Suchergebnisse

The question was how to improve prevention and education related to disability by AVP in New Caledonia. The aim has been to draw up avenues of action on this subject. The summary transcription of a story told by a paraplegic patient living in a rural area, a reflection on the practice of this prevention in rural areas supplemented by a review of the literature should make it possible to synthesize possible measures in terms of " action. This methodology made it possible to find ideas for improvement, taking into account the overall complexity of New Caledonia. The results were ordered, in the discussion, from the stratum most external to the health (solidarity garages, public health campaigns, securing the lateral edge of the roads .) via an intermediate stratum of organization of the catchment system. (revision of the legislative scheme for emergencies, training for emergencies for the inexperienced doctor, procedures for the management of AVP) to the patient-centered stratum as part of tertiary prevention. At this level, we see that the discussion shines again towards the intermediate and external strata, which is the characteristic of communication between patient, doctor and health system. The originality of the discussion consists in a particular analysis of the Caledonian system - which implies responses adapted for these different prejudices - trying not to forget the patient from rural areas. A memo recording the product of the discussion on paraplegics was written for the doctor. He hopes to become a draft of an education and prevention tool that would put the patient in a position of subject, to develop a partnership with him to take care of the risks related to the disability installed. ; Il s'agissait de savoir comment améliorer la prévention et l'éducation liées aux handicaps par AVP en Nouvelle-Calédonie. L'objectif a été d'élaborer des pistes d'actions à ce sujet. La retranscription résumée d'un vécu raconté d'une patiente paraplégique vivant en zone rurale, une réflexion sur la pratique de cette prévention en zone rurale complété d'une une revue de littérature devaient permettre de réaliser une synthèse des mesures possibles en termes d'action. Cette méthodologie a permis de trouver des idées de pistes d'amélioration prenant en compte la complexité globale de la Nouvelle Calédonie. Les résultats ont été ordonnés, dans la discussion, de la strate la plus extérieure à la santé (garages solidaires, campagnes de santé publique, sécurisation du bord latéral des routes …) en passant par une strate intermédiaire d'organisation du système de prise en charge des AVP par les institutions (révision du schéma législatif des urgences, formation aux urgences pour le médecin inexpérimenté, procédures de prise en charge de l'AVP) jusqu'à la strate centrée sur le patient dans le cadre de la prévention tertiaire. À ce niveau, on voit que la discussion rayonne de nouveau vers les strates intermédiaires et extérieures, ce qui est le propre de la communication entre patient, médecin et système de santé. L'originalité de la discussion consiste en une analyse particulière du système calédonien — qui implique des réponses adaptées pour ces différentes préventions — s'efforçant de ne pas oublier le patient de zone rurale. Un mémo consignant le produit de la discussion sur les personnes paraplégiques a été écrit pour le médecin. Il espère devenir l'ébauche d'un outil d'éducation et de prévention qui placerait le patient en position de sujet, pour développer avec lui un partenariat lui permettant de prendre en charge les risques liés au handicap installé.

In response to a request from the Royal Government of Bhutan, the World Bank commissioned a study on the sustainable development of hydropower in Bhutan. The study identified loss and decline of aquatic biodiversity as one of the major potential environmental impacts of hydropower development in Bhutan. Access to information on aquatic biodiversity is of utmost importance in planning and designing of new hydropower projects in Bhutan. This data is essential for planners to avoid, minimize and effectively mitigate potential adverse impacts on aquatic biodiversity. However, access to this information is not easy. With the objective of making aquatic biodiversity data accessible, key stakeholders within Bhutan have taken the initiative to create and maintain a national data repository for aquatic biodiversity within the country. An inventory and gap analysis of aquatic biodiversity data in Bhutan was done to summarize the available data and information on aquatic biodiversity, stakeholder meetings were held to obtain feedback for the repository and a plan of action has been formulated for creating the repository. Bhutan already maintains a rich biodiversity information repository - the Bhutan Biodiversity Portal (BBP, http://biodiversity.bt/), under the aegis of the National Biodiversity Centre (NBC), Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Serbithang, Thimphu. The platform is powered by the open source Biodiversity Informatics Platform that also powers the India Biodiversity Portal (IBP) and a portal on Weed Identification and Knowledge in the Western Indian Ocean (WIKWIO). Additional data fields and functionality were identified to extend the functionality of BBP to cover the needs of the stakeholders. Primarily, interfaces will be built to upload already available datasets on organisms that have been surveyed and identified, as well as newer aquatic biodiversity data that will be generated by surveys and monitoring in future. The portal will facilitate upload of data that captures observed characteristics, e.g., life stage, body size, reproductive state; environmental variables of the locality of occurrence; and other sampling data such as sampling gear and mode of observation. It will also enhance species knowledge by adding the ability to link existing species pages with international databases such as IUCN and FishBase, as well as fields to store voucher specimen details and ecological status. All tabular data that is added will be synchronised to either standard observation fields, custom observation fields that are relevant to aquatic biodiversity or to species traits. Data that cannot be categorised under any of the above will stored as key value pairs. The data upload module will have metadata marked up to the Ecological Metadata Language (EML) metadata specification and data will be available for exchange using the Darwin Core (DwC) standards. The platform will be enabled with an enhanced search and serve function through easy-to-use query panels. Uploaded data will be aggregated and visualised on the portal along spatial, temporal and taxonomic axes. Furthermore, it will be available for stakeholders to download under Creative Commons licences for further processing and planning. The creation of the repository will be complemented by training the stakeholders in data curation and developing a campaign to build awareness of the portal within the community of stakeholders. The establishment of this repository will provide a guide to conserve aquatic biodiversity, maintain ecosystem functioning, and protect livelihoods and food security dependent upon aquatic biodiversity. It will also contribute to the open source biodiversity informatics platform and be available to all other instances of the portal. This will help in enriching the functions of the open source platform and provide value to conservation of biodiversity in other areas of the world.

