Suchergebnisse

In this work, we will discuss how the appeal, deemed so far to be a\ncontrol mechanism, adopted a rights-safeguard approach. Further, the history of\nthe trial system as background for the creation of the appeal, the main phylosophical and political ideas in each period, and the various meanings of appeal will\nbe examined.\nIn order to undergo a non-conventional analysis, thus avoiding affimations of an\nevolutional type as regards the change in the idea or concept, we will use terms\ncoined by FOUCAULT. Emphasis will not be laid on the legal aspect of power,\nconstrued as repression, but on its positive aspect, concerning the knowledge\ndeveloped through it, including legal tools, such as appeals.\nIn this essay, the subsistence of an appeals mechanism is considered to be grounded\non the fact that such practice, beyond discourse changes introduced in order\nto justify it, was useful to achieve certain goals during emergency periods.\nCertain aspects of this tool allowed a rights-safeguard approach, aimed at remediating\narbitrary or unlawful adverse court decisions affecting the accused or\ncondemned\n ; Fil: Piechenstein, Ana Clara. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Derecho; Argentina ; El trabajo trata el pasaje del mecanismo recursivo como herramienta\nde control a su actual concepción garantista. Se aborda la historia de los sistemas\nde enjuiciamiento como contexto de surgimiento del recurso, las ideas políticofilosóficas\npredominantes en cada período y la aparición de una multiplicidad de\nsignificados del concepto de recurso.\nSe aplican conceptos provenientes de la obra de Foucault para trazar líneas de\nanálisis no convencionales, que eviten caer en afirmaciones de tipo ?evolutivo?\nen relación al cambio en la idea o el concepto. No se pondrá énfasis en la matriz\njurídica del poder, entendido como represión, sino más bien en su faz positiva,\ncomo productor de formas de saber, entre las que se incluirá a las formas jurídicas,\nen particular, a la práctica recursiva.\nEl ensayo sugiere que el mecanismo recursivo debe su permanencia a que tal\npráctica, más allá de las modificaciones discursivas que tuvieron lugar para fundamentarla,\nera útil a ciertos fines en el momento de su emergencia. Los intersticios\nque esta herramienta dejaba entrever permitieron su uso garantista, para\nremediar resoluciones judiciales adversas al imputado o condenado emitidas\narbitrariamente o en contra del derecho

La cultura de masas en general, y en los países árabes en particular, crea un sistema de cultura que constituye un conjunto de símbolos, valores, mitos e imágenes que refieren la vida cotidiana o el imaginario colectivo. La ficción televisiva en la región representa realidades poli-culturales en las que la cultura de masas se hace contener, controlar y, a veces, censurar. Esta cultura no es autónoma en sentido absoluto. Puede impregnarse de su cultura nacional, religiosa, humanista, étnica, etc. Sin embargo, penetra en la cultura nacional, religiosa, humanística y otras más. La ficción televisiva árabe representa las culturas nacionales cruzadas por divisiones internas profundas. Su identidad cultural se manifiesta en su poder relativo para definir sus propias identidades y su capacidad de movilizarse en la sociedad. El artículo pone en cuestión la manera en la que las telenovelas Bab Al Hara (La puerta del barrio) y El rey Faruk formulan un diseño comunicativo para subrayar la importancia del rol de los medios en la creación del sentimiento de pertenencia y de auto-reconocimiento de su historia. ; Mass culture everywhere, but particularly in the Arab world, has created a cultural system based on the compilation of symbols, values, myths and images that refer to the practices of the daily life and to the collective imaginary world. Television drama in the region represents political-cultural realities, in which the mass culture formulates a way of containment, control and sometimes censorship. This culture is not autonomous in absolute sense. It can be impregnated with elements which are national, religious, humanist, ethnic-culture, etc. Meanwhile, it also penetrates in the national, religious, humanist culture, and among others. The Arab TV drama illustrates such interrelatedness of cultures through the expression of profound internal divisions. Its cultural identity is derived from its relative power to defne its own identities as well as from its ability to mobilize the society. With such operations in mind, this article examines the method of the development of two Arab TV dramas, Bab Al Hara (The Door of the Alley) and King Faruk, named after the last King of Egypt. Both TV dramas formulate a communicative design that highlights important role of the media in creating the feeling of belonging and the sense of self-recognition within one's history.

