Suchergebnisse

Aims. We investigate the long gamma-ray burst (GRB) 140629A through multiwavelength observations to derive the properties of the dominant jet and its host galaxy. Methods. The afterglow and host galaxy observations were taken in the optical (Swift/UVOT and various facilities worldwide), infrared (Spitzer), and X-rays (Swift/XRT) between 40 s and 3 yr after the burst trigger. Results. Polarisation observations by the MASTER telescope indicate that this burst is weakly polarised. The optical spectrum contains absorption features, from which we confirm the redshift of the GRB as originating at z = 2.276 ± 0.001. We performed spectral fitting of the X-rays to optical afterglow data and find there is no strong spectral evolution. We determine the hydrogen column density NH to be 7.2 × 1021 cm−2 along the line of sight. The afterglow in this burst can be explained by a blast wave jet with a long-lasting central engine expanding into a uniform medium in the slow cooling regime. At the end of energy injection, a normal decay phase is observed in both the optical and X-ray bands. An achromatic jet break is also found in the afterglow light curves ∼0.4 d after trigger. We fit the multiwavelength data simultaneously with a model based on a numerical simulation and find that the observations can be explained by a narrow uniform jet in a dense environment with an opening angle of 6.7◦ viewed 3.8◦ off-axis, which released a total energy of 1.4 × 1054 erg. Using the redshift and opening angle, we find GRB 140629A follows both the Ghirlanda and Amati relations. From the peak time of the light curve, identified as the onset of the forward shock (181s after trigger), the initial Lorentz factor (Γ0) is constrained in the range 82-118. Fitting the host galaxy photometry, we find the host to be a low mass, star-forming galaxy with a star formation rate of log (SFR) = 1.1+−00.94 M yr−1. We obtain a value of the neutral hydrogen density by fitting the optical spectrum, log NHI = 21.0 ± 0.3, classifying this host as a damped Lyman-alpha. High ionisation lines (N v, Si iv) are also detected in the spectrum. © ESO 2019. ; China Scholarship Council, CSC ; National Science Foundation, NSF ; National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program): DST/IMRCD/BRICS/Pilotcall/ProFCheap/2017, 2018YFA0404204, NSFC-11833003 ; 17-52-80133 ; Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, ASI: 2015-046-R.0 ; Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Minobrnauka: 2019-05-595-0001-2496, 2019-05-592-0001-7293 ; 17-52-80139 BRICS-a ; Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, ASI ; 201406660015 ; Leverhulme Trust ; European Regional Development Fund, FEDER: AYA-2015-71718-R ; National Research Foundation, NRF: 2018R1A2A1A05022685 ; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020: 654215 ; ★ Research supported by the China Scholarship Council. † Deceased. ; 7 IRAF is distributed by the National Optical Astronomy Observatory, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. under cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. http://ast.noao.edu/data/software ; Acknowledgements. Acknowledge the support by the program of China Scholarships Council (CSC) under the Grant no. 201406660015. We also acknowledge support from the Spanish MINEICO ministry and European FEDER funds AYA-2015-71718-R. SRO gratefully acknowledges the support of the Leverhulme Trust Early Career Fellowship. RS-R acknowledges support from ASI (Italian Space Agency) through the Contract no. 2015-046-R.0 and from European Union Horizon 2020 Programme under the AHEAD project (grant agreement no. 654215). MASTER equipment is supported by Lomonosov MSU Development Program and by Moscow Union OPTIKA. VL,EG, NT, VK are supported by BRICS RFBR grant 17-52-80133. MASTER-Tunka equipment is supported of Russian Federation Ministry of Science and High Education (grants 2019-05-592-0001-7293 and 2019-05-595-0001-2496). B.-B.Z. acknowledges support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFA0404204), and NSFC-11833003. S.B.P. acknowledges BRICS grant DST/IMRCD/BRICS/Pilotcall/ProFCheap/2017(G) for this work. I.D. acknowledges L. Piro his invitation and financial support to visit and work at IAPS (Rome). We also acknowledge the use of the public data from the Swift data archive. We thank the excellent support form the GTC staff which is located at Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos at Canary Islands (Spain). Thanks to the data support by NASA with Spitzer Space Telescope. SP and RB acknowledge support from RBRF grant 17-52-80139 BRICS-a. IHP acknowledges support from NRF 2018R1A2A1A05022685. Finally, we want to thank the anonymous referee for his/her comments, which have substantially improved the manuscript.

