This paper presents a critical examination of sexual harassment, a new form of illegality introduced in the Chilean legal system by Law Nº 20.005 /2005. The aim of the article is to determine if the protection offered by this new legislation is adequate and sufficient to prevent, punish and repair the harmful effects produced by sexual harassment in the workplace. The author tries to conceptualize the reality of sexual harassment. When confronting the concept with the legal definition of the phenomenon, the author finds that the legal definition is under inclusive, because it does not cover significant number of conducts involving harassment. The paper examines the variety of protection mechanisms, including the new judicial procedure of protection of fundamental rights. The author concludes that, although the new legislation represents an improvement on the subject, it could be difficult to enforce due to the imperfections of its legal technique. ; En este trabajo se plantea un análisis crítico del nuevo ilícito de acoso sexual introducido en el orden jurídico chileno por la Ley N ° 20.005/2005. Se trata de responder a la pregunta si la tutela que ofrece la nueva regulación es adecuada y suficiente para prevenir, sancionar y reparar los efectos lesivos del acoso sexual laboral. Se procura definir un concepto material del fenómeno. Al contrastar tal concepto con la noción jurídico-normativa, se detecta un déficit en la tipificación legal que deja fuera una parte significativa de los actos de acoso. Se analizan los distintos mecanismos de protección, incluido el nuevo procedimiento de tutela de los derechos fundamentales. Se concluye que, si bien la nueva legislación constituye un avance en esta materia, contiene deficiencias de técnica jurídica que pueden tornarla inoperante.
The rollout of the next generation access (NGA) networks as part of the future communications infrastructure involves substantial capital investment and risk. The design and enforcement of access regulation for the NGA networks have significant impact on the attainment of diverse policy goals concerning investment, innovation, competition and infrastructure openness. This study compares and analyses the legal and policy developments in the US, the UK, Australia and Hong Kong for access regulation in the transition from the first generation access (FGA) to the NGA network environment, with a theoretical framework based on transaction cost economics (TCE). On the basis of doctrinal and archival researches, this study investigates four research questions. First, what are the similarities and differences between the regulatory models adopted by the four jurisdictions for access regulation in the FGA and the NGA network environments? Second, how did transaction costs arise in these four regulatory models and affect the implementation of access regulation on their respective FGA networks? Third, how do these four jurisdictions reform access regulation for the NGA network environment in response to the transaction cost problems encountered in the FGA network environment? Fourth, how does TCE contribute to the theoretical understanding and future reform of access regulation in the NGA network environment based on experience in these four jurisdictions? The study explains access regulation and provides theoretical contributions to the optimal form of access regulation in the NGA network environment on the basis of TCE theories. This study has found that the regulatory models adopted in the four jurisdictions have achieved the rollout of NGA networks, delivered various degrees of competition in the market and avoided many of the transaction cost problems encountered in the FGA network environment. However, this study has also revealed other problems with the regulatory models. Justifications of the access regulation based on significant market power, entry barriers or enduring bottlenecks have become untenable with the emergence of alternative access networks, but mere reliance on the market may not attain the public interest objectives of effective competition and infrastructure openness. Policymakers and regulators therefore face a dilemma in applying access regulation based on neoclassical economics. This thesis argues that the traditional concepts of market power and market failure based on neoclassical economics have constrained the ability of policymakers and regulators to address access problems in the NGA network environment. It asserts that the concepts of "transaction dependency" and transaction costs provide a better theoretical underpinning for designing access regulation. Policymakers and regulators should adopt laws and policies for access regulation to tackle problems arising from "transaction dependency" and transaction costs. This study is theoretically significant as it contributes to a new understanding of access regulation from the TCE perspectives. ; published_or_final_version ; Law ; Doctoral ; Doctor of Philosophy
This paper discusses the basic constitutional problem of modern international law since the UN Charter: How can the power-oriented international legal system based on "sovereign equality of states" be reconciled with the universal recognition of "inalienable" human rights deriving from respect for human dignity and popular sovereignty? State representatives, intergovernmental organizations, international judges and non-governmental organizations often express different views on how far the universal recognition of human rights has changed the subjects, structures, general principles, interpretative methods and "object and purpose" of international law (e.g. by the emergence of erga omnes obligations and jus cogens limiting state sovereignty to renounce human rights treaties, to refuse diplomatic protection of individuals abroad, or domestic implementation of international obligations for the benefit of domestic citizens). The paper explains why effective protection of human rights at home and abroad requires multilevel constitutional protection of individual rights as well as multilevel constitutional restraints of national, regional and worldwide governance powers and procedures. While all European states have accepted that the European Convention on Human Rights and EC law have evolved into international constitutional law, the prevailing paradigm for most states outside Europe remains "constitutional nationalism" rather than "multilevel constitutional pluralism." Consequently, European proposals for reforms of international economic law often aim at "constitutional reforms" (e.g. of worldwide governance institutions) rather than only "administrative reforms", as they are frequently favoured by non-European governments defending state sovereignty and popular sovereignty within a more power-oriented "international law among states."
