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According to the nature of the Westphalian system, the independent state is the central actor in international relations. However, the discipline has not developed theoretical approaches regarding the independence process, which is considered more a concern of the international law and the political interests of state actors. Then, in this article, the issue of independence is analyzed as a basic step for political entities to access statehood, becoming a basisfor understanding the role of the independent state in the Westphalian order. It is necessary to observe the variations in the conception of independence, especially regarding self-determination and recognition principle, acknowledging the existence of deep changes in the international system. This principle has had greater relevance since the 1990s due to the disintegration processes of some countries, particularly the case of Kosovo. Taiwan is also a relevant experience. Another key point is the weakening process of the state, with the appearance of variants that question the status and existence of the state actor. At the end of this paper, a brief reference is made to the Latin and Central Americanexperience, which shows particularities since the 19th century. ; El actor central en las relaciones internacionales es el Estado soberano independiente, según la naturaleza del sistema westfaliano; sin embargo, en la disciplina no se han desarrollado enfoques teóricos sobre el proceso de independencia. Se considera más un asunto del derecho internacional y de los intereses políticos de los actores estatales. Por ello, se analiza en este trabajo, la cuestión de la independencia como un paso básico para que las entidades políticas accedan a la categoría de Estado, lo que sirve de fundamento para entender el papel del Estado independiente en el orden westfaliano. Al reconocer que hay cambios profundos en el sistema internacional, es necesario observar las variaciones en la concepción de independencia, sobre todo en relación con el principio de autodeterminación y el reconocimiento.Esto tiene mayor relevancia a partir de la década de 1990, por los procesos de desintegración de algunos países, en particular, el caso de Kosovo; otra experiencia relevante es Taiwán. A lo anterior, se suma el debilitamiento del Estado, con la aparición de variantes que cuestionan la estatidad y la existencia del actor estatal. Al final,se hace una breve referencia a la experiencia latinoamericana y centroamericana, que muestran particularidades desde el siglo XIX.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Backgrounds -- 1. Transforming Human Rights from a Feminist Perspective -- 2. Women's Human Rights The Emergence of a Movement -- 3. Women's Rights and the United Nations -- Regional Reports -- 4. Violence Against Women The Indian Perspective -- 5. Legacies of Invisibility: Past Silence, Present Violence Against Women in the Former Yugoslavia -- 6. The Medium Term Philippine Development Plan Toward the Year 2000: Filipino Women's Issues and Perspectives -- 7. Women in South Africa and the Constitution-Making Process -- 8. After the Revolution: Violations of Women's Human Rights in Iran -- 9. "Help Me Balance the Load" Gender Discrimination in Kenya -- 10. Women's Human Rights in the United States An Immigrant's Perspective -- 11. Women in Israel: Fighting Tradition -- 12. The Testimony of Women Writers: The Situation of Women in China Today -- Gendered Law, "Public" and "Private" -- 13. Human Rights as Men's Rights -- 14. Critiquing Gender-Neutral Treaty Language: The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Againt Women -- 15. The Public/Private Distinction in International Human Rights Law -- 16. State Discriminatory Family Law and Customary Abuses -- 17. The Human Rights of Women in the Family: Issues and Recommendations for Implementation of the Women's Convention -- Cultural Difference -- 18. The Politics of Gender and Culture in International Human Rights Discourse -- 19. Cultural Particularism as a Bar to Women's Rights: Reflections on the Middle Eastern Experience -- 20. Popularizing Women's Human Rights at the Local Level: A Grassroots Methodology for Setting the International Agenda -- Violence and Health -- 21. Gendered War Crimes Reconceptualizing Rape in Time of War

Japan has responded swiftly to stabilize markets, and activity has begun to recover. The immediate priority is to repair damaged infrastructure and facilitate a swift recovery. Financial policies should protect against the risk of an economic slowdown and higher market volatility. Timely implementation of the government's growth strategy would help sustain fiscal adjustment and support the recovery. Japan is an important contributor to regional growth and stability. Despite the adversity caused by the earthquake, Japan continues to demonstrate its strong commitment to international cooperation

Afghanistan is one of the poorest countries in the world and, after decades of ongoing conflicts and strife, it is still at an early stage of developing its legal and institutional framework. Measures have been taken to fight crime, including financial crime. Smuggling and fraud are other major sources of illegal funds. In addition, terrorism and its financing remain a major concern. A framework has been established to allow for international mutual legal assistance but it falls short of the standard and is rarely used