La presente investigación corresponde al trabajo final de Maestría en Mediación Familiar y Comunitaria llevada a cabo por la Universidad del Rosario y la Universidad Católica de Milán. La investigación tuvo como objetivo caracterizar los vínculos familiares de los jóvenes seminaristas castrenses desde el Modelo Relacional Simbólico propuesto por la Universidad Católica de Milán. La investigación de tipo exploratorio se realizó con los jóvenes seminaristas castrenses tomando como muestra a cuatro seminaristas. Para lograr el objetivo, se determinó la estructura de la familia a través de la aplicación del genograma, se describieron los eventos más significativos en la historia familiar y se identificaron los vínculos familiares más relevantes a través de la aplicación de una entrevista. Finalmente se encontró la urgente necesidad del Seminario Mayor Castrense de abordar con mayor atención, la dimensión familiar de los seminaristas en todas las etapas de su proceso formativo, para que así el futuro sacerdote pueda lograr con mayores herramientas reconocer la importancia de su propia dimensión familiar y sus efectos en la comprensión y atención de los conflictos de otros. ; The present research corresponds to the final paper of the Masters Degree in Familiar and Community Mediation carried out by the University of Rosario and the Catholic University of Milan. The research has as objective to characterize the familiar links of the young military seminarians from the relational symbolic model suggested by the Catholic University of Milan. The research was of type explore and it was realized with the young military seminarians taken four seminarian like sample. To get the objective, it was determined the structure of the family through the application of genograme, the most meaningful events familiar history was described and also was identified the most important family bonds through the application of an interview. Finally in the Seminary Mayor Military was found the urgent necessity to broach with closer attention, the familiar dimension of the seminarian in all the steps of his formative process such that in the future the priest can get recognize and with the best tools the importance of his own familiar dimension and its effects in the comprehension and attention of the conflict of other people. ; Obispado Castrense de Colombia

During their life times, societies have always wanted to symbolize everything that constantly required remembering or being remembered. That kind of desire to symbolize came out as monuments in the course of time. Monuments have always changed and renewed as with the changing world. During this process, it has been one of the most important components to monitor the cultural changes of societies. Time has attributed them the characteristics such as holding the traits of construction period and describing this peculiar time. Along with developing societies, monuments have lost their characteristic as the only single structure and they have been considered as small finds from the past as well as settlements that exist in real life. The tradition of monument together with the concept of time has shown itself in Turks that have roots deep in history. Monuments in Turkish civilizations have exhibited different characteristics in the course of time and changed with social, religious, political and economic developments. Turkish people reflected the characteristics of the term in a regional integrity to make monuments everywhere they went. The Atatürk Monument in Konya in Neo‐Classic Age style appears as the synthesis of monument‐statue approach in the early Republic Years. Therefore, the study of Konya Atatürk Monument is important in terms of shedding light on the monument understanding as well as the architecture of the term. ; Toplumlar, yaşantıları boyunca, sürekli anımsanmak ve anımsatmak gereğini duyduğu her şeyi simgelemek istemişlerdir. Bu simgelemeği isteği, zamanla anıt olarak karşımıza çıkmıştır. Anıtların biçim ve nitelikleri, değişen dünya ile birlikte değişmiş ve yenilenmiştir. Bu süreç içerisinde, toplumların kültür değişikliklerinin izlenebileceği en önemli unsurlardan biri olmuşlardır. Zaman onlara, yapıldıkları dönemin özelliklerini barındırma ve anlatabilme görevini yüklemiştir. Anıt, gelişen toplumsal anlayışla, sadece tek bir yapı olma anlayışının değişmesini sağlamış, geçmişten kalan küçük bir buluntu, yaşam içinde varolan bir yerleşme merkezi olarak da düşünülmeye başlanmıştır. Zaman kavramı ile var olan anıt geleneği, köklü bir tarihe sahip Türklerde de görülmektedir. Türklerde anıt zaman içerisinde farklı biçimler ve özellikler göstermiş, toplumsal, dini, siyasi ve ekonomik gelişmelerle değişmiştir. Türkler gittikleri her yerde dönemlerinin özelliklerini yöresel bir bütünlük içerisinde anıtlaştırmışlardır. Konya Atatürk Anıtı'da, son Osmanlı dönemi Neo‐Klasik anıt anlayışı ile Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarındaki anıt‐heykel anlayışının bir sentezi olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu nedenle de Konya Atatürk Anıtı'nın incelenmesi, dönemin mimarisine ve anıt anlayışına ışık tutması açısından önemlidir.

