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Translation of Du contrat social. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Since 9/11, citizens of all nations have been searching for a democratic public philosophy that provides practical and inspiring answers to the problems of the twenty-first century. Drawing on the wisdom of past and present pragmatist thinkers, Judith M. Green maps a contemporary form of citizenship that emphasizes participation and cooperation and reclaims the critical role of social movements and nongovernmental organizations. Starting with empowering processes of storytelling, truth and reconciliation, and collaborative vision-questing that allow individuals to give voice and new meaning to

This paper examines the activities of non-state actors in war in Somalia and Angola. Arguing that prolonged wars are characterised by the emergence of social orders of violence beyond the state, our analytical focus is on how actors establish and sustain these orders. A core influence is the insight from research on war economies that war is not equal to the breakdown of societal order, but represents an alternative form of social order. We therefore examine the economic activities of insurgents in regard to their embeddedness in social and political spheres. The central question in this paper is how economic, political and symbolic aspects interact and determine as well as transform social orders of violence. With the examples of Somalia and Angola, two rather distinct cases of non-state orders of violence are examined. It is argued that these orders represent forms of authority with fundamental structural aspects in common. We suggest that these orders can be systematised on a continuum between two poles of institutionalisation of authority beyond the state: a warlord system and a quasi-state system of violence.

O desenvolvimento das interações pautadas em confiança e reciprocidade ainda se mostra obscuro quando relacionado ao campo organizacional, principalmente quanto à formação e desenvolvimento de organizações comunitárias. Portanto, o objetivo deste artigo é compreender as estruturas de desenvolvimento do capital social em organizações comunitárias. Foram pesquisadas duas organizações comunitárias brasileiras sem fins lucrativos, uma denominada Liga de Mulheres em Porto Velho-RO e a outra denominada Movimento pela Paz na Periferia (MP3), localizada em Teresina - PI. Em cada uma das organizações foi aplicado um roteiro semiestruturado contendo 15 perguntas, totalizando 11 entrevistas, sendo oito na Liga de Mulheres e três no MP3. Os resultados indicam que o desenvolvimento do capital social na Liga de Mulheres recebe maior influência das organizações familiares, porém com uma presença marcante de liderança, enquanto no MP3 o capital social se desenvolve mais por meio da formação de capital intelectual. Nos dois locais pesquisados se verificou o estreitamento dos laços entre os integrantes tendo como meio a reciprocidade, no qual antigos beneficiários dos serviços das organizações tendem a retribuir com novas ações para ajudar novos beneficiários que se encontram socialmente ou economicamente vulneráveis.

How does armed conflict affect social cohesion, that is, the social fabric of societies? This question is central if we want to understand better why some countries experience repeated cycles of violence. It is also a crucial question for the design of peacebuilding interventions. In recent years, considerable scientific work has been put into studying the social legacies of armed conflict. This literature review brings these academic studies together in a novel way. In this discussion paper we conduct an extensive review of the empirical academic literature on how armed conflict affects social cohesion. We take a holistic perspective and analyse each of the three constituent elements of social cohesion – trust, cooperation and identity – in detail and along both a vertical (state-society relations) and a horizontal (interpersonal and intergroup relations) dimension. Regarding conflict, the focus lies on intrastate conflict and civil war, but the review also includes the few studies that focus on armed conflict between states or groups (interstate and non-state conflict). Overall, this review brings together insights from 39 published, peer-reviewed, empirical studies, most of which analyse the effects of conflict based on comprehensive survey data or behavioural experiments. Strengths and shortcomings are discussed and future avenues for research are identified. Contrary to the initial optimism of the potentially positive legacies of armed conflict expressed by some scholars, our main finding holds that the literature by now mainly points towards such conflict harming social cohesion. Most clearly, there is quite a large body of literature showing that social trust is negatively affected by experience of violence. Research on political trust and social identities is still nascent but currently also points towards negative effects. The literature on cooperation is more mixed with studies finding both support for an increase or a decrease in cooperative behaviour. However, several (and particularly newer) studies demonstrate that an increase in cooperation can often be explained by prosocial behaviour towards the in-group but not the out-group, calling into question whether this should be interpreted positively for social cohesion overall. Political participation does, however, seem to be one aspect of social cohesion in which effects of the "post-traumatic growth" mechanism can indeed be traced in several contexts.