En el presente documento se pretende hacer una aproximación teórica al "Principio de Imparcialidad" y realizar una análisis comparativo de su funcionamiento en la administración de justicia establecida en los Tribunales Penales Militares, lo anterior con base en los informes presentados por el Sr. Emmanuel Decaux a la Subcomisión de Promoción y Protección de los Derechos Humanos donde trata de manera detallada la administración de justicia por los Tribunales Militares, así como también tomando como base el Informe de la Relatora Especial de independencia de los magistrados y abogados suscrito por la Sra. Gabriela Knaul. La investigación es analítica-descriptiva, puesto que el objetivo del trabajo es analizar y caracterizar los aspectos externos que rodean a los Jueces Penales Militares e influyen en las decisiones judiciales como es el caso de la jerarquía que ostentan por tener la calidad de militares. Es importante conocer la estructura judicial y administrativa de la Justicia Penal Militar Colombiana, teniendo en cuenta que estas estructuras que son jerárquicas por tener una organización castrense que eventualmente podrían contrariar el Principio de Imparcialidad; obsérvese que podría analizarse si las decisiones de estos Tribunales pueden ser permeadas por la jerarquía militar y como garantizar de manera eficiente la aplicación del derecho de manera tal que no perciba ningún interés en las actuaciones judiciales sometidas a conocimiento de los referidos tribunales. ; 1. Presentación. 2. Resumen 3. Palabras claves 4. Introducción 4.1 Contexto del problema 4.2 Descripción del problema 4.3 Pregunta de investigación 4.4 Desarrollo del problema 4.5 Justificaciones de la investigación 4.6 Objetivos de la investigación 4.6.1 Objetivos general 4.6.2 Objetivos Específicos 5 Metodología de la investigación 6. Desarrollo 6.1 CAPÍTULO 1 La Justicia Penal Militar y el Principio de Imparcialidad. 6.2 CAPITULO 2 Principio de Imparcialidad y perspectiva de los principios de Decaux en la Justicia Penal Militar. 6.3 CAPÍTULO 3 Principio de imparcialidad analizado bajo el Informe de la Relatora Especial Gabriela Knaul, en Colombia. 7. Conclusiones 8. Trabajos citados. ; This document seeks to provide a theoretical approach to the "Principle of Impartiality" and to make a comparative analysis of its operation in the administration of justice established in the Military Criminal Courts, based on the reports submitted by Mr. Emmanuel Decaux to the Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, which deal in detail with the administration of justice by the Military Courts, as well as on the report of the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers signed by Ms. Gabriela Knaul. The research is analytical-descriptive, since the objective of the work is to analyze and characterize the external aspects that surround the Military Criminal Judges and influence judicial decisions, as is the case with the hierarchy that they hold as military personnel. It is important to understand the judicial and administrative structure of the Colombian Military Criminal Justice, taking into account that these structures are hierarchical because they are organized by the military and could eventually contradict the principle of impartiality. It should be noted that it could be analyzed whether the decisions of these courts can be permeated by the military hierarchy and how to efficiently guarantee the application of the law in such a way that it does not perceive any interest in the judicial proceedings submitted to the knowledge of the aforementioned courts ; Maestría
This book asks the fundamental question of how new human rights issues emerge in the human rights debate. To answer this, the book focuses on nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and on the case study of LGBTI (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex) rights. The work argues that the way in which NGOs decide their advocacy, conceptualise human rights violations and strategically present legal analysis to advance LGBTI human rights shapes the human rights debate. To demonstrate this, the book analyses three data sets: NGO written statements submitted to the United Nations Human Rights Council, NGO oral statements delivered during the Universal Periodic Review and 36 semi-structured interviews with NGO staff. Data are analysed with a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches to discover what issues are most important for LGBTI networks (issue emergence) and how these issues are framed (issue framing). Along with NGO efficiency in lobbying for the emergence of new human rights standards, the book inevitably discusses important questions related to NGOs' accountability and democratic legitimacy. The book thus asks whether the right to marry is important for LGBTI advocates working transnationally, because this right is particularly controversial among activists and LGBTI communities, especially in non-Western contexts.