Der Mensch ist durch seine Intelligenz und seine anpassungsfähige Art in der Lage eine dominante Rolle in der Natur einzunehmen. Die Fähigkeit seine Umwelt nach seinen Vorstellungen zu gestalten führt dazu, dass andere in Bedrängnis geraten können. Die Jagd auf Tiere aufgrund der Gewinnung von Rohstoffen, Lebensmitteln oder zu anderen Zwecken kann dabei eine bestehende Art an den Rand des Aussterbens bringen. Beispielhaft dafür, befasst sich diese Diplomarbeit mit dem internationalen Regelwerk zur Regulierung des Walfangs. Einleitend werden die Historie, der Umfang und die Praxis des Walfangs erläutert. Es folgen ein Überblick des völkerrechtlichen Artenschutzrechtes, die Darstellung der aktuellen Artenschutzabkommen und die Problematik der Hochseefischerei in völkerrechtlicher Hinsicht. Der Hauptteil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem internationalen Regelwerk des Walfangs. Nach der Vorstellung des Internationalen Übereinkommens zur Regelung des Walfangs (ICRW) und der Walfangkommission (IWC) werden das Walfangmoratorium und die damit verbunden Sonderregelungen ausführlich behandelt. Mit der North Atlantic Marine Marmal Commission (NAMMCO), einer internationalen aber regional agierenden Organisation wird eine Organisation die sich mit ähnlicher Materie befasst, der IWC gegenübergestellt. Es folgt die Darstellung weiterer Artenschutzabkommen den Walschutz betreffend und deren rechtliches Verhältnis zur ICRW. Der abschließende Teil widmet sich den Bemühungen der Nichtregierungsorganisationen (NGOs) auf diesem Gebiet. Dabei werden verschiedene Organisationen vorgestellt und deren Kampagnen und Aktionen zur Erhaltung des Walbestandes aufgezeigt, welche Druck auf walfangende Nationen ausüben und einen wichtigen Beitrag zu diesem Umweltthema leisten. ; Man is able to assume a dominant role in nature due to his intelligence and his adaptability. The ability to create his environment according to his ideas might lead to adverse conditions for others. The hunting of animals on account of the gain of resources, food or other purposes can cause the extinction of an existing species. In order to exemplify this, this thesis deals with the international set of rules designed for the regulation of whaling. As an introduction, the history, the scale as well as the practice of whaling are explained. Subsequently, an outline of the right of protection of species of international law, the description of the recent treaty for the protection of endangered species, and the problematic nature of deep-sea fishing with regard to the international law are elucidated. The main part of the thesis deals is concerned with the international set of rules for whaling. After the outline of the international consent on the regulation of whaling (ICRW) and the international whaling committee (IWC), the whaling moratorium and the related special provisions are elaborated. Furthermore, the IWC is compared with the North Atlantic Marine Marmal Commission (NAMMCO), an international but regionally operating organization dealing with similar matters. The presentation of other treaties for the protection of endangered species concerning whaling and their legal relation to the ICRW follows. The concluding part is dedicated to the efforts of NGOs in this field. In doing so, different organizations, their campaigns for the preservation of whales, which pressurize nations practicing whaling and contribute substantially to this environmental issue, are outlined and presented. ; vorgelegt von Florian Müller ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Abstracts in Deutsch und Englisch ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Diplomarbeit, 2016 ; (VLID)1333601

The management of safety culture in international and culturally diverse organizations is a concern for many high‐risk industries. Yet, research has primarily developed models of safety culture within Western countries, and there is a need to extend investigations of safety culture to global environments. We examined (i) whether safety culture can be reliably measured within a single industry operating across different cultural environments, and (ii) if there is an association between safety culture and national culture. The psychometric properties of a safety culture model developed for the air traffic management (ATM) industry were examined in 17 European countries from four culturally distinct regions of Europe (North, East, South, West). Participants were ATM operational staff (n = 5,176) and management staff (n = 1,230). Through employing multigroup confirmatory factor analysis, good psychometric properties of the model were established. This demonstrates, for the first time, that when safety culture models are tailored to a specific industry, they can operate consistently across national boundaries and occupational groups. Additionally, safety culture scores at both regional and national levels were associated with country‐level data on Hofstede's five national culture dimensions (collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, and long‐term orientation). MANOVAs indicated safety culture to be most positive in Northern Europe, less so in Western and Eastern Europe, and least positive in Southern Europe. This indicates that national cultural traits may influence the development of organizational safety culture, with significant implications for safety culture theory and practice.

Vor dem Hintergrund ihrer weltweiten Popularität haben einige Praktiker der internationalen Jugendarbeit die Vermutung geäußert, Teilnehmende internationaler Begegnungsmaßnahmen würden, ohne Zutun der Teamer, bereits vor Beginn einer Begegnung Social Media in interkulturellen Dialog treten. Aufgrund dieser Annahme wurde eine empirische Studie durchgeführt, welche Aufschluss darüber gibt, ob und wie Teilnehmende internationaler Workcamps Social Media wirklich vor Beginn eines Projektes als Kommunikationsmittel nutzen. Dabei nahmen 394 Freiwillige aus 34 verschiedenen Ländern an der Fragebogenerhebung teil. Zudem wurden teilnehmende Beobachtungen in zwei Workcamps durchgeführt.Die Analyse der erhobenen Daten zeigt, dass ca. die Hälfte der Freiwilligen Social Media, insbesondere Social Networking Services, nutzten, um vor dem Beginn der Begegnung mit anderen Gruppenmitgliedern und Teamern in Kontakt zu treten. Tatsächlich fand eine wechselseitige Kommunikation aber hauptsächlich zwischen Freiwilligen und Teamern statt. Zwischen den Freiwilligen blieb es zumeist bei der einseitigen Aufnahme von Informationen. Nur selten traten diese tatsächlich in einen (interkulturellen) Dialog miteinander. In der Folge entwickelten sich vor Begegnungsbeginn keine sozialen Strukturen in der Gruppe. Die Daten legen nahe, dass der interkulturelle Dialog zwischen den Freiwilligen vor Projektbeginn nicht durch den Einsatz von Social Media gefördert wurde.

