Suchergebnisse

Unravelling the mechanisms of daily diplomacy in the mid-20th century, this book follows one Dutch diplomatic couple, the van Kleffens, on their postings from the 1930s to the 1950s to offer a new perspective on how non-officials and personal politics shaped the postwar world. Combining private and public source materials, Erlandsson foregrounds the political culture of diplomacy and highlights events and people which have been left off the official record. The book integrates the detailed study of behind-the-scenes diplomatic practice into the larger narrative of traditional diplomatic history, connecting social practices with political outcomes. Exploring how women s tea drinking was used to achieve post-war foreign policy and how Rosa, a Guatemalan cook, contributed to the international standing of the Netherlands, it offers a more inclusive history by recognising the diplomatic work done by actors who were not diplomats. In doing so it demonstrates the ways in which diplomacy was class-bound, gendered and racialized, and proves that historicizing gender and cultural norms is crucial to understanding political and international history

World politics is no longer a matter of executive multilateralism and technocratic expert decisions. What we see instead is the politicization of international institutions – a twofold process of growing resistance to and the more intensive utilization of these institutions. After providing evidence for this claim, this article develops propositions on the effects of politicization of world politics on the quality of decision making and the content of policies on both the international and national level. On the one hand, the politicization of international institutions arguably heralds a reflexive stage of global governance. The increased participation of societal actors leads to a new mode of decision making in world politics, which includes a notion of global common goods in conjunction with elements of public deliberation. By the same token, increased politicization of international institutions contradicts lamentations about the hollowing-out of national democracies and shows that political participation is in fact partly emigrating to the international level. While politicization has the inherent potential for initiating the democratization of international institutions and making new types of global policies possible, there are on the other hand several dangers associated to this process. First, it may perpetuate existing inequalities between North and South in terms of representation on the global level. Second, the politicization of world politics puts pressure on national democracy, since it moves attention away from national political matters and skews national policies towards universalist positions. Moreover, it arguably provokes the constitution of a new political cleavage, cosmopolitanism vs. communitarianism, which may possibly restructure politics in the 21st century to a large extent. These propositions on the effects of politicization will be developed with the help of empirical illustrations. However, they will not be systematically tested – the purpose of this contribution is to elaborate the analytical potential of a new concept and identify broad trends.

World politics is no longer a matter of executive multilateralism and technocratic expert decisions. What we see instead is the politicization of international institutions – a twofold process of growing resistance to and the more intensive utilization of these institutions. After providing evidence for this claim, this article develops propositions on the effects of politicization of world politics on the quality of decision making and the content of policies on both the international and national level. On the one hand, the politicization of international institutions arguably heralds a reflexive stage of global governance. The increased participation of societal actors leads to a new mode of decision making in world politics, which includes a notion of global common goods in conjunction with elements of public deliberation. By the same token, increased politicization of international institutions contradicts lamentations about the hollowing-out of national democracies and shows that political participation is in fact partly emigrating to the international level. While politicization has the inherent potential for initiating the democratization of international institutions and making new types of global policies possible, there are on the other hand several dangers associated to this process. First, it may perpetuate existing inequalities between North and South in terms of representation on the global level. Second, the politicization of world politics puts pressure on national democracy, since it moves attention away from national political matters and skews national policies towards universalist positions. Moreover, it arguably provokes the constitution of a new political cleavage, cosmopolitanism vs. communitarianism, which may possibly restructure politics in the 21st century to a large extent. These propositions on the effects of politicization will be developed with the help of empirical illustrations. However, they will not be systematically tested – the purpose of this contribution is to elaborate the analytical potential of a new concept and identify broad trends.