In Ukraine, cybersecurity is seen as a component of national security. In recent years, our country has taken a number of positive steps to fulfill its international obliga-tions to improve cybersecurity legislation. At the same time, along with the positive dynamics of the development of legislation in the field of cybersecuri-ty, it should be noted that there is a need to further align national legislation with international standards. In par-ticular, the Law of Ukraine "On the Fundamental Prin-ciples of Cybersecurity of Ukraine" is rather a roadmap for the development of future regulations rather than a comprehensive cybersecurity law that regulates the full range of cybersecurity issues and meets international standards and best practices. Experts also point out the following problematic aspects of cybersecurity legal sup-port in Ukraine: inconsistency and inconsistency of ter-minology; lack of a critical infrastructure law; lack of rules for conducting information security audits of crit-ical infrastructure facilities that must be based on inter-national standards; duplication of cyber incident report-ing; lack of security and information requirements for critical infrastructure operators and digital service pro-viders; lack of long-term strategic planning with clearly defined interim results, timelines and responsibility for their achievement; budgetary constraints on the ability of the state to pay competitive salaries to attract and retain highly professional cybersecurity professionals.Accordingly, this area of work still requires consider-able attention and efforts. As the development of cyber-security legal support in Ukraine is linked to Ukraine's European integration aspirations, it will be effective to improve national cybersecurity legislation to take into account the terms of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU and its Member States, on the other hand (2014). implementation of EU countries' experience and best practices and standards. ; В Україні кібербезпека розглядається як склад-ник національної безпеки. В останні роки наша краї-на здійснила низку позитивних кроків для виконання своїх міжнародних зобов'язань щодо вдосконалення законодавства про кібербезпеку.Водночас поряд із позитивною динамікою розвит-ку законодавства у сфері кібербезпеки варто зазна-чити, що є необхідність надалі узгодити національне законодавство з міжнародними стандартами. Зокре-ма, Закон України «Про основні засади кібербезпе-ки України» є радше дорожньою картою розробки майбутніх нормативно-правових актів, а не всеосяж-ним законом про кібербезпеку, який регулює повний спектр питань кібербезпеки та відповідає міжнарод-ним стандартам та найкращим практикам. Експерти також зазначають проблемні аспекти правового забез-печення кібербезпеки в Україні: непослідовність та неузгодженість термінології; відсутність закону про критичну інфраструктуру; відсутність правил прове-дення аудиту інформаційної безпеки критично важли-вих інфраструктурних об'єктів, які мають базуватися на міжнародних стандартах; дублювання повідомлень про кіберінциденти; відсутність вимог щодо безпе-ки та інформації щодо операторів критичної інфра-структури та постачальників цифрових послуг; від-сутність довгострокового стратегічного планування з чітко визначеними проміжними результатами, термінами та відповідальністю за їх досягнення; бю-джетні обмеження щодо змоги держави виплачу-вати конкурентні зарплати для залучення та утри-мання високопрофесійних фахівців із кібербезпеки.Оскільки розвиток правової бази кібербезпеки в Україні пов'язаний із прагненнями європейської інтеграції України, буде ефективним вдосконалення національного законодавства про кібербезпеку з ура-хуванням вимог Угоди про асоціацію між Україною та ЄС та її державами-членами (2014) та впровадженням досвіду і найкращих практик та стандартів країн ЄС. ; В Україні кібербезпека розглядається як склад-ник національної безпеки. В останні роки наша краї-на здійснила низку позитивних кроків для виконання своїх міжнародних зобов'язань щодо вдосконалення законодавства про кібербезпеку.