El presente trabajo se centra en las políticas de colonización que impulsó el militar José de Escandón en la región de la Sierra Gorda, un territorio considerado como zona de frontera por el hecho de que allí vivían indios que rechazaban a la autoridad virreinal. Esta investigación se interesa en entender los objetivos de aquéllas políticas, su aplicación en la región del río Escanela (hoy municipio de Pinal de Amoles) y sus alrededores, sus consecuencias en la organización poblacional del territorio y su jerarquización espacial. El objetivo central es comprender cómo y por qué la Sierra Gorda queretana, y más precisamente la región de Escanela, conoció políticas de "pacificación" tan tardías y cuáles eran los fines locales y globales de ésas medidas. La hipótesis consiste en que las reformas que implantó don José de Escandón en la región de Escanela y en la Sierra Gorda dieron lugar a una reconfiguración espacial del territorio, a su militarización y consolidación como zona de paso comercial. Las autoridadesintentaron aprovecharse de la dinámica poblacional generada por la actividad minera, para alcanzar sus objetivos de consolidación del centro virreinal, de expansión y búsqueda de aperturas portuarias en el océano Atlántico. Para llevar a cabo mi investigación contrasté fuentes parroquiales (registro de bautizos, matrimonios y defunciones), crónicas de misioneros y militares, e informes de los virreyes o de agentes de la administración virreinal novohispana. Es posible deducir que el principal objetivo que tenía esa campaña de colonización en la zona de Escanela fue garantizar mano de obra para la actividad minera y consolidar al territorio como un espacio de paso hacia el Este del virreinato, tanto para favorecer el comercio como para promover la colonización de la región. ; This work is about politics of colonization which were drive by a military called José de Escandón, in the region of Sierra Gorda, a territory considered as a frontier zone because of some Indians who were living there and who were rejecting the viceroyal authority. This investigation tries to understand the goals of these politics, their application in the region of Escanela (today municipality of Pinal de Amoles), their consequences on the population organization of the territory and the spatial hierarchization. The principal goal of this work is to know how and why the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro, and more specifically the region of Escanela, got to know politics of "pacification" so late and which were the local and global aims of them. The hypothesis consists in the idea that the reforms driven by don José de Escandón in the region of Escanela and the Sierra Gorda produced a spatial reorganization of the territory, a militarization and a consolidation of that zone as a commercial crossing. Authorities tried to take advantage of the population dynamics created by the mineral activity, in order to achieve their objectives of harmonization of the vice-kingdom's center, of expansion and research of port openings in the Atlantic Ocean. To achieve this, I corroborated and checked parochial sources (baptism, marriage and death registers), missionary and military chronicles and reports written by the viceroys or members of the viceroyal administration of New Spain. That is possible to fathom that the main goal of this colonization campaign in the region of Escanela was to guarantee workforces for mineral activity and consolidate the territory as a commercial crossing in direction of the East of the vice-kingdom, in order to favor trade and foster the colonization in the region.

RESUMENContar con parámetros de calidad ambiental en la ciudad de Cuenca, ha sido el objetivo de la Universidad del Azuay; es así que desde al año 2009, realiza monitoreos periódicos de las emisiones sonoras, en sitios pre establecidos. Se inició con 30 puntos de monitoreo hasta el año 2015, y para el presente trabajo se incrementó un punto adicional ubicado en el redondel de la Universidad del Azuay, debido a la importancia de contar con información sonora producida por la dinámica de este centro de estudios. Se utilizó un sonómetro para el levantamiento de datos; en cada sitio de monitoreo se levantó información en seis horarios representativos: 7h00, 10h00, 13h00, 15h00, 18h00 y 21h00 en un período de 15 minutos por cada horario. Los datos obtenidos fueron evaluados sobre la base de comparación con la normativa ambiental nacional vigente (Anexo 5 del Texto Unificado de Legislación Secundaria del Ministerio del Ambiente (TULSMA – 2015). Para la modelación del ruido y su representación en mapas se utilizaron: el método de interpolación del Inverso de la Distancia IDW y el software Datakustik "Cadna A", que estima las emisiones sonoras sobre la base de parámetros viales (Tráfico promedio diario, ancho de vía, tipo de calzada, etc.). La representación obtenida con el citado software, representade manera directa el comportamiento del ruido en las vías, constituyendo una representación ajustada a la dinámica de la población. Los resultados reflejan una disminución en las emisiones en el último año, en comparación con años anteriores, sin embargo, las emisiones están sobre las normas ambientales, observando que las campañas de sensi-bilización son necesarias para mantener en la ciudadanía atenta y comprometida con la disminución de las emisiones.Palabras clave: Ruido, evaluación sonora, TULSMA, uso del suelo. ABSTRACTHaving environmental quality parameters in the city of Cuenca has been the objective of the University of Azuay; it is so that from 2009, it performs periodic monitoring of sound emissions, in pre-established sites. It began with 30 monitoring points until 2015, and for the present work, an additional point located in the roundabout of the University of Azuay due to the importance of having sound information produced by the dynamics of this center of studies. A sound level meter is used for data collection; at each monitoring site, in formation was collected at six representative times: 7:00 a.m., 10:00 a.m., 1:00 p.m., 3:00 p.m., 6:00 p.m. and 9:00 p.m. in a period of 15 minutes for each schedule. The data obtained was evaluated based on comparison with the current national environmental regulations (Annex 5 of the Unified Text of Secondary Legislation of the Ministry of the Environment (TULSMA – 2015 in Spanish). For the modeling of the noise and its representation in maps: the interpolation method of the Inverse Distance IDW and the software Datakustik "Cadna A" was used. Which estimates sound emissions based on road parameters (average daily traffic, track gauge, road type, etc.). The representation obtained with this software, directly represents the behavior of the noise in the tracks, constituting a representation adjusted to the dynamics of the population. The results reflect a decrease in emissions in the last year, compared to previous years; however, emissions are above environmental standards, noting that awareness campaigns are necessary to keep citizens attentive and committed to decreasing the emissions.Keywords: Noise, sound evaluation, TULSMA, land use.

