Suchergebnisse

Arguments against investing Social Security Trust Fund assets in the stock market, rather than, as is currently the practice, in government bonds; US. With discussion of the regressive nature of Social Security taxes.

This chapter evaluates the impact of the Internet and mainstream news media and journalism on the development of Northern Ireland's Peace Process which began in the early 1990s and initially culminated in the 1998 Good Friday Agreement which brought about the cessation of the period of sectarian violence known as the Troubles. Curtis (1992) and Miller and McLaughlin (1994) provided the most compelling critiques of the centrality of news media and journalism to public understandings of both the 30-year civil conflict of the Troubles and the development of peace. Sparre (2001), Dixon (2002), and Spencer (2006) noted that the Peace Process was also both choreographed and performed in the news media sphere. The Peace Process, is also contemporaneous with the development of the mass Internet, and the most recent stage of the process since the mid-2000s is directly concurrent to the emergence of Web 2.0. There have been noted attempts from the blogosphere and the mainstream media to foster shared-space online in Northern Ireland. However, in keeping with the belief that Internet users are likely to congregate in online spaces that reflected their own political and social backgrounds (Sunstein, 2009), members of religiously divided communities in Northern Ireland have largely congregated in sectarianized spaces that have triumphed over the utopian belief in technology as a force for social transformation. This chapter questions the extent to which the promise of the digital commons as a force for bringing people together was realised and will do so by setting the contemporary history of Northern Ireland within the wider context of the development of news and journalism in age of the Internet and the decline of mass print circulations. New technology platforms have extended the opportunity and potential for journalism to address the Peace Process and perhaps offer a dialogical space in which to critique its direction. However, the sectarian fissures in Northern Irish life have proved to be more deeply situated and in the period under examination, neither traditional news outlets nor new social media technologies have universally brought people together from ethno-religiously divided groups.

Background Long working hours might increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, but prospective evidence is scarce, imprecise, and mostly limited to coronary heart disease. We aimed to assess long working hours as a risk factor for incident coronary heart disease and stroke. Methods We identified published studies through a systematic review of PubMed and Embase from inception to Aug 20, 2014. We obtained unpublished data for 20 cohort studies from the Individual-Participant-Data Meta-analysis in Working Populations (IPD-Work) Consortium and open-access data archives. We used cumulative random-effects meta-analysis to combine effect estimates from published and unpublished data. Findings We included 25 studies from 24 cohorts in Europe, the USA, and Australia. The meta-analysis of coronary heart disease comprised data for 603 838 men and women who were free from coronary heart disease at baseline; the meta-analysis of stroke comprised data for 528 908 men and women who were free from stroke at baseline. Follow-up for coronary heart disease was 5·1 million person-years (mean 8·5 years), in which 4768 events were recorded, and for stroke was 3·8 million person-years (mean 7·2 years), in which 1722 events were recorded. In cumulative meta-analysis adjusted for age, sex, and socioeconomic status, compared with standard hours (35-40 h per week), working long hours (≥55 h per week) was associated with an increase in risk of incident coronary heart disease (relative risk [RR] 1·13, 95% CI 1·02-1·26; p=0·02) and incident stroke (1·33, 1·11-1·61; p=0·002). The excess risk of stroke remained unchanged in analyses that addressed reverse causation, multivariable adjustments for other risk factors, and different methods of stroke ascertainment (range of RR estimates 1·30-1·42). We recorded a dose-response association for stroke, with RR estimates of 1·10 (95% CI 0·94-1·28; p=0·24) for 41-48 working hours, 1·27 (1·03-1·56; p=0·03) for 49-54 working hours, and 1·33 (1·11-1·61; p=0·002) for 55 working hours or more per week compared with standard working hours (ptrend<0·0001). Interpretation Employees who work long hours have a higher risk of stroke than those working standard hours; the association with coronary heart disease is weaker. These findings suggest that more attention should be paid to the management of vascular risk factors in individuals who work long hours. Funding Medical Research Council, Economic and Social Research Council, European Union New and Emerging Risks in Occupational Safety and Health research programme, Finnish Work Environment Fund, Swedish Research Council for Working Life and Social Research, German Social Accident Insurance, Danish National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Academy of Finland, Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment (Netherlands), US National Institutes of Health, British Heart Foundation.

This book presents a final symposium, of the program for Rethinking Marxism 2006, comprising a set of commentaries on the categories and critical modes of analysis elaborated in Transition and Development in India by Anjan Chakrabarti and Stephen Cullenberg.