Context. Long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) give us the chance to study both their extreme physics and the star-forming galaxies in which they form. Aims. GRB 100418A, at a redshift of z = 0.6239, had a bright optical and radio afterglow, and a luminous star-forming host galaxy. This allowed us to study the radiation of the explosion as well as the interstellar medium of the host both in absorption and emission. Methods. We collected photometric data from radio to X-ray wavelengths to study the evolution of the afterglow and the contribution of a possible supernova (SN) and three X-shooter spectra obtained during the first 60 h. Results. The light curve shows a very fast gamma-ray burst: individual: GRB100418A; supernovae: individual: GRB100418A; galaxies: dwarf; ISM: abundances; ISM: kinematics and dynamicsoptical rebrightening, with an amplitude of ∼3 magnitudes, starting 2.4 h after the GRB onset. This cannot be explained by a standard external shock model and requires other contributions, such as late central-engine activity. Two weeks after the burst we detect an excess in the light curve consistent with a SN with peak absolute magnitude M = -18.5 mag, among the faintest GRB-SNe detected to date. The host galaxy shows two components in emission, with velocities differing by 130 km s, but otherwise having similar properties. While some absorption and emission components coincide, the absorbing gas spans much higher velocities, indicating the presence of gas beyond the star-forming regions. The host has a star formation rate of SFR = 12.2 M yr, a metallicity of 12 + log(O/H) = 8.55, and a mass of 1.6⊙ ×⊙ 10 M. Conclusions. GRB 100418A is a member of a class of afterglow light curves which show a steep rebrightening in the optical during the first day, which cannot be explained by traditional models. Its very faint associated SN shows that GRB-SNe can have a larger dispersion in luminosities than previously seen. Furthermore, we have obtained a complete view of the host of GRB 100418A owing to its spectrum, which contains a remarkable number of both emission and absorption lines.© ESO 2018. ; AdUP, CCT, KB, DAK, LI, and ZC acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity under grant number AYA 2014-58381-P; in addition, AdUP and CCT from Ramon y Cajal fellowships (RyC-2012-09975 and RyC-2012-09984). DAK also acknowledges financial support from Juan de la Cierva Incorporacion fellowship IJCI-2015-26153. RF acknowledges support from European Regional Development Fund-Project >Engineering applications of microworld physics> (No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000766). IB, IKh, RB, and SM acknowledge TUBITAK, IKI, KFU, and AST for partial support in using RTT150. This work was partially funded by the subsidy 3.6714.2017/8.9 allocated to Kazan Federal University for the state assignment in the sphere of scientific activities. TK acknowledges support from the DFG cluster of excellence >Origin and Structure of the Universe>. PS acknowledges support through the Sofja Kovalevskaja Award from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation of Germany. RSR acknwoledges support from ASI (Italian Space Agency) through Contract n. 2015-046-R.0 and from European Union Horizon 2020 Programme under the AHEAD project (grant agreement n. 654215). The Cosmic Dawn Center is funded by the DNRF. Based on observations made with the Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC), installed in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, in the island of La Palma. The Submillimeter Array is a joint project between the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics and is funded by the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica. This work is based on observations carried out under project number U051 with the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer. IRAM is supported by INSU/CNRS (France), MPG (Germany), and IGN (Spain). Some of the data presented herein were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W.M. Keck Foundation. This work is based on observations made with the Spitzer Space Telescope, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with NASA. Support for this work was provided by NASA through an award issued by JPL/Caltech. The UKIRT data were pipeline processed at the Cambridge Astronomical Survey Unit, and are archived at the Wide Field Astronomy Unit at the Royal Observatory Edinburgh This work made use of data supplied by the UK Swift Science Data Centre at the University of Leicester.