L'anthropologie s'est toujours intéressée aux rapports entre les sociétés humaines et leurs ressources naturelles. Plus récemment, l'anthropologie a exploré la notion de nature-patrimoine, tendant ainsi à constituer une anthropologie de l'environnement encore en formation. Cet article se situe dans ce cadre-là. En prenant comme point de départ et d'interrogation l'existence du Programme de conservation des forêts sèches de Nouvelle-Calédonie, cet article adopte une perspective historique pour tenter de comprendre comment et pourquoi la nature néo-calédonienne figure, depuis la fin des années 1980 et le milieu des années 1990, dans la liste de deux principaux classements internationaux en matière de conservation de la biodiversité : celui de Conservation International avec la notion de hotspot et celui du WWF avec la notion d'éco-régions. Se basant sur une analyse de textes et quelques entretiens, cet article tente de poser des jalons de l'histoire de la botanique en Nouvelle- Calédonie centrée sur les opérations de mise en mots et en nombres de la nature. L'intense et ancienne exploration botanique de la Nouvelle-Calédonie permet de mieux comprendre pourquoi, dans les années 1980/1990, les forêts sèches ont fait l'objet d'une attention scientifique particulière et conduit à la mise en alerte des pouvoirs publics locaux ainsi que d'une ong internationale de la conservation, le WWF ; Interactions between human societies and their natural environment have always been studied by anthropologists. But their focus was more on natural resources than on nature as patrimony. More recently, some anthropologists have begun to study nature as a patrimony, leading to a new anthropology of environment. This paper adopts such a perspective. The starting point is the conservation program of dry forests of New Caledonia. The question is: why biodiversity of New Caledonia was listed in two main international conservation programs at the end of the eighties and the mid of the nineties? Why Conservation International has called it a hotspot of biodiversity, and the WWF an Eco-Region? By analyzing several documents and interviews, this paper tries to outline a brief history of botanical science in New Caledonia which is quite ancient and intense. It helps us to better understand why, in the eighties and nineties, dry forests were particularly well studied by the natural scientists whose works have alerted both local authorities and an international ngo, the WWF

Summary.Women in Benue State have for years had the highest HIV rate in the country, but because the sentinel surveys are anonymized and unlinked, not much is known about the socio-demographic, behavioural and other risk factors that predispose these women to the disease. The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Nigeria does not appear to be a single epidemic but rather multiple epidemics of varying magnitude and trends. This cross-sectional study was therefore carried out to identify the risk factors for HIV/AIDS among these women. A total of 404 consecutive consenting mothers enrolled at the booking clinic were followed up until delivery of their babies. They were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire and tested for HIV infection using an ELISA-based kit after obtaining informed consent. Mean age of the mothers was 26±6·1 years, 94·8% were married while 50·5% had at least secondary level education. Sixty-one (15·1%) mothers were HIV positive with mothers aged 15–24 years being responsible for 50·8% of all infection. Following bivariate analysis, being single, having a partner with low level of formal education, living in a rural location, being in a polygamous/multiple partner union, being a higher order polygamous wife, being married more than once and reporting a history of a sexually transmitted infection were significantly associated with HIV infection. Monogamous women who lived apart from their partners and women who had ever had blood transfusion were also more likely to be HIV positive. Following multivariate logistic regression, a young age of 15–24 years (multivariate OR=3·3, 95% CI=1·2–8·4, p=0·02); ever had other STIs (OR=1·6, 95% CI 1·1–2·3, p=0·009); no formal maternal education (OR=0·6, 95% CI 0·4–0·9, p=0·021) and having one lifetime sexual partner (OR=0·4, 95% CI 0·3–0·5, p<0·00001) were significantly associated with HIV infection in the study population. Appropriate interventions must be directed at young people and should include STI control and abstinence education. Blood safety must be ensured as well as a general improvement in the level of formal and health education in this community.

