Suchergebnisse

The article deals with the application rationae personae of the right to selfdetermination. Relying on the existing international legal framework, decisions of the judicial bodies and doctrine, the author analyses conceivable beneficiaries of the above-mentioned right: the inhabitants of Trust and Non-Self-Governing territories, peoples under foreign occupation, the entire population of a state and subgroups within a state. ; Straipsnio tikslas yra atskleisti ir išanalizuoti apsisprendimo teisės taikymo rationae personae (subjektų) aspektą tarptautinėje viešojoje teisėje. Apsisprendimo teisę įtvirtinanti 1945 m. Jungtinių Tautų Chartija, kitos tarptautinės teisės sutartys bei dokumentai nustato, kad ši teisė priklauso "peoples", tačiau nė vienas iš dokumentų nepateikia termino apibrėžties. Vis dėlto tarptautinių dokumentų, valstybių bei teismų praktikos analizė rodo, kad apsisprendimo teisės subjektais vienareikšmiškai galima laikyti globojamų ir nesavavaldžių teritorijų gyventojus bei visus atitinkamos valstybės teritorijoje gyvenančius asmenis. Analizė paneigia kai kurių autorių nuomonę, jog apsisprendimo teisė priklauso tik globojamų ir nesavavaldžių teritorijų gyventojams. Tarptautinės viešosios teisės doktrinoje nėra vienareikšmiškai sutariama dėl to, ar apsisprendimo teisės subjektu galima laikyti valstybės teritorijoje gyvenančių žmonių grupę. Tarptautinės teisės dokumentų, teismų ir kitų institucijų praktikos analizė atskleidžia, kad žmonių grupė, iš kitų išsiskirianti objektyviaisiais bei subjektyviais bruožais, gali būti laikoma "peoples", t. y. apsisprendimo teisės subjektu. Ši žmonių grupė gali sutapti su mažuma, jeigu mažumai būdingi atitinkami objektyvūs ir subjektyvūs bruožai. Pažymėtina, kad apsisprendimo teisės priklausymas tam tikrai žmonių grupei per se nereiškia, jog ši grupė turi teisę į vienašalę sececiją. Šiuo atveju pirmiausiai įgyvendinamas "vidinis" apsisprendimas, t. y. valstybės viduje, sprendžiant dėl politinio, socialinio, ekonominio, kultūrinio grupės vystymosi. Tuo tarpu globojamų ir nesavavaldžių teritorijų gyventojai apsisprendimo teisę įgyvendino tik "išoriškai", t. y. įkurdami nepriklausomą valstybę, prisijungdami ar susijungdami su jau esančia valstybe. "Vidinis" apsisprendimo teisės aspektas dekolonizacijos proceso metu buvo "ignoruojamas". Tuo atveju, kai apsisprendimo teisę įgyvendina visi valstybės teritorijoje gyvenantys asmenys, jie gali įgyvendinti abu šios teisės aspektus ‒ tiek "vidinį", tiek "išorinį".

Tbe Study "The proteetion of transboundary rivers in Europe - on the effectiveness of international environment aI regimes" addresses three main scientific questions. 1. Is the regime for the protection ofthe river Rhine effective in protecting a transboundary river? 2. Does the regime inc1ude measurable - and by the Central and Eastern European States subjectivley observable - mechanisms, which could help to establish effective environmental protection regimes for transboundary rivers in Central and Eastern Europe? 3. Are there any negative or positive effects, caused by the transfonnation processes,which have a major impact on the water protection policy in Central and Eastern Europe? To answer these questions, different case studies were carried out on the rivers Rhine, EIbe, Odra, Vistula, Bug, Nemunas and Daugava. Tbe results of the case studies show that the regime for the protection of the river Rhine worked effectiv for the protection ofthe river. Tbe main reason forthis could be found in the way the regime was specifically designed for institutional cooperation. To be a model for transboundary river protection in Central and Eastern Europe, the complex system of institutionalized cooperation mechanisms of the river Rhine regime should be carried over in its basic systematic structure. This should be done , however, in a flexible way. Thus, new regimes should inc1ude the possibility to reconsider and react on the specific ecological conditions of the specific river system and socio economic demands, which result from the ongoing transformation processes in that region. Monitoring- and implementation controll systems, verification systems, working groups or a cooperation at various administrative and political levels are main elements for the effectiveness of every environmental regime. Tbe question which is more decisive is, how to organize and put these cooperation mechanisms to work to solve the problem.

L'auteur se pose comme objectif l'étude des conditions nécessaires et suffisantes qui doivent être réunies afin que les niveaux de vie de deux pays quelconques puissent s'inscrire sur la même échelle de comparaison.
Le point de départ est donné par un modèle simplifié de l'univers U, composé de deux environnements EA et EB, et des deux pays PA e EA et PB e EB. Sont inclus dans les environnements respectifs : les climat et conditions naturelles, l'héritage spirituel de la nation, les droits de l'Homme, la protection de la santé et l'éducation. Les qualités des environnements déterminent les niveaux de vie- au même titre que d'autres biens et services. Ils forment conjointement des ensembles que l'auteur classe en trois catégories : originaux, banals et mixtes. Sur le plan de la comparaison, seuls les ensembles dits « banals » sont, sous réserve de structures internes identiques, parfaitement comparables et permettent une hiérarchisation univoque des niveaux de vie respectifs en fonction du facteur quantitatif.
On démontre dans l'article que la plupart des comparaisons internationales des niveaux de vie entre pays à environnements et qualités très différents des biens et services n'obéissent pas à la condition ci-dessus. L'auteur formule à cette occasion deux types de « Paradoxes d'auto-estimation » auxquels parviennent involontairement les études comparatives (Gilbert & Kravis, p. ex.), basées alternativement sur les prix pratiqués en Pa et en PB. Le premier paradoxe exprime une situation où le niveau de vie en Pa est supérieur à celui-ci en Pb si l'on mesure les deux niveaux aux prix A, par exemple, mais simultanément inférieur à celui en PB si l'on mesure les deux niveaux aux prix B. Le second Paradoxe reflète un cas, où les systèmes des prix A et B donnent deux résultats différents quant au degré dt supériorité du niveau de vie en Pa par rapport à Pb.