First published in 1999, Europe: Rethinking the Boundaries explores the themes of boundary and identity from cultural, political, sociological and historical perspectives. The volume highlights the multiplicity of approaches and the complexity of the understanding of what is Europe, while at the same time presenting a coherent theme of boundary which is both thought-provoking and comprehensive. It focuses on Europe's changing boundaries and the "clash of civilisations" thesis, the European transformation of the nation state, rethinking European peripheries and European Union (EU) enlargement, the Mediterranean boundaries of the EU, Balkan boundaries, Europe and the "Islamic threat", German foreign policy and European security, and the neutrality of Austria, Finland and Sweden in the EU. Europe: Rethinking the Boundaries will appeal both to informed generalists and to students and scholars of Europe who seek an analysis of the issue of boundaries from a variety of perspectives. It is a timely collection of up to date commentary and analysis from a team of experts which provides a fresh approach to the discussion of boundaries in Europe. It points to pressing issues facing Europe at a difficult and challenging time.

First published in 1999, this volume examines ways in which adversarial relationships can be transformed and reconciled in diverse settings. It is intended to enhance our understanding of the nature of structural transformation as well as the processes for changing psychological relations between adversaries. Conflict resolution is ingrained in the analysis of inter-group dynamics as well as the process and outcome of negotiating different values and incompatible interests. The Contributors to the volume include Christopher Mitchell, Tarja Veayrynen, Ronald J. Fisher, Louis Kriesberg, Malvern Lumsden, E. Franklin Dukes and Richard E. Rubenstein.

"The idea of foresight is as old as recorded societies, as controversial as climate change, as interesting as a murder mystery, and as useful as an umbrella. It is a siren tempting journalists to dash themselves on the rocks of prediction, a competitive sport in which winners may claim high fees for their success-or even failure. Yet the greatest value of foresight is to change our futures, not just to predict them. Foresight embraces more than disengaged claims about what will happen; it can also engage lines of action in which foresight itself causes what happens next-either to confirm its prediction or avoid it"--

'Levelling UP' has taken on considerable significance in the policy discourses of the Johnson conservative government, particularly regarding the English regions. However, what is meant by Levelling up has been far from clear, although if it is to mean anything it must at least in part mean addressing the needs of disadvantaged and left behind communities. Key premises of this paper are that young people must be considered valued members of those communities; and that, to meet their expressed needs, youth work can be the best placed service for (re)investment, not least because it has demonstrated that it consistently enables a wide variety of outcomes in their lives. The investment required must be seen in the context of the huge austerity cuts to youth services in England which disproportionately affected disadvantaged communities. To make the case for 'levelling up' to completely rebuild as well as further develop those services. This paper brings together an analysis of past and current youth policies with a range of relevant empirical data.

The dominant tradition in analytic philosophy of language views reference as paradigmatically enabled by the acquisition of words from other speakers. Via chains of transmission, these words connect the referrer to the referent. Such a picture assumes the notion of a word as a stable mapping between sound and meaning. Utterances are constructed out of such stable mappings. While this picture of language is both intuitive and historically distinguished, various trends and programs that have developed over the last few decades in theoretical linguistics suggest an alternative. According to these approaches, the word, conceived of as a linguistic 'building block', has no special theoretical significance. While natural language systems generate structures mapping sounds onto meanings, they need not do so by composing elements which themselves specify such mappings. I shall describe some of these developments, and show how they pose a problem for traditional philosophical views of language and communication, before identifying an alternative approach to reference which does not rely on this common-sense picture of words.

On 23 February 2022, the European Commission (EC) published its proposal for a corporate sustainability due diligence directive. This In-depth Analysis for the European Parliament Sub-Committee on Human Rights (DROI) initially presents the EC proposal and its main features, contextualising these against broader European and international developments in business and human rights regulations. It then undertakes an in-depth comparative analysis of the EC's 2022 draft Directive against (i) the position adopted by the Foreign Affairs Committee (AFET/DROI) in its opinion for the Legal Affairs Committee of 25 November 2020; (ii) the final EP position as adopted in March 2021. This is followed by evaluation of the EC draft Directive's approach on key elements relating to human rights and environmental due diligence from the point of view of human rights standards and in light of the rationale presented in the EC's Impact Assessment Report (23 February 2022) and Annexes (29 March 2022). Overall, the analysis provides an assessment of the extent to which key positions of AFET/DROI and the Parliament regarding human rights due diligence, as well as relevant international and regional legal standards, policies and guidance, are either reflected in the EC draft Directive or might be better reflected in it.