Водночас поряд із позитивною динамікою розвит-ку законодавства у сфері кібербезпеки варто зазна-чити, що є необхідність надалі узгодити національне законодавство з міжнародними стандартами. Зокре-ма, Закон України «Про основні засади кібербезпе-ки України» є радше дорожньою картою розробки майбутніх нормативно-правових актів, а не всеосяж-ним законом про кібербезпеку, який регулює повний спектр питань кібербезпеки та відповідає міжнарод-ним стандартам та найкращим практикам. Експерти також зазначають проблемні аспекти правового забез-печення кібербезпеки в Україні: непослідовність та неузгодженість термінології; відсутність закону про критичну інфраструктуру; відсутність правил прове-дення аудиту інформаційної безпеки критично важли-вих інфраструктурних об'єктів, які мають базуватися на міжнародних стандартах; дублювання повідомлень про кіберінциденти; відсутність вимог щодо безпе-ки та інформації щодо операторів критичної інфра-структури та постачальників цифрових послуг; від-сутність довгострокового стратегічного планування з чітко визначеними проміжними результатами, термінами та відповідальністю за їх досягнення; бю-джетні обмеження щодо змоги держави виплачу-вати конкурентні зарплати для залучення та утри-мання високопрофесійних фахівців із кібербезпеки.Оскільки розвиток правової бази кібербезпеки в Україні пов'язаний із прагненнями європейської інтеграції України, буде ефективним вдосконалення національного законодавства про кібербезпеку з ура-хуванням вимог Угоди про асоціацію між Україною та ЄС та її державами-членами (2014) та впровадженням досвіду і найкращих практик та стандартів країн ЄС.
Рассмотрена отечественная система иных мер уголовно-правового характера в контексте эффективной реализации уголовной ответственности, ее формирование, развитие и перспективы совершенствования на современном этапе противодействия преступности в Российской Федерации. Так, на основании проведенного исторического и уголовно-правового исследования уголовно-правовых норм российского уголовного законодательства дается критический анализ современного состояния, вносятся предложения по их оптимизации в контексте повышения эффективности уголовной ответственности в целом и отдельных ее форм и их видов. Указывается на то, что многие аспекты ее реализации, содержание, назначение отдельных видов данной формы и последующая эффективность не имеют необходимой унификации применения, и (или) единообразного толкования в отечественной уголовно-правовой доктрине. Обозначено отсутствие ясности по проблеме правового основания, критериев эффективности форм и видов уголовной ответственности, направлений их дальнейшего законодательного совершенствования, что влияет на общую криминогенную ситуацию в Российской Федерации. На основании исследования ныне действующих норм Общей части УК РФ, регламентирующих уголовно-правовые последствия для виновных лиц, совершивших общественно-опасные деяния, проанализировано основание, его формирование и механизм уголовно-правового регулирования, рассмотрено взаимодействие уголовно-правовых отношений и уголовной ответственности в механизме правового регулирования. Изучена реализация иных мер уголовно-правового характера, эффективность их отдельных видов, оптимизация структуры и содержания, направления законодательного совершенствования в целях предупреждения отдельных преступлений и преступности в целом. Внесены обоснованные предложения отечественному законодателю по проектам уголовно-правовых норм (федеральных законов о внесении изменений и дополнений в УК РФ) относительно иных мер уголовно-правового характера, их основания, реализации и эффективности. Исходя из имеющихся разночтений в толкованиях при определении оснований иных мер уголовно-правового характера, а также отсутствия необходимой для фактического решения именно данных проблем и оптимальной реализации унификации в эффективном применении уголовно-правовых норм законодателю необходимо соответствующим образом легально закрепить это основополагающее их понятие в содержании УК РФ. ; Native system of other measures of criminal-legal nature in the context of effective criminal responsibility realization, its formation, development and prospects of improvement at modern stage of crimes counteraction in Russian Federation is considered. Thus, basing on the carried out historical and criminal-legal research of criminal-legal norms of Russian criminal legislation the critical analysis of modern state is presented, the motions of their optimization in the context of efficiency increase