In order to gain a better empirical understanding of the international financial implications of currency movements, we construct a database of international currency exposures for a large panel of countries over 1990-2004. We show that trade-weighted exchange rate indices are insufficient to understand the financial impact of currency movements and that our currency measures have high explanatory power for the valuation term in net foreign asset dynamics. Exchange rate valuation shocks are sizable, not quickly reversed, and may entail substantial wealth redistributions. Further, we show that many developing countries have substantially reduced their negative foreign currency positions over the last decade. (F31, F32, G15)

The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is increasingly embebbed into the global order in the transnational field, namely through the intra- and interregional interactions of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) with state actors. The phenomenon is investigated in the framework of the "international NGO triangle", namely the system of relations between the nongovernmental organization, the host state and the external partner. Case studies include the activities of the Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect in Iraq, regional NGOs cooperating with the ECOSOC, and the Qatari "multiple track approach" after the Gulf rift of 2017. However, the extent to which NGOs operating in the region have actual agency (and, in parallel, the extent of their dependency on state actors) can be debated. Consequently, the strengthening of the transnational sector does not necessarily limit the leverage of states as previously predicted.

The worldwide operation of the Big Power Triangle (US-USSR-China) impacts also on Germany. Situated on the remote eastern flank of the Soviet landmass, China nevertheless influences the GDR's policy and attitude, not bilaterally but via the Super Power circuits. The sharpening of the international political situation covering Africa and Asia in recent years has triggered the GDR's stringent critique of Beijing. Despite the age of detente, East Berlin's insecurity on the German Question vis-ä-vis Bonn remains, and China has reinforced that insecurity by means of its Intermediate Zone strategy designed to weaken Soviet bloc cohesion. East German criticism of, and moves against, China reflects, therefore, the GDR's perception of the latter as a threat to its fundamental values, which are cherished in the face of the German Question being kept open by Bonn.

Published online: 27 Apr 2016 ; Italy's international relations are re-examined in a historical perspective from the 1970s to the present. Italy's foreign policy is shackled by two features inherited from its modern history: a focus on rank and prestige, and a faith in the redemptive character of the EU and other multilateral arrangements. The 'middle power' foreign policy model elaborated in the 1980s had a rationale of its own but it can hardly be adapted to the globalised world, nor can it be sustained by a deteriorated economic and societal domestic fabric. Italy has to rethink its basic national interests, adapt its foreign policy tools to new concepts of relevance and influence, and focus on a long-term, concerted effort at domestic regeneration if it is to withstand the challenges at hand.

AbstractThis paper investigates firm incentives for developing environmentally clean technologies in a simple two-country model with international oligopoly and lack of regulatory commitment, and compares the incentives under price and quantity regulations with and without policy cooperation between governments. We examine whether policy coordination (choices of policy instruments or policy harmonization) encourages environmental innovation when firms have strategic innovation incentives that may influence future regulation. In a case where policies are non-cooperatively set by governments, quantity regulations yield a greater static benefit for countries; however, dynamically, price regulations encourage more innovation than quantity regulations when environmental damages are not so large. Under both price and quantity regulation regimes, cooperative policy harmonization necessarily enhances net benefits in each country, whereas it discourages firms' innovation incentives when environmental damages are not so small.

The purpose of this article is to present many solid reasons to carry out a study of the topics related to the construction of world-unity and world-citizenship vocabularies through the methods of conceptual history. The scrutiny of the historical foundations of the UN world-unity vocabulary is not very helpful in itself, but in order to understand the historical dimensions of the present, the study of the historical foundations of world-unity structures represents a very useful starting point, since those world-unity structures still constitute a fundamental part of the current framework of international relations; and it will be no less useful to make visible the conceptual structures related to the use of time layers in political narration since they are key elements of almost all future-oriented political narratives.

Résumé La guerre froide n'épargna pas le monde étudiant français. La création de l'UIE à la Libération mobilisa les énergies de l'Unef. Le rêve unitaire se brisa sur la partition du monde en deux blocs. L'UIE devint une organisation du bloc de l'Est. Les étudiants français quittent l'union internationale sous la pression des événements en 1949. Cette décision ne fut pas facile à prendre. Elle marquait trop, pour cette première génération des dirigeants de l'Unef de l'après-guerre, la fin d'un espoir insensé: celui de fondre en un même mouvement tous les étudiants du monde. Le repli occidental s'organisait alors par la création du CIE/Cosec mais l'Unef ne se résignant pas à cette division, tenta, notamment après son changement de majorité en 1956, de jouer un rôle de pont entre l'Est et l'Ouest.