The war with Venice from 1404-1405 represented a crucial moment in the history of Padua. In fact, it marked the definite end of the autonomy of the people of Padua and the passage of the city and its territory under the control of Venice. The final siege, narrated in the Chronicles of Bartolomeo Gatari, lasted almost five months and subjected Padua to a very severe test: overcrowding of man and animals within the city walls, lack of provisions, precarious health-hygiene conditions and epidemics of the plague. In this situation the relationship between the last nobleman of the city, Francesco Novello da Carrara, and the civies of Padua continued progressively to deteriorate: the emergency, in the end, induces a divaricator in the political views of one and the others, even if, at the time of surrender, the general public futilely attempted to plead in favour of the defeated nobles. Padua came out of the catastrophe with a new awareness of itself: while its civil traditions and the social regulations appeared to be well instilled, its capacity of political and military expression, of which the noblemen of Carrara were made interpreters for centuries, revealed insurmountable limits before all of the resources put on the battlefield from Venice. ; La guerra con Venezia del 1404-1405 rappresentò un momento cruciale nella storia di Padova. Essa segnò infatti la fine definitiva dell'autonomia patavina e il passaggio della città e del suo territorio sotto il diretto controllo di Venezia. L'assedio finale, narratoci nella Cronaca di Bartolomeo Gatari, durò quasi cinque mesi e sottopose Padova ad una prova molto severa: sovraffollamento di uomini e animali entro le muta urbane, carenza di viveri, precarie condizioni igienico-sanitarie, epidemia di peste. In questa situazione il rapporto tra l'ultimo signore della città, Francesco Novello da Carrara, e i cives padovani andò progressivamente logorandosi: l'emergenza indusse infine una divaricazione nella visuale politica dell'uno e degli altri, anche se, al momento della resa, la collettività cittadina tentò, inutilmente, di intercedere a favore dei signori sconfitti. Dalla catastrofe Padova uscì con una nuova consapevolezza di sé: mentre le sue tradizioni civiche e l'ordinamento sociale apparivano ben sedimentati, la sua capacità di espressione politica e militare, di cui si erano fatti interpreti per quasi un secolo i signori da Carrara, aveva rivelato limiti insuperabili di fronte alle risorse messe in campo da Venezia.

2014 Fall. ; Includes illustrations (some color). ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Three studies and one review involving analytical mass spectrometry and one article on rapid bacterial diagnostics are presented herein. Electron monochromator-mass spectrometry (EM-MS) literature is presented outlining the development history and relevant analytical applications including nitro compounds in cigarette smoke, resonance energy studies, explosives, and bacterial identification. Diesel particulate matter and the effect of antioxidant fuel additives on nitro polycyclic aromatic production during diesel engine operation was investigated using EM-MS. Results showed a strong correlation between production of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-nitrophenol (DBNP) and the addition of two antioxidant precursors to the fuel prior to combustion. No correlations were observed between DBNP production and engine load or speed. Results indicate that the role of fuel additives in combustion byproducts must be carefully considered. When using CaO as a matrix-replacement in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, fatty acids are cleaved from phospholipids in situ by laser-induced pyrolysis. Ten bacterial genera were investigated using CaO as a matrix. Fatty acid profiles were observed and exported for statistical analysis. Principal components analysis of fatty acid profiles revealed distinct separation of bacterial genera. Cross-validation resulted in greater than 94% correct assignment. Future applications could provide clinicians a rapid and reliable method of bacterial detection. Outbreaks of infectious bacteria and concerns over bioterrorism have increased the demand for methods of rapidly and easily detecting bacteria. A lateral flow immunoassay (LFI) device was developed to detect Bacillus anthracis indirectly by using gamma phage amplification. Phage-based LFI detection of B. anthracis Sterne was consistently observed within four and as little as two hours of the onset of phage amplification with a threshold sensitivity of 2.5 x 10[superscript 3] cfu/mL. Ease and speed of the device could find application in the field by military personnel. Finally, individuals admitted to a hospital following cocaine use showed symptoms of levamisole poisoning. Levamisole, an antihelminthic used in veterinary science and a known lacing/cutting agent for cocaine, was detected in urine samples from these patients. Tissue and blood samples were also analyzed, but no concentration was detected. While no direct correlation could be made between patient symptoms and levamisole, its presence in their urine is a strong indication that the cocaine had been cut/laced with levamisole.