We present the extensive follow-up campaign on the afterglow of GRB 110715A at 17 different wavelengths, from X-ray to radio bands, starting 81 s after the burst and extending up to 74 d later. We performed for the first time a GRB afterglow observation with the ALMA observatory. We find that the afterglow of GRB 110715A is very bright at optical and radio wavelengths. We use the optical and near-infrared spectroscopy to provide further information about the progenitor's environment and its host galaxy. The spectrum shows weak absorption features at a redshift z = 0.8225, which reveal a host-galaxy environment with low ionization, column density, and dynamical activity. Late deep imaging shows a very faint galaxy, consistent with the spectroscopic results. The broad-band afterglow emission is modelled with synchrotron radiation using a numerical algorithm and we determine the best-fitting parameters using Bayesian inference in order to constrain the physical parameters of the jet and the medium in which the relativistic shock propagates. We fitted our data with a variety of models, including different density profiles and energy injections. Although the general behaviour can be roughly described by these models, none of them are able to fully explain all data points simultaneously. GRB 110715A shows the complexity of reproducing extensive multiwavelength broad-band afterglow observations, and the need of good sampling in wavelength and time and more complex models to accurately constrain the physics of GRB afterglows. ; RSR is grateful to SEPE for financial support while finishing this work and his PhD thesis. RSR, SRO, AJCT, YDH, SJ, and JCT acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Government projects AYA 2009- 14000-C03-01 and AYA 2012-39727-C03-01. Parts of this research were conducted by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), through project No. CE110001020. AdUP and CT acknowledge support from Ramon´ y Cajal fellowships and from the Spanish research project AYA 2014-58381. JJ acknowledges financial contribution from the grant PRIN MIUR 2012 201278X4FL 002 'The Intergalactic Medium as a probe of the growth of cosmic structures'. DAK acknowledges the financial support by MPE Garching and TLS Tautenburg. Part of the funding for GROND (both hardware as well as personnel) was generously granted from the Leibniz-Prize to Prof. G. Hasinger (DFG grant HA 1850/28-1). PS and TK acknowledges support through the Sofja Kovalevskaja Award to P. Schady from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation of Germany. AU is grateful for travel funding support through the Max-Planck Inst. for Extraterrestrial Physics. SK and ANG acknowledge support by DFG grant Kl 766/16-1. This work made use of data supplied by the UK Swift Science Data Centre at the University of Leicester. Facilities: This publication is based on data acquired with the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) under program 087.F- 9301(A). This paper makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#2011.0.00001.E. ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA) and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada), NSC and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO and NAOJ. This publication is based on data acquired with the VLT/Xshooter under program 087.A-0055(C), as well as with VLT/FORS2 under program 091.A-0703(A). ; Peer-reviewed ; Publisher Version

This article seeks to connect the construction of a memorial to war victims in the Maya-Q'eqchi' community of Sahakok, in Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, some 20 years ago with persistent disputes over historical memory and their relationship with the legal prosecution of perpetrators of the violence – in particular the case of genocide charges against former general Efraín Ríos Mont. First, it examines responses to state violence and ways in which the counterinsurgent war affected the perceptions and identities of Maya-Q'eqchi' during this period. The social implications of state violence are explored, emphasizing what has been referred to as «the cultural elaboration of terror»; this arose when the region's communities were left without stable symbolic points of reference or adequate cultural mecha-nisms to confront the terrible experiences that occurred in their communities as part of sustained and systematic campaign of military violence. The second part of the article focuses on a process of social and cultural reconstruction in the same region, centered on the community of Sahakok involving the construction of a huge cross some 15 meters high where the names of 916 local victims were inscribed. It analyzes processes of social re-elaboration after the time of nim rahilal (the great suffering), where the survivors, with the aid of external agents, elaborated counter-narratives which came to challenge official discourses about the events they had lived through. The readoption and reelaboration of foundational myths and ritual practices were essential for these processes of physical and cultural recovery, allowing for the recreation of an organized symbolic universe and a moral normative order that has enabled the Maya Q'eqchi' to struggle against the sociocultural dismemberment that they experienced. ; Este artículo busca interconectar la construcción hace 20 años de un memorial de víctimas de guerra en la comunidad maya-q'eqchi' de Sahakok, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, con la persistencia de la disputa sobre la memoria histórica y su relación con el procesamiento legal a los perpetradores de la violencia, particularmente en el caso por genocidio que se le sigue al general Efraín Ríos Montt en el país. En primer lugar se examinan las respuestas a la violencia estatal y la forma en que la guerra contrainsurgente afectaron las percepciones e identidades de los maya-q'eqchi' durante ese período. Aquí se dará cuenta de las implicaciones sociales de la violencia y se busca hacer énfasis en lo que ha sido llamada la «elaboración cultural del terror» surgida luego de que las comunidades de la región quedaron sin referentes simbólicos estables y sin mecanismos culturales apropiados para enfrentar las terribles experiencias que tuvieron lugar en sus comunidades tras una sostenida y sistemática campaña de violencia militar. La siguiente parte del trabajo tratará sobre el proceso de reconstrucción cultural y social en la misma área, tomando como punto de referencia a la comunidad de Sahakok en donde se construyó una cruz de unos 15 metros de altura donde quedó grabado en piedra los nombres de 916 víctimas locales de la represión estatal. Aquí se analizará cómo se dio el proceso de reparación social después del período del nim rahilal (el gran sufrimiento) donde los sobrevivientes, con ayuda de agentes externos, construyeron una contra-narrativa que en un momento dado desafió el discurso oficial de los eventos que les tocó vivir. Algo esencial en este proceso de recuperación cultural y física fue la readopción de mitos fundadores y prácticas rituales con el fin de recrear un universo simbólico organizado y un orden moral normativo que les ha posibilitado luchar en contra del dislocamiento sociocultural que padecieron.

