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Introduction / Steffen Angenendt -- Asylum and migration in the EU member states: structures, challenges and policies in comparative perspective / Steffen Angenendt -- Austria / Heinz Fassmann -- Belgium / Antonio Cruz -- Denmark / Jan Hjarn(c)ı -- Finland / Olavi Koivukangas -- France / Steffen Angenendt and Peter Pfaffenroth -- Germany / Steffen Angenendt -- Greece / Ross Fakiolas -- Ireland / Khalid Koser and Melisa Salazar -- Italy / Michele Contel and Rosaria De Biase -- Luxembourg / Antonio Cruz -- The Netherlands / Jeroen Doomerik -- Portugal / Maria Beatriz Rocha-Trindade and Manuel Armando Oliveira -- Spain / Walter Actis, Miguel (c)ngel de Prada and Carlos Pereda -- Sweden / Birgitta Ornbrant -- United Kingdom / Khalid Koser and Melisa Salazar

Europe has been marked by many profound changes since the 1980s. Among those prominently discussed in the political economy literature are the massive decline in trade union membership, the alarming rise in income inequality, and the increasingly disproportionate distribution of labor market risks. This thesis combines these issues and explores how unionization relates to income and risk inequality by investigating the roles of trade unions and trade union membership in the political arena: One article analyzes if and how unions represent high-risk individuals in the legislative arena by lobbying for labor market outsiders in dualization reforms; three articles examine how union membership shapes electoral demand for policies alleviating income and labor market risk inequality and electoral support for left-wing parties in pursuit of such policies. In doing so, this thesis contributes to our understanding of solidarity in the context of inequality and how union decline might fuel inequality.

This essay introduces the seven articles in the symposium. Placing this special issue within the purview of the new field of Feminist Comparative Policy, the analysis shows how the symposium contributes to comparative theories of feminist policy formation in Western postindustrial democracies. It then defines the three subareas of feminist policy covered in the rest of the volume -- political representation, equal employment, & reconciliation -- explains why the German & French cases were selected for comparative analysis, discusses the importance of the ongoing process of Europeanization for feminist policy in the two countries, & finishes with a presentation of the outline for the seven articles. 100 References. Adapted from the source document.

These reports describe the data protection laws of the European Union (Part I) and of selected foreign countries (Part II). They describe the legal framework for the collection, use, and transfer of data, and examine whether existing laws are adequate to deal with online privacy in an era of rapid technological development and globalization

The utility of multi-level governance for comprehending European Union regional policy is considered; specific attention is dedicated to uncovering whether multi-level governance contributed to the establishment of regional partnerships & encouraged nations to expand their additionality requirements for European Union regional funds. Scrutiny of the interaction between domestic policies in the UK since the late 1980s & the UK's adherence to regional policies revealed that the UK tended to accept European Union policies that agreed with existing domestic policy; however, it is stressed that the degree of partnership between UK national & subnational entities & the regional government has improved since 1998. Nevertheless, analysis of the UK government's adherence to the European Union's additionality regulations demonstrated little coherence between domestic & regional economic & monetary policy. Despite the increasingly fragmented & disaggregated nature of the British state, it is concluded that the complete establishment of multi-level governance in the UK & in former communist nations in Central & Eastern Europe is unlikely. J. W. Parker

Corruption threatens the rule of law and the people's trust in the most important public institutions, it threatens political stability and social peace. Corruption lies at the core of organized crime, it spreads inequality, reduces trust in public institutions, undermines the principles of democracy and affects state fragility. Corruption is also the opposite of democracy, which represents freedom, equality, and the rule of law. Corruption affects the citizens' political and economic behaviour as well as elections and the investors' investment decisions. Corruption hinders the use of objective democratic criteria, which causes permanent damage in every society. The key cornerstones of preventing corruption are to establish monitoring mechanisms and to strengthen the cooperation within civil society by raising public awareness of corruption as well as by developing and pursuing anti-corruption policies. Still, in the European Union an effective mechanism has yet to be established, which would allow a coherent monitoring of the situation and the assessment of the progress of anti-corruption policies.

The article was devoted to the analyses of the European Union's integration strategy towards Western Balkans states. The author examines the reasons for transformation of the EUs' policy from restrained attitude towards enlargement of the Union embracing western Balkans states to acceleration of this process on the background of aggravation of the geopolitical situation and armed conflict around Ukraine. The European Union's priorities concerning its enlargement were also examined. They are oriented towards strengthening the EU's role as important actor on global and regional scale and aimed on prevention of geopolitical competition in the region and resumption of crisis cycle in the region by means of stabilization of the region, by realization of profound social and economic as well as legal reforms in the Western Balkans states on the basis of the Copenhagen criteria. Assessment of the EU' strategy on integration of the Western Balkans has been done on the basis of key documents of the EU's organs and official statements of its leaders as well as results of the EU's summits in Slovenia and Brussels (December 2023). Considerable attention was devoted to the key directions of perspective cooperation of the EU and the Western Balkans states in the areas of security and defense. The conclusion was made that the EU's integration strategy towards Western Balkans is aimed at keeping those states in the realm of its political and economic influence and stabilization of the region in conditions of the new challenges to its stability and security.