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Involvement in warfare can have dramatic consequences for the mental health and well-being of military personnel. During the 20th century, US military psychiatrists tried to deal with these consequences while contributing to the military goal of preserving manpower and reducing the debilitating impact of psychiatric syndromes by implementing screening programs to detect factors that predispose individuals to mental disorders, providing early intervention strategies for acute war-related syndromes, and treating long-term psychiatric disability after deployment.

The following article explores the similarities between Polish Indian novels (written mostly in the second half of the 20th century) and modern fantasy fiction in an effort to argue that the former should not be examined–and then criticized–only in terms of their idealized representations of Native American tribes and life in the wilderness. To demonstrate the parallel between these Indian novels and fantasy fiction, this article will first analyze how the works of Polish writers and fantasy narratives are motivated by similar desires. It will then examine the Indian novels in the context of John H. Timmerman's study on the six generic traits of fantasy. This perspective will allow us to circumvent the question of authenticity in representation, and instead acknowledge the significance of the Indian novels for the readers and writers of the People's Republic of Poland.

"Extricating liberalism from the haze of anti-modernist and anti-European caricature, this book traces the role of liberal philosophy in the building of a new nation. It examines the role of toleration, rights, and mediation in the postcolony. Through the biographies of four Filipino scholar-bureaucrats--Camilo Osias, Salvador Araneta, Carlos P. Romulo, and Salvador P. Lopez--Lisandro E. Claudio argues that liberal thought served as the grammar of Filipino democracy in the 20th century. By looking at various articulations of liberalism in pedagogy, international affairs, economics, and literature, Claudio not only narrates an obscured history of the Philippine state, he also argues for a new liberalism rooted in the postcolonial experience"--

AbstractDebates over the legality and morality of abortion in Europe, especially France, were quite different in the early 20th century than they became in Europe and America after widespread legalization. Instead of focusing on the potential rights of the unborn, politically powerful pro‐natalist activists and their less influential neo‐Malthusian adversaries debated the need for larger populations, the role of abortion in facilitating sexual immorality, and the economics of single motherhood. The fetus was largely ignored as most French people continued to hold pre‐modern views of abortion prior to fetal movement as the morally neutral act of restoring delayed menstruation. French juries often showed leniency to women who aborted, although they more frequently voted to convict abortionists, especially midwives.

The problems associated with chronically high inflation and hyper inflation continue to preoccupy policy makers and economists. In Great Inflations of the 20th Century, Pierre Siklos has gathered together major papers by a distinguished group of scholars who use historical episodes to understand and explain a key issue. Beginning with general surveys of historical experiences of hyperinflation and cases of chronic inflation, this volume continues with papers on the conditions which are conducive to generating high inflation. The link between monetary policy and inflation is examined through empirical studies of inflationary episodes in Germany, Hungary and Bolivia. The final part looks at how policy makers can seek to end high inflation with the smallest possible economic cost. Bringing together in one accessible volume a series of acclaimed contributions to the field, Great Inflations of the 20th Century will be a key reference resource for interested scholars and policy makers concerned with the myriad of issues surrounding the beginning and end of high or chronic inflation

During the late 20th century numerical rating scales became central to the diagnosis of dementia and helped transform attitudes about its causes and prevalence. Concentrating largely on the development and use of the Blessed Dementia Scale, I argue that rating scales served professional ends during the 1960s and 1970s. They helped old age psychiatrists establish jurisdiction over conditions such as dementia and present their field as a vital component of the welfare state, where they argued that 'reliable modes of diagnosis' were vital to the allocation of resources. I show how these arguments appealed to politicians, funding bodies and patient groups, who agreed that dementia was a distinct disease and claimed research on its causes and prevention should be designated 'top priority'. But I also show that worries about the replacement of clinical acumen with technical and depersonalized methods, which could conceivably be applied by anyone, led psychiatrists to stress that rating scales had their limits and could be used only by trained experts.

The study focuses on the artistic aspects of traditional furniture from Bessarabia, dating from the late 19th century to the mid-20th century. We emphasize the importance of materials, decorative techniques, artistic means, and decorative structure in the crafting and decorating of traditional furniture. The motivation for this research lies in analyzing how the culture and folk art of Moldova are reflected in the characteristics of traditional furniture. The specific hypothesis of this study posits that Moldovan traditional furniture represents an expression of the talent and artistic sense of the craftsmen and householders from Moldova. The research aims to conduct a detailed analysis of the materials used, including wood and others, as well as decorative techniques such as carving, sculpture, and painting. The objectives include a comprehensive description of the mentioned materials and techniques. The research methods included documentary analysis, relevant illustrations, and extensive field research in all regions of the Republic of Moldova, spanning the years 2007-2023, contributing to the scientific and applied foundation of the research. The main results consist of highlighting the role of traditional furniture in reflecting Moldovan culture and folk art, providing data and illustrative images to support these aspects.

The phrase 'two worlds' is often used to describe the way in which political leaders in the Pacific Islands navigate and define their lives, and the different sets of societal norms to which they are subject. The capacity to move between 'worlds' is often central to their claims to leadership legitimacy and can be one of the reasons why they are ultimately chosen to lead. Through a comparative analysis of their published life histories, this paper explores the lives of the 20th-century Pacific's political leaders by capturing their experiences of growing up and out of colonialism, and what they did before they took up political office. They describe being significantly shaped by their relationships with educational and religious institutions, including with particular teachers and mentors, their experiences living and working overseas, and their vocational backgrounds, both religious and professional. The paper concludes that rather than 'two worlds' - often used as a metaphor for a larger historical narrative about modernisation and the passing of traditional way of life - life histories highlight the importance of multiple 'sites', 'spheres' or 'worlds' to our understanding of leaders life trajectories.