Over the course of more than 30 years, a series of Canadian government commissions and health policy researchers have repeatedly identified the importance of "bending the cost curve" to sustain publicly funded health care, and the potential to do so through upstream investment in health promotion and disease prevention. So far, however, the level of public investment in prevention represents only a slight portion of total public health care expenditure, largely consisting of traditional public health initiatives such as vaccinations, disease screening and information campaigns. This study of the Pure North S'Energy Foundation's preventative health care program — wherein health care usage by program participants was measured against age- and sex-matched control samples — finds that the sort of preventative health care services offered by Pure North can lead to genuine and significant near-term cost savings for Canada's single-payer health care system. Participants in the first year of the program required 25 per cent fewer hospital visits and 17 per cent fewer emergency room visits compared to the control group. Among those who persisted in the program for a year or longer, the effects were even more significant: 45 per cent fewer hospital visits in the year after joining, and 28 per cent fewer visits to emergency departments, compared to the control group. This represents real cost savings for a public health service: From $388 per person who joined the program to $677 per person who persisted beyond the first year. As a proportion of annual health spending for these participants on hospitals, emergency departments and general practitioners, this represents a cost reduction ranging from 22 to 39 per cent. If the Alberta government were able to implement this kind of program provincewide (at an estimated cost of $500 per participant), and were to realize similar results in terms of reduced strain on acute care services, it is possible that the province could free-up the equivalent of 1,632 hospital beds every year. That is roughly the same as building two entirely new hospitals each on the scale of Calgary's Foothills Medical Centre. This demonstrates that "bending the cost curve" for public health care spending is not merely something that is realizable in the long term, but rather in the immediate future, as quickly as within a year after this kind of program could be implemented province-wide. And yet, the near-term savings in acute care services represent only the first wave of benefits. The prevalence of chronic diseases and conditions, including diabetes, heart disease, cancer and mental illness, have been rising and are projected to keep doing so over the coming decade. The Pure North program aims to prevent and address these health conditions and chronic diseases through a combination of screening and testing, lifestyle modification, nutrition education, the identification of nutritional deficiencies, and dietary supplements. The long-term benefits of a Pure North-style program implemented province-wide in Alberta are likely to be that much greater as the prevalence of diabetes, heart disease, cancer and mental illness is tempered through the use of widespread preventative care. Then there are the broader "indirect benefits" of a generally healthier population: higher labour productivity, higher incomes and greater well-being. These returns to the Alberta government, and taxpayer, have the potential to be as large, if not larger, than the direct benefits of significantly reduced acute care costs.

The estuarine harbour of Sydney, Nova Scotia on the island of Cape Breton has supplied goods and services to humans since the Holocene transgression. As an urban marine ecosystem and strategically located maritime port, it has supported commercial fisheries, military campaigns, and coal and steel industries since the 16th century. Now in the post-industrial era of the Anthropocene, the good burghers of Sydney seek to re-vitalize the commercial port while maintaining the natural assets of the harbour. The recent completions of the tar ponds remediation, the dredge realignment of the shipping channel and creation of a large, new industrial surface, benchmark the next phase in the history of the Harbour. The objective of the Sydney Harbour Atlas (Fig. 1) is to assemble all of the data, information and knowledge of the ecosystem in a secure, accessible and entertaining geo-spatial reference. The purposes of the Atlas are to create an effective decision support tool for planning and management, to catalogue the value of the ecosystem goods and services provided by the harbour and portray them in a manner that informs all stakeholders in its future, and to provide a training and exploration platform for highly qualified personnel in the tertiary education sector. This paper presents the initial effort to create a Sydney Harbour Atlas in a partnership between the Coastal and Ocean Information Network Atlantic's (COINAtlantic) and the Bras D'Or Institute of Cape Breton University. COINAtlantic's mission is to promote, facilitate and influence information management, policies and programs that enhance Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management in Atlantic Canada (Boudreau and McKenna 2014). The development of Version 1 of the Atlas was a case study in a project to support this mission and the Bras D'Or Institute's vision of an atlas with principle funding from the Atlantic Ecosystem Initiative (Environment and Climate Change Canada) and the Canada Green Corps program of the United Nations Association of Canada. The principle objective of the larger project was to make accessible to the public and other researchers, species occurrence data using the Ocean Biogeographic Information System Canada (OBIS Canada) Information Publishing Tool (OBIS Canada IPT). The development of the Atlas was designed to demonstrate the display of these data in its environmental and spatial context. A customized version of the COINAtlantic Search Utility (CSU) (http://coinatlantic.tools/csu/?mapset=sydney_harbour) has been developed to visualize the map layers assembled for the Atlas. The CSU is a search engine which uses the Google Search API to crawl its index for related spatial data in KML and WMS (Web Mapping Service) format, and then displays the results. The CSU also generates an internal data base of WMS and KML spatial data resources from the search results. This data base can be searched as an alternative to searching with the Google Search API (there are over 3,400 records in the data base pointing to remote geospatial services). The CSU enables the user to add any other WMS that is found by using the tool's search function or known to the user so that the species occurrence data can be viewed in its spatial and / or environmental context. Version 1 of the Sydney Harbour Atlas displays, at opening, map layers from 4 main sources (see Table 1). Future developments include the addition of more ecosystem relevant map layers, the publication of OGC compliant Web Feature Services that would permit the user to stylize and analyze the data in their own GIS environment, the improvement of the layers window to provide easier user access to the many layers without scrolling, and expanding the richness of the metadata displayed in the "Additional Layer Information" window.