We present the extensive follow-up campaign on the afterglow of GRB 110715A at 17 different wavelengths, from X-ray to radio bands, starting 81 s after the burst and extending up to 74 d later. We performed for the first time a GRB afterglow observation with the ALMA observatory. We find that the afterglow of GRB 110715A is very bright at optical and radio wavelengths. We use the optical and near-infrared spectroscopy to provide further information about the progenitor's environment and its host galaxy. The spectrum shows weak absorption features at a redshift z = 0.8225, which reveal a host-galaxy environment with low ionization, column density, and dynamical activity. Late deep imaging shows a very faint galaxy, consistent with the spectroscopic results. The broad-band afterglow emission is modelled with synchrotron radiation using a numerical algorithm and we determine the best-fitting parameters using Bayesian inference in order to constrain the physical parameters of the jet and the medium in which the relativistic shock propagates. We fitted our data with a variety of models, including different density profiles and energy injections. Although the general behaviour can be roughly described by these models, none of them are able to fully explain all data points simultaneously. GRB 110715A shows the complexity of reproducing extensive multiwavelength broad-band afterglow observations, and the need of good sampling in wavelength and time and more complex models to accurately constrain the physics of GRB afterglows. ; RSR is grateful to SEPE for financial support while finishing this work and his PhD thesis. RSR, SRO, AJCT, YDH, SJ, and JCT acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Government projects AYA 2009- 14000-C03-01 and AYA 2012-39727-C03-01. Parts of this research were conducted by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), through project No. CE110001020. AdUP and CT acknowledge support from Ramon´ y Cajal fellowships and from the Spanish research project AYA 2014-58381. JJ acknowledges financial contribution from the grant PRIN MIUR 2012 201278X4FL 002 'The Intergalactic Medium as a probe of the growth of cosmic structures'. DAK acknowledges the financial support by MPE Garching and TLS Tautenburg. Part of the funding for GROND (both hardware as well as personnel) was generously granted from the Leibniz-Prize to Prof. G. Hasinger (DFG grant HA 1850/28-1). PS and TK acknowledges support through the Sofja Kovalevskaja Award to P. Schady from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation of Germany. AU is grateful for travel funding support through the Max-Planck Inst. for Extraterrestrial Physics. SK and ANG acknowledge support by DFG grant Kl 766/16-1. This work made use of data supplied by the UK Swift Science Data Centre at the University of Leicester. Facilities: This publication is based on data acquired with the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) under program 087.F- 9301(A). This paper makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#2011.0.00001.E. ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA) and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada), NSC and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO and NAOJ. This publication is based on data acquired with the VLT/Xshooter under program 087.A-0055(C), as well as with VLT/FORS2 under program 091.A-0703(A). ; Peer-reviewed ; Publisher Version

Dentro de la Memoria del cuarto simposium sobre historia, sociedad y cultura de México y América Latina. Encuentro internacional sobre democracia, se presentan 23 trabajos expuestos en el evento académico homónimo, realizado entre el 14 y el 16 de octubre de 2008. En ellos se aborda el tema de la democracia desde diferentes perspectivas y en relación con distintos periodos históricos y naciones.

Leading Colombian academics and experienced policy practitioners cast new light on their country in this systematic overview of policy analysis for an international audience. Examining the historical development and current status of policy analysis as a field of study and in practice, it considers public policy analysis in government and the judiciary, and across domains including health, education and the military. Contributors also delve into Colombia's notable success in economic regeneration, the management of cultural diversity and the resolution of long-term internal armed conflict. Not just an important summation of policy analysis in Colombia, this book also provides insights and lessons applicable elsewhere

Por ello, este libro presenta reflexiones y análisis teóricos investigativos que apuestan por generar acciones de cambio en tiempos de crisis. Se presentan tres capítulos grandes: "Impactos psicosociales y salud mental" como un eje fundamental del trabajo que se realiza desde el CIAPSC, el grupo de investigación Pasos de Libertad e investigadores; "Calidad de vida y transformación social" como un eje que está ligado tanto al propósito unadista como a los propósitos del desarrollo del milenio; finalmente, "Educación y tecnología para la inclusión social" como un pilar fundamental que se ha fortalecido y que ha permitido que más personas en la región y el país a través de la UNAD se incluyan en la educación a través de los recursos tecnológicos e innovadores.