La presente investigación se desarrolló bajo el objetivo de evaluar la matriz de gestión de riesgos y control como herramienta efectiva en la auditoría interna para las empresas comerciales de la ciudad de Panamá, para ello, y mediante una metodología cuantitativa se precisó la recolección de la información, a través de una encuesta estructurada, a los contadores, auditores de las empresas en estudio. Es a través de una metodología basada en los principios de la matriz de gestión de riesgos y control como herramienta que utilice el proceso de auditoría interna que podrá coadyuvar a evaluar, comprender, clasificar los distintos riesgos y sus posteriores controles de manera efectiva en la toma de decisiones por parte de los administradores, ya que, la posibilidad de que acontecimientos se presenten de manera desfavorables en las empresas, para ello es labor de auditor la elaboración de un plan o programa, de manera efectiva y eficaz, que podrá mitigar los riesgos en beneficio de las operaciones de la propia empresa.

El titular en un medio de comunicación impreso, como la prensa, expresa la macroproposición de la estructura semántica del relato en el discurso escrito periodístico que se realiza, este permite al lector, de una manera condensada, conocer sobre la noticia, de allí su función informativa. Sin embargo, en oportunidades estos resultan discordante con el desarrollo noticioso, lo que desvirtúa la noción del texto. Con base a esto se plantea el siguiente estudio teniendo como propósito analizar la ambigüedad semántica en los titulares de la prensa escrita panameña a nivel nacional. Para ello, se consideró como método la hermenéutica analógica. Se seleccionaron muestras de los géneros periodísticos informativos: noticia, reseña y reportaje de los periódicos La Prensa y La Estrella de Panamá. Desde el punto de vista temporal, la muestra abarca las informaciones publicadas desde enero a julio del 2020. Como consideraciones finales, se plantea que la función de los titulares es más expresiva, apelativa o de seducción que informativa, por lo que no contiene los elementos que le permitan entenderse por sí misma para aportar datos exactos de la noticia o suceso; de tal manera que asume un carácter equívoco, jugando al engaño con el lector. Los redactores de los diarios La Prensa y La Estrella de Panamá se sirven creativamente de toda una gama de figuras linguísticas que generan ambigüedad semántica, estas son: las metáforas, las hipérboles, el lenguaje coloquial y las personificaciones.

Implementasi dari Surat Edaran Bupati Ponorogo nomor 713/235/405.01.3/2021 tentang Pemberlakuan Pembatasan Kegiatan Masyarakat Untuk Pengendalian Penyebaran Covid-19 di Kabupaten Ponorogo menimbulkan pro dan kontra di masyarakat terutama untuk pelaku usaha yaitu pedagang kaki lima yang berdampak secara langsung. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Jalan Suromenggolo Kabupaten Ponorogo. Metode penelitian menggunakan kualitatif dengan metode pengumpulan data adalah observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil dari penelitian diketahui bahwa 44,8% pelaku usaha setuju dengan pemberlakuan jam malam dan 55,2 % pelaku usaha tidak setuju dengan pemberlakukan jam malam. Selanjutnya 92,1% para pelaku usaha setuju dengan kebijakan yang PPKM dan 7.9% pelaku usaha yang tidak setuju dengan kebijakan PPKM. Ada dua alternatif untuk mengatasi keluarnya surat edaran tersebut, yaitu: pertama pemerintah melakukan peninjauan ulang dan merevisi surat edaran dan kedua adalah pemerintah hendaknya menyiapkan aplikasi order online agar kegiatan jual beli pdagang kaki lima tetap bisa dijalankan.

Kasus korupsi yang terjadi berkenaan kembali diizinkannya ekspor benih lobster dalam Permen Kelautan dan Perikanan no. 12 tahun 2020 tentang Pengelolaan Lobster, Kepiting Dan Rajungan mendasari topik penelitian yaitu evaluasi kebijakan ekspor benur yang mengarah pada kasus korupsi. Hasil dari kajian ini diharapkan menjadi masukan untuk evaluasi pada kebijakan publik yang seharusnya dapat memecahkan masalah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengkaji kebijakan pengelolaan lobster yang tercantum pada Permen KP no. 12 tahun 2020. Penelitian ini dilakukan bulan November 2020-Januari 2021. Metode penelitian bersifat deskriptif kualitatif dengan menggunakan studi pustaka berupa literatur review, kajian teoritis, data sekunder dari laman instansi terkait dan media komunikasi massa diantaranya media online. Hasil analisis diolah menggunakan aplikasi Nvivo 12 Plus untuk membantu akurasi data. Terdapat beberapa kejanggalan sejak ditetapkannya Permen KP No. 12 tahun 2020 tentang Pengelolaan Lobster, Kepiting dan Rajungan mulai 4 Mei 2020. Hingga 6 bulan setelah berlakunya peraturan tersebut terjadi Operasi Tangkap Tangan (OTT) menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Edhy Prabowo dalam kasus suap ekspor benih lobster serta penyalahgunaan kekuasaan lewat memonopoli kebijakan untuk mencapai apa yang diinginkan yaitu meraup keuntungan pada penguasaan potensi yang dinilai strategis dan peluang investasi bagi beberapa aktor.