Abstract Reform is a change that exists at a time in society or the State in all fields whether it is political, legal, economic, and social. Political reform is a drastic change for improvement in politics. In Indonesia, many have experienced changes in politics, one of them is in the implementation of the general election. The Indonesian nation has eleven election times, with every execution having differences. Elections are a process of selecting people who will occupy the seat of government. This general election is held to create a democratic State, where the leaders are selected by majority vote. Elections are held periodically as a means of democracy that will give birth to the sovereignty of the people as the core in the life of the state. The general election followed by the people is very important for the effectiveness of the organization. Elections using district and proportional systems are excellent for implementation in Indonesia since the Indonesian nation consists of several islands. The problem studied in this research is how the implementation of elections in Indonesia during the reform period and what Kendaa-obstacles facing elections during the reform era. In the process of collecting data to complete this research, the authors use the study of documentation and literature. Based on the analysis conducted through documentation and literature techniques, then in the implementation of elections during the reform era has many changes. At the time of liberation reform every person founded the party caused the number of parties during the reform period. This freedom also led to a number of dark campaigns that prevented the people from participating in a better change of government with all their heart. Such problems are still very difficult to avoid during the reform period. Elections during the reform period are also not as smooth as expected, because there are many political actors who only think about their personal interests and their party.Keywords: Political Reform, General Election, Reform Era Abstrak Reformasi merupakan perubahan yag ada pada suatu masa di masyarakat atau Negara dalam segala bidang baik itu politik, hukum, ekonomi, maupun sosial. Reformasi politik adalah perubahan secara drastis untuk perbaikan dalam bidang politik. Di Indonesia telah banyak yang mengalami perubahan dalam politik salah satunya adalah dalam pelaksanaan pemilihan umum. Bangsa Indonesia telah banyak sebelas kali melaksanaan pemilihan umum, dengan setiap pelaksanaaannya memiliki perbedaan. Pemilihan umum adalah suatu proses untuk memilih orang-orang yang akan menduduki kursi pemerintahan. Pemilihan umum ini diadakan untuk mewujudkan Negara yang demokrasi, dimana para pemimpinyya dipilih berdasarkan suara terbanyak. Pemilihan umum diselenggarakan secara berkala sebagai sarana demokrasi yang akan melahirkan kedaulatan rakyat sebagai inti dalam kehidupan bernegara. Pemilihan umum yang diikuti oleh rakyatnya sangat penting untuk efektifitas penyelenggaraan negranya. Pemilihan umum yang menggunakan sistim distrik dan proporsional sangat bagus untuk diterapkan di Indonesia berhubung bangsa Indonesia terdiri dari beberap pulau. Masalah yang diteliti dalam peneliitian ini yaitu bagaimana pelaksanaan pemilihan umum di Indonesia pada masa reformasi dan apa Kendaa-kendala yang dihadapi pemilihan umum dimasa reformasi. Dalam proses pengumpulan data untuk menyelesaikan penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan tehnik studi dokumentasi dan kepustakaan. Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan melalui tehnik dokumentasi dan kepustakaan, maka dalam pelaksanaan pemilihan umum pada masa reformasi telah banyak perubahan. Pada masa reformasi kebebasan setiap orang mendirikan partai menimbulkan banyaknya partai pada masa reformasi. Kebebasan ini juga menyebabkan banyaknya kampanye gelap yang menghalang rakyat untuk berpartisipasi dalam mengubah pemerintahan lebih baik dengan sepenuh hati. Masalah-masalh yang seperti inilah masih sangat sulit dihindar pada masa reformasi. Pemilihan umum pada masa reformasi juga tidak berjalaan mulus sesuai yang dicita-citakan, karena banyaknya pelaku-pelaku politik yang hanya memikirkan kepentingan pribadi dan partainya.Kata kunci : Reformasi Politik, Pemilihan Umum, Era Reformasi

El Cobre Reciente del Cerro de la Virgen (Orce, Granada) destaca no sólo por sus estructuras construidas, tanto en lo que respecta al hábitat (viviendas de adobe) como en lo que se refiere al sistema de fortificación, sino por la abundancia relativa de cerámica campaniforme. En este trabajo se analizan los materiales cerámicos decorados correspondientes a la campaña de excavación que tuvo lugar en el yacimiento en 1986, en el marco del Proyecto Millares. El estudio morfométrico y tecnológico (a través de DRX y estudio por lupa binocular) en combinación con la contextualización cronoestratigráfica de los hallazgos ha permitido señalar que también aquí se puede constatar la evolución de estilos, el carácter autóctono de la mayoría de los materiales decorados recuperados y algunas diferencias respecto al estilo campaniforme del Sudeste tal y como se manifiesta en Los Millares. Además se discute el significado de la concentración (relativa) de estos materiales en contextos domésticos de determinados yacimientos y áreas de éstos, en relación con la creación de verdaderas entidades territoriales en el Sudeste de la Península Ibérica. ; O Cobre Recente do Cerro de la Virgen (Orce, Granada) destacase não só pelas suas estruturas construídas, tanto em termos de habitat (estruturas de adobe) no que respeita ao sistema de fortificação, mas pela abundância relativa de cerâmica campaniforme. Neste trabalho são analisados cerâmicas decoradas correspondentes à campanha de escavações de 1986, no âmbito do Projecto Millares. O estudo morfométrico e tecnológico (através da DRX e lupa binocular) em combinação com a contextualização cronoestratigráfica dos resultados permitiu observar que também aqui se pode ver a evolução dos estilos, o carácter local dos materiais decorados recuperado na excavaçao e também certas discrepâncias com o estilo do Sudeste, como de feito manifesta-se em Los Millares. Além disso, discute-se o significado da concentração (relativa) destes materiais em contextos domésticos de certos jacimentos e áreas, em relação à criação de verdadeiras entidades territoriais no sudeste da Península Ibérica é discutido. ; The Recent Copper Age at Cerro de la Virgen (Orce, Granada) is notable for its built structures, with respect to habitat (mud-brick dwellings) and its fortification system, but also for the relative abundance of Bell Bakers ceramics. In this paper have been analyzed the decorated ceramics corresponding to the excavation campaign that took place at the site in 1986 under the Project of Los Millares. The morphometric and technological study (by XRD and study by binocular magnifying glass) in combination with the chronostratigraphic contextualization of the findings has allowed to note that also here can be seen the evolution of styles, the local character of most decorated recovered materials and certain discrepancies with the Southeast Bell Beaker style as manifested in Los Millares. Moreover, the significance of the (relative) concentration of these items in domestic contexts of certain sites and areas, in relation to true polities formation in the Southeastern Iberian Peninsula, is discussed. ; El presente estudio se inscribe en el desarrollo de los proyectos Dieta y Movilidad en la Prehistoria Reciente de Andalucía. Un estudio de la jerarquización social a partir del registro funerario (P12-HUM-1510), financiado por la Consejería de Economía, Innovación, Ciencia y Empleo de la Junta de Andalucía, y Estrategias agropecuarias y consumo en la Edad del Bronce del Sur de la Península Ibérica. Análisis de Plantas, Animales y Restos Humanos(HAR2016-80057-P), financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad.