Whether stars could have driven the reionization of the intergalactic medium depends critically on the proportion of ionizing radiation that escapes the galaxies in which it is produced. Spectroscopy of gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows can be used to estimate the opacity to extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation along the lines-of-sight to the bursts. Assuming that long-duration GRBs trace the locations of the massive stars dominating EUV production, the average escape fraction of ionizing radiation can be calculated independently of galaxy size or luminosity. Here we present a compilation of H i column density (N HI ) measures for 140 GRBs in the range 1.6 < z < 6.7. Although the sample is heterogeneous, in terms of spectral resolution and signal-to-noise ratio, fits to the Ly α absorption line provide robust constraints on N HI , even for spectra of insufficient quality for other purposes. Thus we establish an escape fraction at the Lyman limit of (f esc ) ≈ 0.005, with a 98 per cent confidence upper limit of (f esc ) ≈ 0.015. This analysis suggests that stars provide a small contribution to the ionizing radiation budget at z < 5. At higher redshifts firm conclusions are limited by the small size of the GRB sample (7/140), but any decline in average H i column density seems to be modest. We also find no significant correlation of N HI with galaxy UV luminosity or host stellar mass. We discuss in some detail potential biases and argue that, while not negligible, systematic errors in f esc are unlikely to be more than a factor ~2 in either direction, and so would not affect the primary conclusions. Given that many GRB hosts are low-metallicity dwarf galaxies with high specific star-formation rates, these results present a particular problem for the hypothesis that such galaxies dominated the reionization of the Universe. © 2018 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. ; JJ acknowledges support from Nederlandse Onderzoekschool Voor Astronomie(NOVA) and The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) - The Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) grant for advanced instrumentation in astronomy. KEH acknowledges support by a Project Grant (162948-051) from The Icelandic Research Fund. DAK acknowledges support from the Spanish research project AYA2014-58381-P and Juan de la Cierva Incorporacion IJCI-2015-26153. AJL and ERS acknowledge Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) consolidated grant ST/L000733/1. NRT and KW acknowledge Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) consolidated grant ST/N000757/1. AC acknowledges National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) grant NNX15AP95A. AdUP acknowledges support from a Ramon y Cajal fellowship (RyC-2012-09975), a 2016 Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria (BBVA) Foundation Grant for Researchers and Cultural Creators, and from the Spanish research project AYA 2014-58381-P. RC acknowledges partial support from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Swift grant NNX16AB04G.This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 725246). ; Peer Reviewed

