The purpose of this paper is to analyze two out of three main types of Hidden Public Debt, Commercial Debt and Public Private Partnerships Financing Needs, across 11 European Countries between 2000-2012. When faced with the need to raise taxes or reduce spending, governments have for some time turned to a third option by resorting to off book loans and liabilities that do not appear in public accounts. Hidden public debts are those state commitments and liabilities that, despite a lack of specific allocation or inclusion in forecasts and liabilities, are assumed by the government. Amongst the major results, this article concludes that countries with stronger economies, more transparency of government expenditures and relatively high tax rate stayed in- or moved to the bucket of relatively low debt levels, namely with hidden debt below 1% of GDP. Also, the level of hidden debt within the PIIGS is twice if what the rest of the sample has.
The &ldquo ; innovation&ndash ; trade&rdquo ; interrelation has been a subject of research for decades. Nowadays, in the context of the growing importance of sustainable development, the role of eco-innovation is essential for promoting a rapid economic growth in each country. In this sense, eco-innovation influences the level of intra-industry trade stimulating international trade to adopt environmentally-friendly technologies. In general, the evaluation of eco-innovation in EU countries is done through indicators of their degree of performance and their impact on the welfare of nations. Using Eurostat data and WITS (World Integrated Trade Solution) database for the period 2010&ndash ; 2018, the authors of this paper give empirical evidence of a linkage between the two indicators. The Grubel&ndash ; Lloyd index is selected as an appropriate tool to show that socio-economic performance has a significant weight in eco-innovation scoreboard measurement. The results confirm that intra-industry trade of each EU country is closely related to the level of its eco-innovation index. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to test for such a type of interrelation and to show that by verifying the usefulness of eco-innovation performance in EU countries through an intra-industry trade indicator (IIT) such as the Grubel&ndash ; Lloyd index.
Foreign policy begins at home, and in Europe and the United States the domestic drivers of foreign policy are shifting in important ways. The election of Donald Trump as U.S. president, the decision of British voters to leave the European Union, and popular pressures on governments of all stripes and colors to deal with the domestic consequences of global flows of people, money and terror all highlight the need for greater understanding of such domestic currents and their respective influence on U.S. and European foreign policies. In this volume, European and American scholars take a closer look at the domestic determinants of foreign policy in the European Union and the United States, with a view to the implications for transatlantic relations. They examine domestic political currents, demographic trends, changing economic prospects, and domestic institutional and personal factors influencing foreign policy on each side of the Atlantic.
The biofuels sustainability in transport depends on the energetic products demand and the limited resources. According to European legislation, the energy consumption in transport from renewable energy in the European Union should increase by 10% till 2020. Considering the environmental requests related to greenhouse gases reduction and a lower dependency on oil fuels stimulated more the biofuels production, this research empirically assessed the impact of energy consumption in transport based on biodiesel and bioethanol on sustainable development in terms of economic growth and greenhouse emissions. Using dynamic panel and panel vector-auto-regression models for European Union countries during 2010–2015, we proved that only the energy consumption in transport based on biodiesel had a positive impact on economic growth. The greenhouse emissions did not have any impact on economic growth while the energy consumption in transport based on bioethanol negatively affected the economic growth. The Granger causality tests on panel data indicated a bilateral relationship between economic growth and energy consumption in transport based on biodiesel and between economic growth and energy consumption in transport based on bioethanol. Given these empirical results, the energy policies should focus on the higher utilisation of biodiesel in transport in the EU.
The biofuels sustainability in transport depends on the energetic products demand and the limited resources. According to European legislation, the energy consumption in transport from renewable energy in the European Union should increase by 10% till 2020. Considering the environmental requests related to greenhouse gases reduction and a lower dependency on oil fuels stimulated more the biofuels production, this research empirically assessed the impact of energy consumption in transport based on biodiesel and bioethanol on sustainable development in terms of economic growth and greenhouse emissions. Using dynamic panel and panel vector-auto-regression models for European Union countries during 2010–2015, we proved that only the energy consumption in transport based on biodiesel had a positive impact on economic growth. The greenhouse emissions did not have any impact on economic growth while the energy consumption in transport based on bioethanol negatively affected the economic growth. The Granger causality tests on panel data indicated a bilateral relationship between economic growth and energy consumption in transport based on biodiesel and between economic growth and energy consumption in transport based on bioethanol. Given these empirical results, the energy policies should focus on the higher utilisation of biodiesel in transport in the EU.