In dieser Arbeit werden die 100-jährigen Reformationsjubiläen untersucht. Historisch werden alle bisherigen Jubeljahre behandelt und publizistisch die Jahre 1617 und 1917, um den Umfang einer Diplomarbeit nicht zu sprengen. Die 100-jährigen Reformationsjubiläen fielen bis jetzt immer in Zeiten des Umbruches. Sei es der Vorabend des Dreißigjährigen Krieges oder in Mitten der Irrungen und Wirrungen des Ersten Weltkrieges. Die Jubiläen bilden einerseits eine dauerhafte Wiederholungsstruktur, und andererseits behaltet jedes der vier seinen eigenen Charakter. Meine These lautet, dass die medial-kommunizierten Erinnerungen an den angenommenen Thesenanschlag von 1517 sich innerhalb der Jahrhunderte unterscheiden und durch politische und/oder gesellschaftliche Zielsetzungen instrumentalisiert wurden. Um dies verifizieren oder falsifizieren zu können, muss man sich nicht nur mit der Fachliteratur auseinandersetzten, sondern muss auch die Primärquellen beachten. Um eine politische Instrumentalisierung festzustellen habe ich mich entschieden die jeweiligen Massenmedien, der zu beschreibenden Zeit in meine Forschung einzubeziehen. Mit diesen kann man klar erkennen, wer zum einen die Erinnerungsmacht und zum anderen die Erinnerungsgemeinschaft inne hatte. Die vier Reformationsjubiläen werden zunächst historisch bearbeitet und ihr Ablauf vorgestellt. Ziel soll es sein, die Erinnerungsmacht und die Erinnerungsgemeinschaft festzustellen und deren Einfluss auf die Jubelfeier zu analysieren. Für die publizistische Arbeit des Reformationsjubiläums 1617 wird die Methode der Ikonographie von Erwin Panofsky verwendet, da alle der ausgewählten Flugblätter einen starken Bildteil besitzen. Die Textpassagen beziehen sich immer auf den Bildteil und müssen somit nicht getrennt voneinander bearbeitet werden. Für das Reformationsjubiläum 1917 und die publizistische Bearbeitung des ausgewählten Mediums Zeitungen wurde als Methode ein Vergleich hergenommen. Um eine geographische Breite zu bekommen, hat man sich auf keinen regionalen Kreis beschränkt, sondern es wurde versucht, Zeitungen aus ganz Deutschland vorzustellen, um den Geist der Zeit besser verstehen zu können. Die aufgestellte These kann bejaht werden. Die 100-jährigen Reformationsjubiläen wurden meist in einen anderen Kontext gestellt. Dieser wurde von den damaligen Obrigkeiten bestimmt und durch eine publizistische Aktion untermauert. Ziel war es, die Bevölkerung dazu zu bringen, die Interessen der Herrschaften zu verfolgen. Dafür wurde meist die Person Martin Luther in den Mittelpunkt gestellt. In den beschriebenen Zeiten wurde der Reformator nicht nur theologisch, sondern auch persönlich und privat dargestellt, damit sich die ganze Bevölkerung mit ihm identifizieren konnte. ; This thesis investigated the 100th anniversary of the German Reformation. Historically, all previous jubilee years are treated and journalistic 1617 and 1917, so as not to exceed the scope of a thesis. The 100th anniversary of the Reformation has always been in times of upheaval. Be it the eve of the Thirty Years War or during the trials and tribulations of the First World War. On the one hand, the anniversaries have a permanent repetitive structure and on the other hand, each of the four retains has its own character. My thesis is that the media-communicated memories of the incident of 1517 differed within the centuries and were instrumentalized by political and social objectives. To be able to verify or falsify this, one must not only deal with the specialist literature, but must also pay attention to the primary sources. To establish a political instrumentalization, I have decided to include the respective mass media, the time to be described, in my research. With these you can clearly see who had the memory firstly hand and the memory community secondly. The four anniversaries of the Reformation will be worked on historically and their procedure will be presented. The aim is to determine the memory and the memory community and to analyze their influence on jubilee celebration. For the journalistic work of the Reformation anniversary in 1617 the method of the iconography of Erwin Panofsky is used. Since of all the selected leaflets have a strong image part. The text passages always refer to the image part and thus do not need to be edited separately from each other. For the anniversary of the Reformation in 1917 and the journalistic treatment of the selected medium newspapers, a comparison was made as a method. In order to get a latitude, i did not limit oneself to a regional circle, but i tried to introduce newspapers from all over Germany in order to be able to understand the spirit of the time better. The established thesis can be aged. The 100th Anniversary of the Reformation was usually put in a different context. This was determined by the then authorities and underpinned by a publicity campaign. The aim was to make the population pursue the interests of the people. The focus was mostly on the person Martin Luther. In the times described, the reformer was portrayed not only theologically, but also personally and privately, so that the whole population could identify with him. ; vorgelegt von Prevorcic Marie-Christine ; Zusammenfassungen in Deutsch und Englisch ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Diplomarbeit, 2017 ; (VLID)2581807