in general and some other forms and their types are introduced. It is pointed out that many aspects of its realization, content, appointment of different types of this form and the following efficiency do not have necessary unification of application, and (or) equal interpretation in native criminal-legal doctrine. The absence of definition on the problem of legal basis, criteria of forms' efficiency and types of criminal responsibility, directions of their further legislative improvement, which influences general criminogenic situation in Russian Federation is marked. Based on research of existing norms of General part of Criminal Code of Russian Federation, regulating criminal-legal consequences for the guilty people, committing socially-dangerous crimes, the basis, its formation and mechanism of criminal-legal regulation are analyzed, the interactions of criminal-legal relations and criminal responsibility in the mechanism of legal regulation are considered. The realization of other measures of criminal-legal nature, efficiency of some their types, optimization of structure and content, directions of legislative improvement with the aim of prevention some crimes and criminality in general. The founded proposals for native legislator on the projects of criminal-legal norms (Federal laws about introduction of changes and additions to Criminal Code of Russian Federation, concerning other measures of criminal-legal nature their basement, realization and efficiency are introduced. Based on existing alternative versions in interpretation during definition of basis of other measures of criminal-legal nature and the lack of necessary for fact decision of these problems and optimal realization of unification in efficient application of criminal-legal norms the legislator has to allocate appropriately and legally this basic definition in content of Criminal Code of Russian Federation.
BACKGROUND:The National Health Act, No 61, 2003 in South Africa is the first effort made by the government to protect health-related research participants under law. Implemented on March 1, 2012, the law mandates active consent from a parent or legal guardian for all research conducted with research participants under the age of 18 years. This paper focuses on the Act's implications for school-based adolescent sexual and reproductive health research.DISCUSSION:Although well intentioned, the added legal protections in the National Health Act may have the unintended consequence of reducing participation rates in school-based adolescent sexual and reproductive health research, thereby excluding the most at-risk students. The Act may also compromise adolescents' right to dignity and privacy, especially considering the personal nature of research on sex and sexuality. Devolved, discretionary decision-making, which empowers local human research ethics committees to permit a wider range of protective measures, including passive consent, independent adolescent consent or community consultation ought to be considered. The continued and direct involvement of young people in their sexual and reproductive health and well-being is an important principle to uphold.SUMMARY:This paper calls for a re-examination of section 71's ethical guidelines relating to informed consent in the National Health Act, No 61, 2003 in South Africa in order to better serve the interests of South African adolescents in sexual and reproductive health research.
В данной статье проведено исследование гносеологических основ становления и развития учения об оконченном преступлении в момент становления российской государственности. Определено значение Русской Правды как основного источника уголовного права в рассматриваемом историческом периоде. Предложено авторское видение трансформации законодательного и научного осмысления значения оконченного преступления. ; In this article there is a study of the epistemological bases of formation and development of the doctrine of completed crime at the time of the formation of the Russian statehood. The author determines the value of the Russkaya Pravda as a main source of criminal law in the considered historical period. Author's vision of the transformation of the legislative and scientific understanding of the value of an actual crime is proposed.