The phrase 'two worlds' is often used to describe the way in which political leaders in the Pacific Islands navigate and define their lives, and the different sets of societal norms to which they are subject. The capacity to move between 'worlds' is often central to their claims to leadership legitimacy and can be one of the reasons why they are ultimately chosen to lead. Through a comparative analysis of their published life histories, this paper explores the lives of the 20th-century Pacific's political leaders by capturing their experiences of growing up and out of colonialism, and what they did before they took up political office. They describe being significantly shaped by their relationships with educational and religious institutions, including with particular teachers and mentors, their experiences living and working overseas, and their vocational backgrounds, both religious and professional. The paper concludes that rather than 'two worlds' - often used as a metaphor for a larger historical narrative about modernisation and the passing of traditional way of life - life histories highlight the importance of multiple 'sites', 'spheres' or 'worlds' to our understanding of leaders life trajectories.

Since the Yan'an Rectification Campaign the Communist Party of China has dominated the interpretation of modern Chinese history. With its 1981 resolution it renewed its claim, but a close look at official and unofficial publications on 20th-century Chinese history reveals its loss of control. There is no longer a CCP-designed master narrative of modern Chinese history. This article uses the case of the Cultural Revolution to show how much post-1949 history is contested in mainland China today. It argues that the CCP is unable to impose its interpretation of the "ten years of chaos" on society. Instead many divergent and highly fragmentized views circulate in society, and there is no overwhelmingly acceptable view on this period of post-1949 history. While this is a positive sign of diversification, it leaves unsatisfied both inside and outside observers who hope that the Chinese people might eventually come to terms with their own troublesome history.

The article deals with the information about the parents' committee in Biysk Nikolayevskaya Women's Gymnasium in the early 20th century. Parents' committees were an important part of gymnasium life, but little attention is paid to their studying. Minutes of the meetings of the parents' committee of the Biysk Women's Gymnasium have been preserved, which contain information about the thinking of the students' parents at that time. In addition, details of the daily life of the students were mentioned in the discussions. The modernization in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, which consisted in the transition from feudalism to capitalism, had a strong impact on the mentality of Russian society. It was also reflected in the life of educational institutions. Modernist features appeared in society, but at the same time many traditional ones remained. The gap between the generations was widening. Parents' committees were an important forum for the students' parents to speak out. In this regard, their meetings were used to discuss pressing issues of concern to Russian society. The study of daily life and thinking of pre-revolutionary gymnasiums may have practical value in our time.

In this paper we argue that the contemporary revival of European municipalism should be examined within the rich context of the 'long' 20th century and the many and varied links forged between municipalities across national borders. In the first two sections we trace the emergence of the networked European municipality from the ad hoc individual connections made during the final decades of the 19th century, through the golden age of municipal internationalism during the interwar years, to the intensive cross-national cooperation pursued in the aftermath of the Second World War. We argue that the historical experience of these municipal connections was an essential prerequisite of the long-term move towards the multilevel networking experienced by European municipalities today. In the final section we focus on Eurocities, the main European municipal lobby group since the late 1980s, to show how municipalities have continued to utilise networking as their main tool within a supranational Europe, in effect to reinvent themselves within a globalised postindustrial economy.

In many European countries, economic growth has been characterised by the presence of deep regional imbalances and the Italian case is not an exception. This justifies the adoption of a regional approach in the study of economic development to show the particular path to economic growth, with relation to its own advantages and opportunities on the one hand, and to its own peculiar obstacles and limits on the other hand. In general terms, some particular areas of Eastern Sicily seem to have been benefiting from a relatively dynamic agricultural sector and from its own natural propension to shipping business which have been the stimulus for the development of a modest, but not negligible, group of correlated industries. Since the second half of the 20th century, in these areas, the economic growth engines have been the pharmaceutical, chemical and electronic industries. The main objective of this paper is to analyse the role that local institutions have played in the development of such industries. The answer to this question is complex, but the paper provides some important clues. In particular, it points out the strong co-existence of economic and political interets although mixed in different proportions in each case. This fact confirms that no path to economic growth should be analysed without considering its geographic, economic and political context.

In the second half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. Dubrovnik was the center of the coastline Serbs, both Catholic and Orthodox. National activities of the Serbs developed through cultural and economic societies. The educational-economic society Srpska Zora (Serbian Dawn) was founded in 1901 in Knin. It encouraged the establishment of agricultural co-operatives in villages and savings banks in towns. After the initiative of Srpska Zora, The Alliance of Serbian Economic Co-operatives at the coast was founded in 1905. The main activity of Srpska Zora was to strengthen the Serbian intelligentsia by helping the poor pupils. It helped financially the work of Serbian singing societies at the coast. Matica Srpska in Dubrovnik was founded in 1909 as an endowment of the merchant Konstantin Vuckovic. The first gymnastics (chivalrous) societies at the coast were founded in 1907, Dusan Silni (Dusan the Great) in Dubrovnik and Srpski Soko (Serbian Falcon) in Risan. The chivalrous education was at the same time physical, moral and national. The Srpski Soko center at the coast was founded in 1911 in Herceg Novi. The center was a part of the Association of the Serbian Soko Movement in Belgrade. It held a spots rally in Dubrovnik in 1913 and in Knin in 1914. After Austria-Hungary declared war to Serbia in 1914 all Serbian societies were banned. The coastal Serbs tried to defect and to join the army of the Serbian states as volunteers. The Serbian army entered Dubrovnik on November 13, 1918. On the Unification Day, December 1, 1924, the monument to the King Peter I was unveiled. In 1925, Dubrovnik was visited by the King Aleksandar and Queen Maria. With very modest resources and with devoted work, the national entrepreneurs managed to gather, inspire and lead to coastal Serbs to the fight for liberation and unification.