Stabilized HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) that resemble the native Env are utilized in vaccination strategies aimed at inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). To limit the exposure of rare isolate-specific antigenic residues/determinants we generated a SOSIP trimer based on a consensus sequence of all HIV-1 group M isolates (ConM). The ConM trimer displays the epitopes of most known bNAbs and several germline bNAb precursors. The crystal structure of the ConM trimer at 3.9 Å resolution resembles that of the native Env trimer and its antigenic surface displays few rare residues. The ConM trimer elicits strong NAb responses against the autologous virus in rabbits and macaques that are significantly enhanced when it is presented on ferritin nanoparticles. The dominant NAb specificity is directed against an epitope at or close to the trimer apex. Immunogens based on consensus sequences might have utility in engineering vaccines against HIV-1 and other viruses. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 681137 (to R.S., R.W.S., G.S., M.C., and J.A.). This work was also supported by the U.S. National Institutes of Health Grant P01 AI110657 (to J.P.M., A.B.W., I.A.W., and R.W.S.) and NIAID Contract #HHSN27201100016C (to D.C.M.); by the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI); by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation through the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), grants OPP1111923 and OPP1132237 (to J.P.M. and R.W.S.) and OPP1115782 (A.B.W.); by the Aids Fonds Netherlands, Grant #2016019 (to R.W.S.); and by the Fondation Dormeur, Vaduz (to R.W.S. and to M.J.v.G.). R.W.S. is a recipient of a Vici grant from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). This work was partially supported by the Spanish Plan Nacional R+D+I [RD16/0017/0037] and FIS [PI16/1355], co-financed by ISCIII-Subdirección General de Evaluación y el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER). This work was also supported by the Global Frontier Project (grant number: NRF-2013M-3A6A-4043695) and the Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center (grant number: 2011–0030001) funded through the National Research Foundation from the Ministry of Science and ICT of Korea (to B.W.H). M.J.v.G. is a recipient of an AMC Fellowship and a Mathilde Krim Fellowship from the American Foundation for AIDS Research (amfAR) (109514–61-RKVA). J.MC-S. is a recipient of a fellowship from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología of Mexico (CONACYT). The electron microscopy data were collected at Electron Microscopy Facility of The Scripps Research Institute. The Amsterdam Cohort Studies on HIV infection and AIDS, a collaboration between the Amsterdam Health Service, the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation, Medical Center Jan van Goyen and the HIV Focus Center of the DC-Clinics, are part of the Netherlands HIV Monitoring Foundation and financially supported by the Center for Infectious Disease Control of the Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment. X-ray data sets were collected at the Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory (beamline 23 ID-D). GM/CA CAT is funded in whole or in part with federal funds from the National Cancer Institute (Y1-CO-1020) and NIGMS (Y1-GM-1104). Use of the Advanced Photon Source was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Basic Energy Sciences, Office of Science, under contract no. DE-AC02–06CH11357. ; Sí

Restricting children's exposures to marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages is a global obesity prevention priority. Monitoring marketing exposures supports informed policymaking. This study presents a global overview of children's television advertising exposure to healthy and unhealthy products. Twenty-two countries contributed data, captured between 2008 and 2017. Advertisements were coded for the nature of foods and beverages, using the 2015 World Health Organization (WHO) Europe Nutrient Profile Model (should be permitted/not-permitted to be advertised). Peak viewing times were defined as the top five hour timeslots for children. On average, there were four times more advertisements for foods/beverages that should not be permitted than for permitted foods/beverages. The frequency of food/beverages advertisements that should not be permitted per hour was higher during peak viewing times compared with other times (P < 0.001). During peak viewing times, food and beverage advertisements that should not be permitted were higher in countries with industry self-regulatory programmes for responsible advertising compared with countries with no policies. Globally, children are exposed to a large volume of television advertisements for unhealthy foods and beverages, despite the implementation of food industry programmes. Governments should enact regulation to protect children from television advertising of unhealthy products that undermine their health.

Este artículo contiene 27 páginas, 2 tablas, 5 figuras. ; Shearwaters and petrels (hereafter petrels) are highly adapted seabirds that occur across all the world's oceans. Petrels are a threatened seabird group comprising 124 species. They have bet-hedging life histories typified by extended chick rearing periods, low fecundity, high adult survival, strong philopatry, monogamy and long-term mate fidelity and are thus vulnerable to change. Anthropogenic alterations on land and at sea have led to a poor conservation status of many petrels with 52 (42%) threatened species based on IUCN criteria and 65 (52%) suffering population declines. Some species are well-studied, even being used as bioindicators of ocean health, yet for others there are major knowledge gaps regarding their breeding grounds, migratory areas or other key aspects of their biology and ecology. We assembled 38 petrel conservation researchers to summarize information regarding the most important threats according to the IUCN Red List of threatened species to identify knowledge gaps that must be filled to improve conservation and management of petrels. We highlight research advances on the main threats for petrels (invasive species at breeding grounds, bycatch, overfishing, light pollution, climate change, and pollution). We propose an ambitious goal to reverse at least some of these six main threats, through active efforts such as restoring island habitats (e.g., invasive species removal, control and prevention), improving policies and regulations at global and regional levels, and engaging local communities in conservation efforts. ; AR and FR were supported by Juan de la Cierva programme, Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (IJCI-2015-23913 and IJCI-2015-24531). ML was funded by the Ramón y Cajal programme (RYC-2012-09897), Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness. WM was supported by an NSERC Discovery grant. MG was partially supported by the European Union (MINOUW Project, H2020-634495). JMA and VC were supported by ZEPAMED Project, Pleamar programme, Fundación Biodiversidad, Spanish Ministry of Ecological Transition. ; Peer reviewed

