como Singapur y Taiwán, desarrollaron sus protocolos con la epidemia del SARS-Cov-1, y demostraron al mundo como ser eficientes a una amenaza biológica mundial. Actualmente, sus estrategias permiten aplanar la curva de propagación del COVID-19, y fueron referentes mundiales para afrontar la pandemia localmente. Por otro lado, China Continental, compite con EE.UU. por el poder económico y político de las regiones, así como el desarrollo de una vacuna para finales del 2020. En cuanto a las estrategias e indicadores asociados al COVID-19 y su impacto político en salud y en la economía local, Ecuador, localizado en Sudamérica, con 17 millones de habitantes, y un PIB de 9.5% destinado a la salud pública, se convirtió en el segundo país con mayor prevalencia de casos (n=981) y se ubicó en el puesto 26º en el mundo. Las estrategias parciales tomadas a nivel nacional, sumado a la falta de cultura preventiva de la sociedad ecuatoriana, propagaron rápidamente el COVID-19. La falta de gestión de insumos médicos, y la escasez del personal médico (15 médicos por cada 10.000 habitantes), así como déficit de camas hospitalarias (tasa=1.4/1.000 habitantes/nivel nacional [0.8 del sector público], por debajo de Cuba con 5.4) y pruebas de PCR-RT, pone en peligro el sistema de salud de colapsarse, por el aumento exponencial del virus COVID-19 analizado hasta la 6ta semana del impacto local. Sin embargo, el análisis de PIB% entre Ecuador (PIB=9.5%) y Taiwán (PIB=6.3%), y las medidas estratégicas empleadas, rectifican que el sistema universal de salud de Taiwán, es muy eficiente en estrategias y respuestas a la emergencia del COVID-19. Estrategias de Taiwán han sido reflejadas en nuestro entorno para aplanar la curva epidemiológica y reducir el gasto público local.