While the privatisation of public space has been the subject of considerable research, literature exploring the shifting boundaries between public and private law, and the role of those shifts in the expansion of neo-liberal social relations, has been slower to develop. This article explores the use of fire safety regulations to evict political occupations in the context of these shifts. Two examples from the UK student occupation movement and two from the US Occupy movement demonstrate how discourses and logics of both private and public law are mobilised through fire hazard claims to create the potent image of a neutral containment of dissent on technical grounds in the public interest – an image that proves difficult to contest. However, the recourse to the public interest and to expert opinion that underpins fire hazard claims is inconsistent with principles governing the limited neo-liberal political sphere, which underscores the pragmatic and continually negotiated implementation of neo-liberal ideas. The article sheds light on the complexity of the extending reach of private law, on the resilience of the public sphere and on the significance of occupations as a battleground on which struggles over neo-liberal social relations and subjectivities play out.
This article illustrates how medicalized epistemologies and methodologies significantly influence the institutional ethical review processes applied to sociolegal research in law schools. It argues this development has elevated particular renderings of mental distress and objectivity to universal definitions, potentially placing a straitjacket on methodological innovation. The authors use two case studies from their experiences as researchers in a UK Law School, alongside a small-scale survey of sociolegal researchers in other UK law schools, to illustrate the problems that can arise in securing ethical approval for sociolegal research, in particular with participatory research designs that mobilize ideas of mental distress and objectivity not premised on conventional medical understandings. The article develops key proposals that the authors feel merit further inquiry. First, there should be a comprehensive evaluation of how the jurisdiction of ethical review for sociolegal research is established. Second, sociolegal scholarship can contribute to debates concerning the discursive, material and procedural constitution of institutional ethics approval processes. Finally, we might rethink the nature of, and relationship between, university-based research ethics committees and National Health Service research ethics committees, by placing both within wider ecologies of capacities for ethical decision-making.
Giorgio Agamben describes the origins of sovereign power, that power which constitutes the state of exception, as a force that gains its strength in the `unlocalizable' space between fact and law. Terming this space the `zone of indistinction', Agamben illustrates the particular manner in which the state employs law through exception, helping to reveal the paradoxical and omnipotent qualities of sovereign power. While the implications of his analysis hold that this form of power should be confronted and challenged, Agamben does not arrive at how this may be pursued. By reading Agamben's writings alongside selected anti-colonialist texts by Frantz Fanon and Aimé Césaire, it is possible to gain insights regarding both the dangers inherent to this type of sovereign power, and how it can be challenged. It is argued that the type of state that governs by means of exception creates the conditions that lead to its own undoing. Groups whose consent to the state's juridical order was historically tenuous, if not altogether absent, lay claim to a distinct position that is always already external to state sovereignty and law. Challenges from this position gain force by appealing to an extra-state sovereignty that represents universalized justice rooted in lawlessness.
In the light of extremely low level of enforcement of court decisions in Ukraine, the formation of effective legal instruments of coercive judgment enforcement measures is getting particularly important. One of the most effective ways to protect the interests of the claimant, which increases the effectiveness of execution of a court decision of a property nature and expands the possibilities of enforcement proceedings, is to claim for recovery of money and (or) property of others. This legal institution allows the enforcement of money and (or) property of another person who is not a party to the enforcement proceedings, but either holds the property or has a debt to the debtor. The article describes the issue of legislative uncertainty of the procedural status of another person whose property and (or) funds are being recovered and formulates ways to resolve it. A number of collisions between the Civil and Commercial Procedural Codes and the Law of Ukraine "On Enforcement Proceedings" were revealed in terms of legal regulation of the institution of claim for recovery of property of others, in particular in terms of seizure of funds of a person in debt to the debtor. It is proposed to resolve the identified collisions in favor of procedural codes. The legal nature of the arrest, which is imposed on the money of another person in the recovery procedure, is determined. On the example of case law, the discretionary power of the court in considering claims for recovery of funds of a person who owes money to the debtor are analyzed, and the incompleteness of the legislative list of grounds for refusal to satisfy the application for recovery is stated. Attention is drawn to the imperfection of the procedural codes in terms of regulating the possibility to appeal to Court of Appeal and Court of Cassation judgements issued as a result of consideration of claims for recovery of funds of a person who has debts to the debtor. Through the prism of law enforcement practice, the subject of proof in the consideration of applications for recovery of funds of persons who have debts to the debtor and clarifies the distribution of the burden of proof in this category of cases.