Esta memoria reúne 27 trabajos que dan cuenta, en la media de lo posible, de la notable complejidad de las manifestaciones del poder en el pasado y el presente de América Latina, al abarcar tanto las de carácter democrático como las de naturaleza autoritaria, tanto las que prevalecieron en los ámbitos de mayor amplitud, imperiales o nacionales, como las que se hicieron presentes en ámbitos locales, organizacionales más reducidos, tanto en pasados más o menos remotos como en la coyuntura más actual.

BACKGROUND: The only known albino gorilla, named Snowflake, was a male wild born individual from Equatorial Guinea who lived at the Barcelona Zoo for almost 40 years. He was diagnosed with non-syndromic oculocutaneous albinism, i.e. white hair, light eyes, pink skin, photophobia and reduced visual acuity. Despite previous efforts to explain the genetic cause, this is still unknown. Here, we study the genetic cause of his albinism and making use of whole genome sequencing data we find a higher inbreeding coefficient compared to other gorillas./n/nRESULTS: We successfully identified the causal genetic variant for Snowflake's albinism, a non-synonymous single nucleotide variant located in a transmembrane region of SLC45A2. This transporter is known to be involved in oculocutaneous albinism type 4 (OCA4) in humans. We provide experimental evidence that shows that this amino acid replacement alters the membrane spanning capability of this transmembrane region. Finally, we provide a comprehensive study of genome-wide patterns of autozygogosity revealing that Snowflake's parents were related, being this the first report of inbreeding in a wild born Western lowland gorilla./n/nCONCLUSIONS: In this study we demonstrate how the use of whole genome sequencing can be extended to link genotype and phenotype in non-model organisms and it can be a powerful tool in conservation genetics (e.g., inbreeding and genetic diversity) with the expected decrease in sequencing cost. ; The Spanish Government for grants BFU2010-14839 to JLG-S, Spanish Government and FEDER for grants BFU2009-13409-C02-02 and BFU2012-38236 to AN and JP-M, BFU2012-39482 to IM, and BFU2011-28549 to TM-B The Andalusian Government for grants CSD2007-00008 and CVI-3488, supported by FEDER to JLG-S The Barcelona Zoo (Ajuntament de Barcelona) for an award to JP-M. EEE is an investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.The European Community for an ERC Starting Grant (StG_20091118)) to TM-B.

Los textos reunidos en este libro dan cuenta de las tensiones y desafíos a la hora de generar políticas públicas en derechos humanos que sean inclusivas, que respondan a parámetros de participación ciudadana eficaces y con incidencia. También muestran la tensión observada ‒una vez más‒ entre el corto y el largo plazo: las temporalidades de los gobiernos y de los Estados. Asimismo, en estos escritos tenemos en cuenta el análisis de contextos y políticas desde el enfoque de derechos humanos que nos permite detectar que, con mucha frecuencia, los Planes de esta naturaleza ‒en tanto herramienta provista por instancias internacionales de protección‒ no terminan de ser implementadas en el nivel nacional o subnacional, sino que muchas veces se construyen como modos de "agradar" a las agendas internacionales, más que como formas de convocar e interpelar a los pueblos en iniciativas colectivas de transformación. Por ello, intentamos construir propuestas interpretativas que permitan analizar críticamente ‒y también fortalecer‒ a los planes de derechos humanos en estos caminos ambiguos de formulación, puesta en práctica y evaluación, porque creemos que estas políticas integrales y transversales son, o pueden ser, instrumentos para construir sociedades más justas e incluyentes, pero requieren trabajo y compromiso de largo alcance. De la Presentación