Editors --Contributors --List of Abbreviations --Introduction --Privacy Rights and Data Protection Regulation --E-Commerce and Digital Rights --Electronic Identification, Trust and Security --Other Relevant Instruments --Bibliography --Table of Instruments in This Edition --Table of Other Referenced Instruments --Table of Cases --Table of Websites.
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The article presents the results of the analysis of normativelegal and scientific sources, which reveal the peculiarities of officer training in the police forces in European countries at the end of XX – beginning of XXI centuries. It has been found out that the European integration processes have led to changes in the system of police training. Generalization of the tendencies makes it possible to state the influence of political and socio-economic conditions on this process in certain countries and in the European Community as a whole. It has been found that the system of police training is also a component of the European integration processes within the integration of law enforcement and police systems of the European Union. European police training institutions are characterized by a practical orientation of the process, a direct link to practice, continuity, a wide range of advanced training courses, and preparation for the interaction of national police services at various levels, including through Interpol and directly between law enforcement systems. Police training is a focus not only for practitioners, but also for researchers, as evidenced by the discussion and validation at various levels of conferences, symposia, seminars, and other experience-sharing events. At the same time, the educational systems for training police officers are characterized by a careful attitude toward the unification processes of the Bologna Process, as well as a commitment to their own educational standards. A significant number of hours in executive police training programs are devoted to developing skills and abilities in the use of scientific and technological tools, which are used extensively in the work of the police in foreign countries. Theoretical training for police officers in EU countries is aimed at learning new ways of performing their duties. The practical part of the training helps more effectively carry out one's day-to-day duties. Police training in EU countries is conducted in several stages. A common trend in departmental police education is that police graduates receive departmental diplomas. Departmental training programs emphasize the importance of cooperation with the public. ; У статті актуалізовано питання необхідності застосування в освітньому процесі закладів вищої освіти сучасних педагогічних технологій з метою вдосконалення професійної підготовки майбутніх фахівців, зокрема авіаційної галузі. Зазначається, що одним із напрямів осучаснення освітнього процесу є SТЕМ-освіта. Наголошується, що метою вищої освіти є здобуття особою високого рівня наукових професійних і загальних компетентностей, необхідних для діяльності за певною спеціальністю чи в певній галузі знань. Аналізуються кваліфікаційні характеристики фахівці авіаційної галузі, які мають володіти комплексними компетентностями, зокрема розглянуто вимоги до інженера з управління повітряним рухом, диспетчера управління повітряним рухом, командира повітряного судна, пілота (другого пілота). Зазначається, що в епоху цифрових технологій та креативної економіки актуалізації набувають компетентності, що дозволять критично мислити, взаємодіяти та комунікувати, мати навички творчого підходу до справи. Зауважується, що зважаючи на тенденції викладання дисциплін в останні десятиліття (відповідність освітнього процесу сучасним тенденціям в галузі освіти та відображення в ньому останніх науково-технічних досягнень; активація пізнавальної діяльності; впровадження інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій; синергетичний підхід; упровадження останніх досягнень науки і техніки в освітній процес, сучасне навчальне обладнання; пріоритетним завданням освіти стає не стільки засвоєння певного об'єму знань умінь і навичок, скільки формування компетенцій, пов'язаних з подальшою професійною діяльністю, таких як: здатність до самоосвіти, ініціативність, уміння працювати в колективі, гнучкість і креативність мислення, інноваційність тощо), саме застосування засобів STEM-освіти дозволить розширити можливості ефективної й якісної професійної підготовки майбутніх фахівців, зокрема авіаційної галузі. Висновлюється, що означена сучасна педагогічна технологія демонструє потужний науковий потенціал для ефективної професійної підготовки майбутніх фахівців, із запровадженням пошуководослідницького підходу під час викладання навчальних дисциплін у закладах вищої освіти. Впровадження кращих європейських практик зі STEM-освіти та їхнє активне використання є перспективним напрямом у вищій школі України.
AbstractThe most visible output of the European Union (EU) negotiation process is shifts in actors' policy positions. Shifts in actors' positions have relevant implications for understanding the EU decision‐making process. On the one hand, actors' shifts in positions can be interpreted as evidence that negotiation actually has taken place. On the other hand, shifts in positions imply that there is a tendency to compromise for convergence upon a final solution. This article indicates the extent to which institutional factors and negotiation conditions can explain those shifts in actors' positions. A subset of the DEU dataset containing information on shifts in actors' positions on issues raised by 28 Commission proposals is examined. The research shows that shifts in positions can be explained by institutional factors such as the decision rule and the legislative procedure implemented, the voting power actors hold in the decision‐making process and/or the type of policy instrument executed.