This article reflects on how cartography constitutes of a unique spatial language, which produces a political image of the territory that illustrates prevailing power concepts. The emphasis on the map, for this discussion, tries to introduce a question about the ethical and political implications inherent in cartography and open a door to explore the connections between cartography, social representations of the territory and spatial behavior of individuals and social collectives. The article begins with a brief review of the history of cartography, and then turns its attention to critical cartography and the possibilities of using "cognitive maps" as a methodology to execute cartographical exercises with local communities. Some crucial challenges for a collaborative and interactive cartography are suggested at the end. ; El presente artículo es producto de una reflexión acerca de la manera en la que la cartografía se constituye en un/el discurso espacial y produce una imagen política del territorio que proyecta las nociones de poder imperantes. El énfasis en el mapa en cuanto discurso busca introducir la pregunta por las implicaciones ético-políticas de la cartografía y sus conexiones con las interpretaciones del territorio y el comportamiento espacial de los individuos y los colectivos sociales. Un acercamiento a la historia de la cartografía sirve como dispositivo detonante de la reflexión, para revisar luego los planteamientos de la cartografía crítica y plantear las posibilidades de los «mapas cognitivos» para la confección de cartografías con las comunidades locales. Finalmente se plantean los retos para la construcción de una cartografía colaborativa y dialogante ; Este artigo é produto duma reflexão acerca da maneira na que a cartografia constutui-se num discurso espacial e produze uma imagem política do território que projeta as noções de poder imperante. O ênfase no mapa enquanto o discurso procura introduzir a pergunta pelas implicações ético-políticas da cartografia e suas conexões com as interpretações do territorio e o comportamento especial dos indivíduos e os coletivos sociais. O acercamento á história da cartografia serve como dispositivo detonante da reflexão, para revisar o que plantea a cartografia crítica e plantear as posibilidades dos 'mapas cognitivos' para a confecção das cartografias com as comunidades locais. Finalmente apresentam-se os retos para a construção duma cartografia cooperativa e interativa.

La Numismática es una rama de la Historia que estudia a las monedas, medallas, condecoraciones, papel moneda y sucedáneos, a través de los cuales podemos conocer los hechos históricos de las naciones. Nuestra patria es, sin duda, una de las naciones latinoamericanas con mayor tradición en este tema. Por ello, ha sido frecuente que algunos de nuestros personajes más ilustres hallan sido recordados a través de estos pequeños objetos. Don José Hipólito Unanue y Pavón es, junto a Cayetano Heredia y Daniel Carrión, uno de los más genuinos representantes de la Medicina nacional. Sin embargo, a diferencia de los anteriores incursionó en la política y en otras ciencias, lo que le dio una dimensión que trasciende más allá del ámbito médico. En ese sentido, la numismática ha contribuido a difundir su imagen en los lugares más apartados del mundo. Su rostro ha sido conocido por hombres que no saben de nuestra cultura, ni siquiera de nuestro idioma, y sin embargo son capaces de identificarlo en un trozo de papel o en un disco de metal. A pesar de ello, ninguna de las investigaciones sobre Unanue se refirió a su presencia en la numismática, carencia que intentamos subsanar en este artículo. ; Numismatics is the branch of History that studies coins, medals, decorations, paper money and related subjects through which we learn on the historic events of nations. Our country is doubtless one of the Latin American nations with the greatest traditions on the subject and some of our most illustrious figures are recalled through these small objects. Jose Hipolito Unanue is, along with Cayetano Heredia and Daniel Carrion, one of the most genuine representatives of the nation's medical tradition. However, unlike the others, he was involved in politics and other sciences, giving him a dimension beyond the medical sphere. In this respect, numismatics has contributed to spread his image throughout the most remote parts of the world, allowing his face to be known by people who know nothing of our culture or even our language; yet, they can recognize him on a piece of paper or a metal disc. In spite of this, none of the research on Unanue has referred to his presence in numismatics, a gap that we hope to close by this article.

