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One thing that all parties in the American drug-policy debate agree upon is the desirability of eliminating the traffic in illicit drugs and the esurient criminal syndicates that control it. There are two divergent strategies for achieving this end. The first is the war on drugs. The second, which emerged in the late 1980s as a highly controversial alternative to the drug war, is controlled legalization. What follows is a historically informed critique of both approaches.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 is an illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Due to its rapid spread, in March 2020 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared pandemic. Since the outbreak of pandemic many governments, scientists, and institutions started to work on new vaccines and finding of new and repurposing drugs. MAIN BODY OF THE ABSTRACT: Drug repurposing is an excellent option for discovery of already used drugs, effective against COVID-19, lowering the cost of production, and shortening the period of delivery, especially when preclinical safety studies have already been performed. There are many approved drugs that showed significant results against COVID-19, like ivermectin and hydrochloroquine, including alternative treatment options against COVID-19, utilizing herbal medicine. SHORT CONCLUSION: This article summarized 11 repurposing drugs, their positive and negative health implications, along with traditional herbal alternatives, that harvest strong potential in efficient treatments options against COVID-19, with small or no significant side effects. Out of 11 repurposing drugs, four drugs are in status of emergency approval, most of them being in phase IV clinical trials. The first repurposing drug approved for clinical usage is remdesivir, whereas chloroquine and hydrochloroquine approval for emergency use was revoked by FDA for COVID-19 treatment in June 2020.

'Narco Diplomacy: Exporting the U.S. War on Drugs' by H. Richard Friman is reviewed.

Over the past 20 years, the young-adult backpacking trip has emerged as a significant social phenomenon in Israeli society. This has received attention from scholars specializing in anthropology and tourism research, but only a few analytical studies exist on the drug policy processes and few provide Israeli social and health perspectives. The interaction of policymakers, media, and health deviancy is an important focus of inquiry. This study charts the establishment of a drug policy for Israeli backpackers. It covers the period from the emergence of the problem in the early 1990s until the present.This study employs content analysis of newspaper articles and official documents, protocols, and reports written by policymakers and professionals. The latter were mostly produced by the Israel Anti-Drug Authority (IADA) and the Special Committee on Drug and Alcohol Abuse (SCDAA) in the Israeli Knesset. These are the two major Israeli agencies responsible for drug policy.Three periods in the establishment of backpacker drug policy can be identified. First period - until late 1995: No drug problem was recognized. The subject was not part of the public agenda. Even so, many backpackers were actually taking drugs. Second Period - late 1995 to 2000: The Israeli media started to report intensively on backpacker drug use. The issue then flared up into a significant 'social problem' demanding health and social solutions. In this phase, policymakers capitalized on a window of opportunity, and formulated a policy emphasizing prevention. Third period - from 2001 until the present: A sea change in institutional attitude occurred. In this period, drug-policy emphasis shifted from prevention to therapeutic-treatment approaches. As a result, harm reduction and unique treatment strategies were developed.Policymakers should continue to improve health prevention, treatment, and harm reduction resources. It is recommended that the Ministry of Health set up consultation centers at clinics for travelers. These would provide support and assistance to backpackers before, during, and after their trips. The attention that Israel's drug policy for backpackers gives to prevention, treatment, and harm reduction is the first of its kind and unique. It can therefore serve as a model for other countries.