How does armed conflict affect social cohesion, that is, the social fabric of societies? This question is central if we want to understand better why some countries experience repeated cycles of violence. It is also a crucial question for the design of peacebuilding interventions. In recent years, considerable scientific work has been put into studying the social legacies of armed conflict. This literature review brings these academic studies together in a novel way. In this discussion paper we conduct an extensive review of the empirical academic literature on how armed conflict affects social cohesion. We take a holistic perspective and analyse each of the three constituent elements of social cohesion – trust, cooperation and identity – in detail and along both a vertical (state-society relations) and a horizontal (interpersonal and intergroup relations) dimension. Regarding conflict, the focus lies on intrastate conflict and civil war, but the review also includes the few studies that focus on armed conflict between states or groups (interstate and non-state conflict). Overall, this review brings together insights from 39 published, peer-reviewed, empirical studies, most of which analyse the effects of conflict based on comprehensive survey data or behavioural experiments. Strengths and shortcomings are discussed and future avenues for research are identified. Contrary to the initial optimism of the potentially positive legacies of armed conflict expressed by some scholars, our main finding holds that the literature by now mainly points towards such conflict harming social cohesion. Most clearly, there is quite a large body of literature showing that social trust is negatively affected by experience of violence. Research on political trust and social identities is still nascent but currently also points towards negative effects. The literature on cooperation is more mixed with studies finding both support for an increase or a decrease in cooperative behaviour. However, several (and particularly newer) studies demonstrate that an increase in cooperation can often be explained by prosocial behaviour towards the in-group but not the out-group, calling into question whether this should be interpreted positively for social cohesion overall. Political participation does, however, seem to be one aspect of social cohesion in which effects of the "post-traumatic growth" mechanism can indeed be traced in several contexts.

Modern usage of social media affords the military intelligence and analytic communities novel approaches to gather information. However, the tools and resources to develop these methodologies are still maturing. Furthermore, current data acquisition tools are not available to the DoD for all social media platforms. This thesis addresses a small subset of this problem by developing an open source methodological approach to collect and manage data from a popular social media site that has previously been inaccessible to defense intelligence organizations. This approach was operationalized via the R package called instaExtract, and an exemplar analysis was performed to demonstrate its application and efficiency for intelligence gathering.

This thesis show how the concept of association in France, in the answers to the "social question" to XIXe and XXe century, was polarized by the two dominant ways of justification : liberalism and Welfare State. At the XIXe century, we show how association's concept mainly thinks in articulation with the liberalism and at the XXe century how it thinks in bond with Welfare State. But for each one of these periods, association was not folded back on one of these dominant ways of justification, she brings an innovation's capacity. The term of polarization was selected meaning by there association is never folded one of these dominant ways of justification but only attract, she keep an autonomy : at the XIXe century, association supplements the "liberal diagram" by instituting a moral framework which guides the individual actions towards the interest general; at the XIXe century, association reinforces the democratic dimension of the State by proposing specific answers to the social problems. ; Cette thèse cherche à montrer comment la notion d'association en France, dans les réponses qu'elle a apportées à la question sociale au XIXe et XXe siècle, s'est trouvée polarisée par les deux schèmes de justification dominants que sont le libéralisme économique et l'Etat social. Au XIXe siècle, on montre comment la notion d'association a été majoritairement pensée en articulation avec le libéralisme économique et au XXe siècle comment elle a été pensée en lien avec l'Etat social. Pour autant, pour chacune de ces périodes, l'association ne s'est pas trouvée rabattue sur un de ces schèmes dominants faisant ainsi preuve d'une capacité de questionnement et d'innovation. Pour résumer ce lien complexe que l'association entretient avec le libéralisme économique et l'Etat social, le terme de polarisation a été choisi signifiant par là que l'association n'est jamais rabattue sur un schème dominant mais qu'elle est seulement attirée et garde une part d'autonomie. Ainsi, si l'association s'est inscrite dans les logiques dominantes de réponse à la question sociale, cela ne l'a pas empêchée d'en pointer à chaque fois des limites. Au XIXe siècle, elle complète le schéma libéral en instituant un cadre moral qui guide les actions individuelles vers l'intérêt général ; au XXe, elle cherche à renforcer la dimension démocratique de l'Etat en proposant des réponses spécifiques aux problèmes sociaux. Centrée sur une analyse de discours et un choix qualitatif d'auteurs, la notion d'association telle qu'elle ressort de ce travail, est à prendre dans un sens étendu. Elle illustre avant tout une forme d'organisation sociale cherchant à assurer la cohésion sociale.