Com os avanços das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (tic), a Educação a Distância (EaD) vem apresentando um crescimento significativo e trazendo novos desafios, como o desenvolvimento de competências comportamentais requeridas pelo mercado de trabalho. Dentre elas, está a competência para o trabalho em equipe. Percebendo-se a necessidade de se explorar novas tecnologias que contribuam nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar se (e como) o uso da tecnologia metaverso (Mundos Digitais Virtuais em 3D) pode colaborar para o desenvolvimento da competência para o trabalho em equipe na educação a distância na área de Gestão de Recursos Humanos. O método utilizado foi a Design Research e o artefato desenvolvido foi um método de capacitação no metaverso Second Life®. Uma equipe, composta por seis alunos voluntários, participou da pesquisa. Os alunos perceberam como possibilidades que a tecnologia metaverso oferece para o desenvolvimento da competência investigada: a construção de um contexto para o desenvolvimento da competência; a vivência de situações que propiciem às pessoas planejarem, agirem e interagirem; a possibilidade de aplicação de técnicas de gestão e atividades práticas; um espaço para o desenvolvimento das relações interpessoais. Em relação ao artefato desenvolvido (método de capacitação), os principais aspectos reconhecidos para melhorar foram: horários mais adequados para reuniões e mais tempo de interação. Sobre a tecnologia utilizada, identificaram-se não apenas diversas affordances educacionais do metaverso, mas também algumas dificuldades associadas ao seu uso. A pesquisa traz uma série de lições aprendidas com o uso dessa tecnologia, lições estas que podem ser úteis a outras aplicações semelhantes, buscando-se avançar nos recursos e métodos para o desenvolvimento de competências na Educação a Distância, na área de Administração.

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from the National Academy of Sciences via the DOI in this record ; How did human societies evolve from small groups, integrated by face-to-face cooperation, to huge anonymous societies of today, typically organized as states? Why is there so much variation in the ability of different human populations to construct viable states? Existing theories are usually formulated as verbal models and, as a result, do not yield sharply defined, quantitative predictions that could be unambiguously tested with data. Here we develop a cultural evolutionary model that predicts where and when the largest-scale complex societies arose in human history. The central premise of the model, which we test, is that costly institutions that enabled large human groups to function without splitting up evolved as a result of intense competition between societies-primarily warfare. Warfare intensity, in turn, depended on the spread of historically attested military technologies (e.g., chariots and cavalry) and on geographic factors (e.g., rugged landscape). The model was simulated within a realistic landscape of the Afroeurasian landmass and its predictions were tested against a large dataset documenting the spatiotemporal distribution of historical large-scale societies in Afroeurasia between 1,500 BCE and 1,500 CE. The model-predicted pattern of spread of large-scale societies was very similar to the observed one. Overall, the model explained 65% of variance in the data. An alternative model, omitting the effect of diffusing military technologies, explained only 16% of variance. Our results support theories that emphasize the role of institutions in state-building and suggest a possible explanation why a long history of statehood is positively correlated with political stability, institutional quality, and income per capita. ; Support for this work was provided by Economic and Social Research Council Grant REF RES-060-25-0085, "Ritual, Community, and Conflict"; European Research Council Grant "The Evolution of Cultural Norms in Real World Settings"; National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis and University of Tennessee (S.G. and P.T.); the National Science Foundation (NSF); the US Department of Homeland Security; and US Department of Agriculture NSF Award EF-0832858.

Introduction :Coherence and contestation /Matthew J. Hoffmann and Alice D. Ba --Realist global governance : revisiting cave! hic dragones and beyond /Jennifer Sterling-Folker --Global governance, class, hegemony : a historical materialist perspective /Henk Overbeek --Global governance and hegemony in the modern world system /Giovanni Arrighi --Global governance : an English school perspective /Tim Dunne --Regime theory and the quest for global governance /Oran R. Young --What's global about global governance? : a constructivist account /Matthew J. Hoffmann --Global governance as disaggregated complexity /James N. Rosenau --The European human-rights regime as a case study in the emergence of global governance /Leslie Friedman Goldstein and Cornel Ban --A private-authority perspective on global governance /Timothy J. Sinclair --Contested spaces : the politics of regional and global governance /Alice D. Ba --Global civil society and global governance /Robert O'Brien --Liberal imperialism as global-governance perspective /Daniel Green --Contending perspectives on global governance : dialogue and debate /Matthew J. Hoffmann and Alice D. Ba.