Energy policies which maintain and extend nuclear energy are often opposed by anti-nuclear movements. Ambitious plans for developing nuclear energy in Russia, constructing a first nuclear plant in Poland, and lifting the ban on nuclear energy while allowing the replacement of old reactors in Sweden are examples of such energy policies. In contrast to the massive anti-nuclear movements of 1970-1990s, recent anti-nuclear movements are not organized as national protest campaigns. This thesis examines repertoires of anti-nuclear movements in the alleged "Nuclear Renaissance" period. Repertoires of anti-nuclear actions are analyzed from the perspective of discursive and political opportunities of anti-nuclear movements. Discursive opportunities are enabled or hindered in the ordering of nuclear energy discourses, making messages and actions of social movements legitimate or illegitimate. While discourses of anti-nuclear movements are complex, official discourses of nuclear energy featuring arguments about profitability, energy security and environmental security in connection to nuclear energy development, resonate more with broader socio-political developments. Ordering of discourses is established in such a way that expert rhetoric becomes a standard approach for discussing nuclear energy, while references to emotions and subjective matters are unacceptable. Political contexts of anti-nuclear movements provide opportunities for environmental NGOs, one kind of actor in anti-nuclear movements, to pursue nonconfrontational strategies and engage in institutional channels, where they can contribute their expert knowledge. Concurrently, another actor in anti-nuclear movements, local anti-nuclear groups, on the one hand, share argumentative structures with environmental NGOs, and, on the other hand, attempt to mobilize local population and organize local protests. Due to limited opportunities for attention from the national media and focus on local issues, local protests are not featured in the national media, which is crucial for national protest actions. The differences in repertoires between these two kinds of actors and absence of actors opting for mass engagement provide insight into repertoires of anti-nuclear movements as a whole. This thesis demonstrates how discursive opportunities of social movements, which result from competing discourses of movements and their counter-agents, and political opportunities structure repertoires of actions of these movements. ; Energipolitik som upprätthåller och utökar användandet av kärnkraft motarbetas ofta av antikärnkrafts­rörelser. Exempel på sådan energipolitik är de ambitiösa planerna på att utveckla kärnkraft i Ryssland, att bygga ett första kärnkraftverk i Polen, och att häva förbudet mot kärnkraft samt möjliggöra utbyte av gamla reaktorer i Sverige. I motsats till de massiva antikärnkraftsrörelserna under 1970-1990, är de nya rörelserna inte organiserade som nationella protestkampanjer. Denna avhandling undersöker vilka olika handlingssätt antikärnkrafts­rörelserna i den påstådda "Nuclear Renaissance"-perioden använder. Antikärnkraftsrörelsernas olika sätt att agera analyseras ur diskursiva och politiska möjligheter. Diskurser av antikärnkraftsrörelser är komplexa, när officiella diskurser om kärnkraft möter argument om lönsamhet, energisäkerhet och miljösäkerhet i samband med kärnkraft utveckling, anknyter den mer till en bredare socio-politiska utveckling. Diskurser etableras på ett sådant sätt att expertretorik blir en standardiserad metod för att diskutera kärnkraft, medan hänvisningar till känslor och subjektiva frågor är oacceptabla. Det politiska sammanhanget ger möjligheter till miljöorganisationer, en typ av aktör inom anti­kärnkrafts­rörelsen, att bedriva nonconfrontational strategier och engagera sig via institutionella kanaler, där de kan bidra med sin sakkunskap. Samtidigt som en annan aktör, lokal antikärnkrafts­grupper, å ena sidan dela argument med miljöorganisationer, men å andra sidan försök att mobilisera lokalbefolkningen och anordna lokala protester. Eftersom lokala protester inte visas i nationella medier får de begränsade möjligheter till medial uppmärksamhet, något som är avgörande för nationella protestaktioner. Skillnaderna i sätt att agera mellan dessa två typer av aktörer och frånvaro av aktörer som väljer massengagemang ger insikt i de olika handlingssätt som används av antikärnkraftsrörelser som helhet.

Abstract:This paper provides a detailed analysis of the current Act 2/2016, October 31st, modifying the Spanish People Institutional Act (LOREG) which regulates the organisation of the automatic call of an election under article 99.5 of the Spanish Constitution (CE). The new 7th Additional Provision of the Spanish «LOREG» examines the procedural specifities of an electoral process which, in this case, lasts 47 days instead of 54. On the one hand, the time assigned to the electoralcampaign is reduced and, on the other hand, a series of measures are provided in order to allow the implementation of the procedures used in the immediately preceding electoral process. This study analyses in detail those procedural singularities that, although they may seem as technical adjustments of the electoral timetable, they can directly affect the essential content of the right to vote and stand for election protected by artículo 23 CE. ; Resumen:Este trabajo aborda un análisis detallado de la LO 2/2016 de modificación de la Ley Orgánica del Régimen Electoral General (LOREG) para el supuesto de convocatoria automática de elecciones en virtud del artículo 99.5 CE. La nueva Disposición adicional séptima de la LOREG regula las especificidades procedimentales de un proceso electoral que, para este supuesto, dura 47 días en lugar de los 54 días. Se reduce el tiempo destinado a la campaña electoral y se establece una serie de medidas que permiten recurrir a trámites utilizados en el proceso electoral inmediatamente anterior. En este estudio se analizan pormenorizadamente aquellas especialidades procedimentales que, aunque revisten la apariencia de ajustes técnicos en el calendario electoral, pueden afectar de forma nuclear al contenido esencial del derecho de sufragio activo y pasivo amparado en el artículo 23 CE. Summary:I. Introduction. II. The formal and material peculiarities of the representation of the people institutional act 2/2016, october 31st, modifying the spanish «LOREG». 1. The drafting of the law and its contextualization in the calendar of the investiture process. 2. A synoptic overview of the material content of the reform. III. The serious incidents that the new additional seventh provision of the LOREG may add to the exercise of the voting rights act: 1. The length of theelectoral process, the domino effect and the legal anchorage of proceduralspecialities. 2. Presentation, publication and proclamation of candidacies: the difficult balance on gender equality. 3. The appeals against the proclamation of candidacies and candidates: The nonaffectation of the jurisdictional guarantees and the dangerous exception. 4. The impact of the reduction of the electoral process on the right to vote of the Spaniards Residents Abroad. Electoral campaigns: main developments and risks. IV. Conclusions.Abstract:This paper provides a detailed analysis of the current Act 2/2016, October 31st, modifying the Spanish People Institutional Act (LOREG) which regulates the organisation of the automatic call of an election under article 99.5 of the Spanish Constitution (CE). The new 7th Additional Provision of the Spanish «LOREG» examines the procedural specifities of an electoral process which, in this case, lasts 47 days instead of 54. On the one hand, the time assigned to the electoralcampaign is reduced and, on the other hand, a series of measures are provided in order to allow the implementation of the procedures used in the immediately preceding electoral process. This study analyses in detail those procedural singularities that, although they may seem as technical adjustments of the electoral timetable, they can directly affect the essential content of the right to vote and stand for election protected by artículo 23 CE.