Un modelo bisectorial de equilibrio general, que incluía las drogas como bienes básicos, fue relativamente exitoso para explicar el desperdicio de recursos que genera una guerra contra las drogas (Ortiz, 2003). Debido al supuesto de productividad constante, el modelo predijo que los precios de las drogas aumentarían con la represión y, sin embargo, el Plan Colombia no tuvo un efecto significativo en los precios. Para corregir el modelo, se examinan dos fuentes de mejoramiento de la productividad; con el fin de entender por qué los precios de las drogas se han mantenido estables y por qué la oferta y la demanda mundial no han disminuido, así como explicar las razones por las cuales los plantíos de coca se desperdigaron a lo largo y ancho del país bajo el Plan Colombia.Palabras claves: Guerra contra las drogas, oferta de drogas, demanda de drogas, represión de la oferta, bien básico. Clasificación JEL: I12, K42, L11, O17, O41. Abstract:A two-sector general equilibrium model that included drugs as basic goods was relatively successful at explaining the waste of resources that the war on drugs incurs (Ortiz, 2003). Due to the assumption of constant productivity, the model predicted the rise of the drug price with supply repression. Yet Plan Colombia, an unparalleled effort to eradicate drug production in Colombia, had no significant effect on drug prices. In order to correct the model two sources of productivity improvement in the drugs sector are examined. The modified model helps to understand why drug prices have remained stable, why global supply and demand have not diminished, and why coca plantations were spread throughout the nation under Plan Colombia.Key words: Drug war, drug supply, drug demand, supply repression, basic good. Classification JEL: I12, K42, L11, O17, O41. Résumé: Un modèle bisectoriel d'équilibre général qui considérait la drogue comme un bien de base a eu un relatif succès pour expliquer le gaspillage de ressources issues de la guerre contre les drogues (Ortiz, 2003). Étant donnée l'hypothèse de productivité constante, le modèle prédisait que les prix des drogues augmenteraient avec la répression mais le Plan Colombie n'a pas eu un effet significatif sur la variation des prix. Pour corriger ce modèle, nous examinons deux sources d'amélioration de la productivité, ce qui permet de mieux comprendre les raisons pour lesquelles les prix des drogues ont été stables, et de savoir pourquoi l'offre et la demande mondiale n'a pas diminué, ainsi de savoir pourquoi les plantations de coca se sont repliées dans le pays avec la mise en oeuvre du Plan Colombie. Mots clé: Guerre contre la drogue, offre de drogues, demande de drogues, répression de l'offre, bien de base. Classification JEL : I12, K42, L11, O17, O41.

Illegal drug use and drug addiction has been a complex issue in the United States for centuries. Over the course of time, the United States has used different approaches to tackle the problem of drug use and abuse within its communities. Beginning in the 1800's, drug usage appears to lead to devastating consequences within society, forcing the legal system to create legislation preventing the use and solicitation of such addictive drugs. In recent decades though, state law has strayed from a strict and punishing position on drugs to one that allows for the medicinal and recreational use, or decriminalization of drugs. The war on drugs is at a crucial point in time that is changing the country's legal system and communities, and the new stance on drug policy may consequently lead the nation into a deeper hole within the war on drugs.

The purpose of this study is to know how the legal protection for consumers on the circulation of illegal drugs and how the accountability of business actors on the circulation of illegal drugs. By using normative juridical research method is concluded: 1. Legal protection to consumers on the circulation of illegal drugs conducted by the government through the Agency of Drugs and Food (BPOM). With this BPOM shows the attention that the government has run its supervision. In addition, the protection of consumer law arising from the existence of rights and obligations set forth in Article 4 letters a and c, article 7 letters a and d, article 8 paragraph 1 letter a, d and e of Law Number 8 Year 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. The fulfillment of consumer rights over security, the right to be heard, the correct, clear and honest information regulated in the UUPK is still not fulfilled. Article 98 paragraph 2, Article 106 paragraph 1 and 2 of Law Number 36 Year 2009 on Health. 2. The business actor is responsible as the manufacturer of the goods because the importer of the goods is not an agent or official importer. The business actor who is an individual shall be liable for the losses incurred even if only as an importer not as a producer of the goods. Related to the violation of Article 8 paragraph 1 letter a, d and e then based on Article 62 paragraph 1 Laws that sanctions may be subject to imprisonment a maximum of five years or a maximum fine of Rp. 2,000,000,000 (two billion rupiah). It is thus a legal basis which can be worn by consumers as a form of accountability, addressed to businessmen illegal drugs is a criminal sanction sebagimana governed by article 62 paragraph 1 of BFL.

People who use drugs (PWUD) experience many social and health harms and are considered at greater risk of acquiring COVID-19. Little research has examined the impact of coronaviruses either on PWUD, or on services targeted to PWUD. We report the findings of a systematic review of empirical evidence from studies which have examined the impact of coronaviruses (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-1) and Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and COVID-19) on PWUD or on service responses to them. Five databases were searched (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, ASSIA and EMBASE) as well as COVID-19 specific databases. Inclusion criteria were studies reporting any impact of SARS, MERS or COVID-19 or any service responses to those, published between January 2000 and October 2020. Weight of Evidence judgements and quality assessment were undertaken. In total, 27 primary studies were included and grouped by seven main themes: treatment/recovery services; emergency medical settings; low-threshold services; prison setting, PWUD/substance use disorder (SUD) diagnosis; people with SUD and HIV; 'Sexual minority' men. Overall, research in the area was scant, and of average/poor quality. More robust research is required to inform on-going and future responses to coronavirus epidemics for PWUD. ; This review was funded by Scottish Government under the auspices of the Drugs Death Taskforce, Grant No DDTFRF03