This analysis explores the causes of state fragility in The Gambia and identifies priority policy actions to bolster macroeconomic stability and reinforce the resilience of public institutions. In countries in fragile situations, a carefully targeted engagement strategy can have a transformative impact, and appropriate external assistance can mark the difference between the restoration of a functional public sector and a descent into a vicious cycle of institutional failure and conflict. Given the pivotal importance of engagement in countries in fragile situations, the African Development Bank (AfDB) and the World Bank's Macroeconomics and Fiscal Management Global Practice (MFM-GP) are striving to better understand the factors driving fragility in The Gambia and formulate a strategic approach to policy support, development programming, and project design that reflects the country's unique political, economic, and institutional circumstances. This report is the product of a collaboration between the MFM-GP and the AfDB's Transition Support Department. The analysis was undertaken at a particularly critical moment in The Gambia's history, as the 22-year rule of former President Yahya Jammeh gives way to the democratically elected administration of President Adama Barrow. The new government has struggled to address the political, social, and economic turbulence generated by the transition, by a legacy of mismanagement, and by climatic shocks. The World Bank and AfDB teams conducted a joint Fragility and Resilience Mission in Banjul and Dakar between February 24 and March 9, 2017. The mission's objective was to evaluate the rapidly evolving political and economic situation in the aftermath of the presidential election and to discuss with government and civil-society stakeholders the issues identified in previous analyses. The mission findings formed the basis for a comprehensive assessment of political, social, and economic dynamics in The Gambia, including its external and domestic vulnerabilities, the capacity limitations of its public sector, potential sources of conflict, and priority areas for engagement by the international development community.

As a contribution to the United Nation's "Development Decade" of the 1960s, the UN FAO and UNESCO collaborated to produce a Soil Map of the World. Because of soil's privileged place in mid-twentieth century conservationist thought and its material characteristics, which were extraordinarily resistant to standardized classification, analysis of this project reveals with particular clarity how scientists made knowledge about the global environment in the international community. Producing credible global environmental knowledge required a worldwide network of disciplined observers, but soil scientists understood the Soil Map of the World as a means to produce this transnational community of experts. At a scale of 1:5 million, the units of the map applied to no place in particular; it was a heuristic device. The legend, which presented a new international classification system, was the critical accomplishment because it promised to unify diverse national soil science communities in a single discipline. The rigorously empirical descriptions of soil categories reveal the interplay of the cosmopolitan values of scientific internationalism with the nationalist tensions of the Cold War and decolonization.

Abstract
Based on ecological studies, second demographic transition (SDT) theorists concluded that some areas in the US were in vanguard of the SDT compared to others, implying spatial non-stationarity may be inherent in the SDT process. Linking the SDT to the infant mortality literature, we sought to answer two related questions: Are the main components of the SDT, specifically marriage postponement, cohabitation, and divorce, associated with infant mortality? If yes, do these associations vary across the US? We applied global Poisson and geographically weighted Poisson regression (GWPR) models, a place-specific analytic approach, to county-level data in the contiguous US. After accounting for the racial/ethnic and socioeconomic compositions of counties and prenatal care utilization, we found (1) marriage postponement was negatively related to infant mortality in the southwestern states, but positively associated with infant mortality in parts of Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee, (2) cohabitation rates were positively related to infant mortality, and this relationship was stronger in California, coastal Virginia, and the Carolinas than other areas, and (3) a positive association between divorce rates and infant mortality in southwestern and northeastern areas of the US. These spatial patterns suggested that the associations between the SDT and infant mortality were stronger in the areas in vanguard of the SDT than in others. The comparison between global Poisson and GWPR results indicated that a place-specific spatial analysis not only fit the data better, but also provided insights into understanding the non-stationarity of the associations between the SDT and infant mortality.

Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR) is endowed with abundant natural resources, such as water, forests, minerals, and biodiversity. This document aims to succinctly summarize the climate risks faced by Lao PDR. This includes rapid onset and long-term changes in key climate parameters, as well as impacts of these changes on communities, livelihoods, and economies, many of which are already underway. This is a high-level synthesis of existing research and analyses, focusing on the geographic domain of Lao PDR, therefore potentially excluding some international influences and localized impacts. The core data presented is sourced from the database sitting behind the World Bank Group's (WBG) climate change knowledge portal (CCKP), incorporating climate projections from the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). This document is primarily meant for WBG and Asian Development Bank (ADB) staff to inform their climate actions and to direct them to many useful sources of secondary data and research.