Purpose of the article: Due to globalization processes and technological development, companies are having more influence on global society than ever. Therefore, business misconduct causes enormous harm to stakeholders, whereas ethical behavior is becoming an important issue. The goal of the following study is to verify and measure a positive effect from investments in social activities on financial attractiveness of companies in the form of its stock portfolio value growth. Methodology/methods: In order to achieve the goal of the research, quantitative analysis is used by comparing performance of stock portfolio of companies having long-term investments in social activities with market index increment. The quantitative results are accompanied with the review of corporate social responsibility definition and some practical issues on governmental and corporation level. Scientific aim: The conducted research contributes both to the scientific discussion about development of appropriate investment strategy in companies applying CSR principles as well as to the discussion of related terminology used in the field. Findings: The research has shown that engagement in the CSR activities tends to have strong positive effect on companies' financial results and investors' financial performance. The research proves this fact by comparing value increment of CSR-portfolio (+35.99% gained from January 2015 to March 2017) with market index (+22.37% in the same period). Conclusions: Regardless the positive result achieved in the study the authors have determined several gaps in the research, which will be discussed in the further studies on the field.

I. Aperçu historique : comment la condition ouvrière du XIXème siècle a donné naissance à la "question sociale" , et celle-ci au droit du travail. II. Exercice de théorie du droit : supputation des diverses interactions qui peuvent exister entre les phénomènes travail et droit. - I. Historical Survey : how the working conditions in the 19th century gave rise to the "Social Question". II. Exercise to theory of law : consideration of the various interactions which may exist between the phenonmenon of "work" and the phenomenon of "law".

Testimony issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO discussed information the public should have about the Social Security program and the role that the individualized Social Security Statement plays in providing that information, focusing on: (1) basic information about program benefits; (2) the current and projected financial status of the Social Security program; and (3) proposed changes to the program."

Chapter 1. Introductory Chapter -- Chapter 2. The Power of Narratives -- Chapter 3. World making Stories and the power of radical imagination -- Chapter 4. Digging in the present: A day in the life of a school counsellor -- Chapter 5. Turning Points -- Chapter 6. We Live In A Political World: Between Needs and Money -- Chapter 7. The problematic labour market situation of immigrants to Sweden – consequences and causes -- Chapter 8. Gothenburg was a city in mourning -- Chapter 9. Intercultural perspectives in Social work Practice, Education and Research -- Chapter 10. Tackling the contradictory nature of social work -- Chapter 11. Using Anti-Oppressive Practice (AOP) to Promote Social Inclusion in Social Work Education -- Chapter 12. Epilogue: The relevance of narratives in future social work?.

Globalization has generated increased societal heterogeneity and awakened interest of a new kind in social cohesion and integration. But globalization is not the only contemporary process to give rise to societal hybridization. Two other such processes–much less attended to in the theoretical debate but no less problematic as regards social integration–are societal ageing and robotization. Drawing on statistical estimates, this paper begins by assessing the relevance of these new processes of hybridization. The predictions in question indicate that in the near future, everyday interaction, not just with cultural strangers and 'intelligent' machines, but also with people suffering from dementia, will be an omnipresent phenomenon, confronting our societies with types and degrees of alterity never before encountered. Whereas contact with cultural strangers is to some extent familiar (though not yet taken as standard), interaction with intelligent technological devices and dementia sufferers represent new forms of alterity for which most societies have not yet established routines of conduct. This paper gives a detailed account of a number of empirical studies showing how new forms of hybrid interaction and cooperation evolve out of repeated contact with each of the three alterities. With this groundwork in place, the paper then attempts to identify not only the ways in which routines may develop out of interaction with the three alterities but also the trends towards, and prerequisites for, the emergence of a new culture of cooperation and interaction.