In this paper we analyze sanctioning policies in international law. We develop a model of international military conflict where the conflicting countries can be a target of international sanctions. These sanctions constitute an equilibrium outcome of an international political market for sanctions, where different countries trade political influence. We show that the level of sanctions in equilibrium is strictly positive but limited, in the sense that higher sanctions would exacerbate the military conflict, not reduce it. We then propose an alternative interpretation to the perceived lack of effectiveness of international sanctions, by showing that the problem might not be one of undersanctioning but of oversanctioning. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Influential 20th Century activists such as Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr. and Thich Nhat Hanh were motivated by love, a key feature of the human condition (Maturana & Verden-Zoller 2008). However, the social work profession generally avoids love as an ethic of practice (Banks 2006; Butot 2004; Morley & Ife 2002). Yet feminist bell hooks (2000) claims love can transform dominant structures of inequality, such as capitalism, patriarchy, racism and environmental exploitation. Drawing from Peck (1978), hooks describes love as '[t]he will to extend one's self for the purpose of nurturing one's own or another's spiritual growth' (2000, p. 4). Ingredients of love are care, affection, recognition, respect, commitment and trust, with honest and open communication, forgiveness and giving. This Thesis including Published Works considers the love ethic in international rural community work. It includes six sole-authored journal articles with an exegesis to analyse my research regarding love in community work and contribute an alternative paradigm to social work and community work theory and practice. The research questions are: What is love in international rural community work? and, How can love transform structural inequality? My methodology was informed by change-oriented research, a four-part epistemology of change I developed that involves shared power (McCall 2005; Mikkelsen 2005), participation (Arnstein 1969; Davidson 1998; Heron 1996; Pretty et al. 1995), action (Greenwood & Levin 2007; Stringer 2007) and contextual reflexivity (Delva, Allen-Meares & Momper 2010; Denzin & Giardina 2009; Saukko 2003). Change-oriented research is a collaborative process to understand and transform social injustices through cycles of action and reflection, generating multiple and contextualised knowledges that empower participants to collectively take action for sustainable change. Through the co-operative inquiry method (Heron 1996), I worked with community workers, volunteers, activists and community members as co-inquirers (also referred to as co-researchers) in three case studies in Timor-Leste, Australia and Peru to collaboratively develop knowledge regarding love-based community work. Each co-operative inquiry used creative methods such as visual art, theatre, dialogue and storytelling (Bessarab & Ng'andu 2010; Holt 2013; Knowles & Cole 2008; Leavy 2008; Markula 2006; Pauwels 2011). I combined the inquiry outcomes into a theory of practice entitled The Love Ethic for Transformational Change. The Love Ethic is grounded in hooks' love-centred radical feminism, dialogue (Freire 1989; Westoby & Dowling 2013), nonviolence (Gandhi 2005; Hanh 1993; King Jr. 1967a; Kelly & Sewell 1988) and the interconnectedness of people and nature. The Love Ethic has four features: • It is based on values and universal rights of humans and nature; • It promotes participatory, democratic and gender transformative community work processes that intertwine people and nature and actively challenge structures of power and inequality; • It aims for structural change for universal wellbeing of people and nature; and, • Love-based action is reciprocal and cyclical. The Love Ethic supports social movements to collectively critique and transform inequitable systems. This research is a radical contribution to social work theory and practice. I argue love is an ethical philosophy of action for progressive people's movements to bring about a new world order of equality and sustainability

Sri Lanka's population is still largely rural, nearly 85 percent lives outside of cities. There will probably be rural-to-urban migration in the future, which represents a potential opportunity to m-money providers. People working in cities often wish to repatriate their savings to their rural families conveniently and at a low cost. Income is fairly evenly spread across Sri Lanka s provinces, with the exception of the Western Province where Colombo, the largest city, is situated. Its GDP per capita places Sri Lanka near the average of comparable Southeast Asian countries. Malaysia is clearly an outlier with a considerably higher GDP per capita, but Sri Lanka s GDP is higher than that of the Philippines, where m-money has taken off dramatically. Poverty is less of a problem in Sri Lanka relative to countries like Bangladesh or Cambodia, where GDP per capita is much lower. The key point is that Sri Lanka is at a different stage in its economic development and is unlikely to have the same socioeconomic conditions that made m-money in Kenya accelerate so rapidly.

International Organizations — Officials — International Institute of Intellectual Co-operation — Liquidation of — Termination Indemnity — Timeliness of Complaint — Depreciation of Currency — Absence of Effect on Sums Payable in a Given Currency.