У статті визначено витоки сокільської ідеології та її особливості в Західній Україні, розкрито організаційну структуру українського сокільського руху. Проаналізовано основні напрями діяльності сокільських гнізд, показано вплив товариства на формування світогляду українців Галичини. Відзначено, що на ідеологію сокільських товариств мали значний вплив ідеї засновників чеського сокільства - М. Тирша та І. Фігнера. Констатовано, що ідеологи українського сокільства, відкинувши ідеї панславізму, адаптували діяльність "Сокола-Батька" до потреб національно-визвольного руху українців у межах політичної системи Австро-Угорщини та Другої Речі Посполитої. ; В статье проанализирована деятельность сокольских обществ в контексте общественно-культурных и политических процессов в Галичине. Охарактеризована организационная структура украинского сокольского движения, определены основные направления деятельности сокольских гнезд, на конкретных примерах показано сотрудничество "Сокола" с другими национально-культурными организациями, а также выявлено влияние сокольства на формирование мировоззрения украинцев Галичины. Доказано, что спортивная, национально-культурная деятельность сокольских обществ в Галичине имела важное значение для повышения уровня национального сознания, сохранения национальной памяти и консолидации украинцев. ; The paper analyzes the development of the Sokol movement in Galicia in the late 19th century - the first third of the 20th century in the context of social and cultural processes. It is proved by actual examples that Sokol societies played an important part in the moulding process of national consciousness and consolidation of the Ukrainians over the period under research against the background of anti-Ukrainian policy of Austria-Hungary and the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It is stated that by combining the sports and national components in their activities, Sokol clubs became one of the centers round which Ukrainian youth were united.It is indicated that under the conditions of the lack of statehood Sokol organizations of Galicia, together with other national-cultural and sports societies, de facto performed a state function of physical training of the Ukrainians of the region. By uniting different social groups of the population through physical culture, the Sokols fostered patriotism, social activity and discipline, civic responsibility and morality, which doubtlessly promoted the rise of the national-cultural level of the Ukrainians, invigoration of the struggle for their rights in the context of the Austrian-Hungarian and Polish autocratic regime.It is proved that after the resolution of the Council of Ambassadors of the Entente states on the transfer of Eastern Galicia to Poland (1923), the Polish authorities and community tried to hinder the dissemination of Ukrainian Sokol ideas in the region, which manifested itself in prohibition of registration of Sokol clubs and their statutes etc. It is stated that the attitude of the Polish authorities to the Sokols became most apparent when the Ukrainian community celebrated the tenth anniversary of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic (1928) and when the Polish government conducted a 'pacification' campaign in Galicia (1930). In the meantime a great number of Sokol societies were liquidated.The paper places a high emphasis on Sokol ideology. It is mentioned that ideologists of the Ukrainian Sokol movement, having dismissed the idea of Pan-Slavism, adapted the activities of Sokil-Batko ('Sokil-Father') to the needs of the national liberation movement of the Ukrainians within the framework of the political system of Austria-Hungary and the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It is pointed out that the Sokols, as opposed to other national-cultural organizations, declared nonpartisanship and promoted the inter-confessional consent in Galicia. At the same time, the Sokols popularized sport in every way since they believed that "the spirit of man is hardened together with the physical strength, national consciousness growing".

A particular feature of Kosovo's internal policy development as an independent state and problematic reasons with a full international recognition of this fact is also highlighted. The research studied objective and subjective historical reasons for the state formation of Kosovo Albanians starting from the latent stage of this process within former Yugoslavia and then up to the declaration of Kosovo independence. Influence of Yugoslavia's collapse, as well as of external factors on Kosovo's separation from Serbia is also explored in this dissertation. A particular feature of Kosovo's internal policy development as an independent state and problematic reasons with a full international recognition of this fact is also highlighted. Problem of Kosovo's status to the diplomacy of «power poles» in modern system of international relations within the context of NATO war against Yugoslavia in 1999 is underlined.The paper deals with EU policy on Kosovo Status. The author shows evolution of EU policy on Kosovo Status from diplomatic mission to «humanitarian intervention». These are the need for Kosovo independents. Another problem is to make a peace for Serbian-Kosovo relationship. Problem of Kosovo's status to the diplomacy of «power poles» in modern system of international relations within the context of NATO war against Yugoslavia in 1999 is underlined. A main tendency of Serbian policy towards Kosovo after the democratic transformation of political system of this state and in conditions of Serbia's European integration aspirations was examined. NATO has been leading a peace support operation in Kosovo since Juni 1999 in support of wider international efforts to build peace and stability in the Balkan area. KFOR was established when NATO's 78-day air campaign against Milosevic's regime, aimed at putting to violence in Kosovo, was over. The operation derives its mandate from United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999) and the Military – Technical Agreement between NATO, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Serbia. KFOR's original objectives were to deter renewed hostilities establish a secure environment and ensure public safety and order demilitarize the Kosovo Liberation Army, support the international humanitarian effort and coordinate with the international civil presence. KFOR continues contribute towards maintaining a safe and secure environment in Kosovo and freedom of movement for all. NATO strongly supports the Belgrad-Pristina EU-brokered Normalization Agreement. The author shows evolution of Balkans states policy on Kosovo Status from Dayton Agreements for Peace in Bosnia to independence of Kosovo. The Serb minority of Kosovo, which largely opposes the declaration of independence, has formed the Community Assembly of Kosovo in response. Problem of Kosovo's status to the diplomacy of "power poles" in modern system of international relations within the context of NATO war against Yugoslavia in 1999 is underlined. A main tendency of Serbian policy towards Kosovo after the democratic transformation of political system of this state and in conditions of Serbia's European integration aspirations was examined. ; В статье рассматриваются вопросы политики Евросоюза по вопросу определения статуса Косово. Показано, что определение курса ЕС происходило в сложных условиях трансформации европейской системы международных отношений. Страны ЕС, которые имеют проблемы с сепаратистскими движениями, не признали независимости Косово. Большинство стран ЕС признали независимость Косово. Широкий политический консенсус в этом вопросе только формируется. Ценой вступления в ЕС для Сербии неформально считается признание независимости Косово как предпосылки стабилизации Балкан. ; У статті розглядаються питання політики Європейського Союзу щодо визначення статусу Косово. Показано, що формування курсу ЄС відбувалося у складних умовах трансформації європейської системи міжнародних відносин. Країни ЄС, які мають проблеми із сепаратистськими рухами, не визнали незалежності Косово. Більшість країн ЄС встановила з Косово дипломатичні відносини. Європейський інтеграційний курс Сербії залежить від урегулювання питання статусу Косово. Широкий політичний консенсус з цього питання у сербському суспільстві тільки формується. Ціною вступу до ЄС для Сербії неформально вважається визнання незалежності Косово як передумови стабілізації Балкан.