Defence date: 27 May 2002 ; Examining Board: Daniel Verdier (Supervisor; European University Institute, San Domenico di Fiesole) Adrienne Héritier (Co-supervisor; Max-Planck Gesellschaft, Bonn) Petros Mavroidis (Université de Neuchâtel) Patrick Messerlin (Institut d'Etudes Politiques, Paris) ; First made available online in June 2012. ; In this PhD dissertation I explain how different forms of international trade institutions affect domestic coalition patterns. Negotiated trade policy instruments create incentives for sector-wide interest representation, while administrative instruments elicit interest aggregation on a more product-specific, intra-sectoral level. I provide a rationale why reciprocal trade negotiations foster sector-wide associations, whereas trade rule enforcement elicits intra-sectoral coalitions. In contrast to existing explanations, these propositions can account for coalition patterns during both the GATT 1947, which consisted of a series of trade negotiation rounds, and the WTO (1995-), which combines negotiations with binding administrative enforcement in the form of international dispute settlement. Comprehensive evidence from EU trade policy lobbying confirms the explanatory force of the hypotheses. Sectoral peak associations co-ordinate interest representation during the GATT and WTO Rounds, whereas private interests predominantly organise on an intra-sectoral level when filing petitions for enforcement instruments administered by the European Commission. Exhaustive databases provide evidence about the predominantly intra-sectoral trade associations that lodge complaints with administrative instruments such as Anti-Dumping, market access investigations and WTO dispute settlement, while other sources reveal how sector-wide peak associations organise during negotiation Rounds. I provide supportive evidence from existing research on interest representation in American trade policy, and control for other factors such as industry concentration and non-trade regulation. The shift from negotiations-only to enforcement is further significant for interest representation in four selected sectors of European industry: chemicals, pharmaceuticals, steel and textiles. Although each of these industries has a long history of sector coherence, they all reorganised their membership and representation structure to accommodate for the increased importance of enforcement instruments. The adoption of direct company membership and/or the inclusion of product-specific trade associations accompany the decrease in importance of the sectorwide peak association in a world where the provision of detailed information for judicial enforcement is starting to weigh more than the political clout of sector-wide peak associations during negotiations.

La arquitectura del franquismo, como toda la etapa histórica de referencia, constituye un modelo estético despreciado, cuando en realidad define gran parte de la trama urbana actual de nuestras ciudades. La representatividad, clasicismo, magnificencia . domina en los ideales estéticos de los ideológos del régimen, y ello tendrá su plasmación en las edificaciones de ias instituciones públicas durante la década

The responses to questions by 155 students revealed the following, most important facts. The students predominantly came from families with high incomes. They have leftist political leanings, though through their training, more have turned right than left. The students share most strongly the views on fundamental propositions in economics held by U.S. graduate students and less those held by Canadian and U.S. professionals. Students from different Canadian universities hold very similar views on price-theoretic propositions but rather widely differing views on some important issues of macro-economics and income distribution. The most important finding is that, like their U.S. colleagues, Canadian graduate students believe that for professional success it is more important to learn technical skills rather than about institutions, history and policy. As a result they end up poorly prepared for work on economic policy issues and their research tends to lack real world relevance, even though real world and policy problems attracted them to the graduate programs. ; Les réponses de 155 étudiants révèlent les faits suivants. Les étudiants viennent en majorité de familles de niveau socioéconomique élevé. Leurs idées de base sur la politique sont de gauche, quoiaque, suite a leur entrainement, la majorité pench vers la droite. Les étudiants partagent leurs idées sur les théories économiques fondamentales le plus fortement avec les étudiants post-gradués américains et moins avec les professionnels canadiens ou américains. Les étudiants des différentes universités canadiennes ont des opinions très semblables sur la théorie des prix et ses hypothèses, mais ne s'accordent pas en ce que concerne certains sujets importants en macro-économie et la distribution des revenus. La fait saillant qui ressort de cette étude est que, corne leurs pairs américains, les étudiants post-gradués canadiens croient que pour réussir dans la profession il est plus important d'apprendre certaines techiques plustôt que do connaître les institutions, l'histoire et la politique économique. En conséquence ils sont mal préparés a travailler sur les questions de politique économique. Leurs travaux de recherche ont peu ou pas de portée sur la réalité courante malgré le fait que c'est cette réalité et les problèmes de politique économique qui les ont attirés vers les programmes post-gradués.

Economic theory has to conceptualize the "economic reality" as a process. More precisely, as a system that operates through the interaction of social groups through their respective economic agents. These agents have different behaviors and have unequal terms of trade. "Reality" is the continuing transformation of these phenomena under the conflict of opposing interests, but also the dynamism of common interests. To understand the economic phenomenon, predict events and change the course of history is important to analyze in depth the power structure of society, to study the actual behavior of economic agents as part of social groups that you understand and establish joint between them. Thus can be explained, ultimately, changes in levels and rates with changing economic events. This is the case, for example, taxes, government spending, personal income, production, utilities, among others. The terms of trade - the matrix of prices, wages, interest rates, exchange rates, profit - expressed on the other hand, the correlation of forces between social groups in the system. ; La teoría económica tiene que conceptualizar la "realidad económica" como un proceso. Más exactamente, como un sistema que opera mediante la interacción de los grupos sociales a través de sus correspondientes agentes económicos. Estos agentes tienen comportamientos diferenciados y tienen relaciones de intercambio desiguales. La "realidad" es la permanente transformación de estos fenómenos en virtud del conflicto de los intereses opuestos, pero también por el dinamismo de los intereses comunes. Para comprender el fenómeno económico, predecir los acontecimientos y cambiar su curso histórico, es importante analizar en profundidad la estructura de poder de una sociedad, estudiar el comportamiento concreto de los agentes económicos como parte de los grupos sociales que los comprende, y establecer las articulaciones que existen entre ellos. De esta manera, se puede explicar, en última instancia, las modificaciones de los niveles y de las tasas con que cambian los hechos económicos. Este es el caso, por ejemplo, de los impuestos, el gasto público, los ingresos personales, la producción, las utilidades, entre otros. Los términos de intercambio --la matriz de precios, de salarios, tasas de interés, tipo de cambio, rentabilidad-- expresan por otro lado, la correlación de fuerzas que existen entre los grupos sociales del sistema.

La teoría económica tiene que conceptualizar la "realidad económica" como un proceso. Más exactamente, como un sistema que opera mediante la interacción de los grupos sociales a través de sus correspondientes agentes económicos. Estos agentes tienen comportamientos diferenciados y tienen relaciones de intercambio desiguales. La "realidad" es la permanente transformación de estos fenómenos en virtud del conflicto de los intereses opuestos, pero también por el dinamismo de los intereses comunes. Para comprender el fenómeno económico, predecir los acontecimientos y cambiar su curso histórico, es importante analizar en profundidad la estructura de poder de una sociedad, estudiar el comportamiento concreto de los agentes económicos como parte de los grupos sociales que los comprende, y establecer las articulaciones que existen entre ellos. De esta manera, se puede explicar, en última instancia, las modificaciones de los niveles y de las tasas con que cambian los hechos económicos. Este es el caso, por ejemplo, de los impuestos, el gasto público, los ingresos personales, la producción, las utilidades, entre otros. Los términos de intercambio --la matriz de precios, de salarios, tasas de interés, tipo de cambio, rentabilidad-- expresan por otro lado, la correlación de fuerzas que existen entre los grupos sociales del sistema. ; Economic theory has to conceptualize the "economic reality" as a process. More precisely, as a system that operates through the interaction of social groups through their respective economic agents. These agents have different behaviors and have unequal terms of trade. "Reality" is the continuing transformation of these phenomena under the conflict of opposing interests, but also the dynamism of common interests. To understand the economic phenomenon, predict events and change the course of history is important to analyze in depth the power structure of society, to study the actual behavior of economic agents as part of social groups that you understand and establish joint between them. Thus can be explained, ultimately, changes in levels and rates with changing economic events. This is the case, for example, taxes, government spending, personal income, production, utilities, among others. The terms of trade - the matrix of prices, wages, interest rates, exchange rates, profit - expressed on the other hand, the correlation of forces between social groups in the system.