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AbstractChomsky's extension of his Problems of Projection proposal retains the labeling algorithm and deduces EPP and ECP effects from labeling. However, the notion of weak heads, the crucial assumption in this extended proposal, is problematic both conceptually and empirically. Conceptually, the framework threatens to complicate Minimal Search, which ought to be simple, as an instance of the "third factor" in language design. Empirically, the framework cannot explain the derivation of English infinitival clauses, nor can it explain labeling in languages like Japanese. I resolve these problems by eliminating the notion of weak heads. In exploring syntax without weak heads, I reconsider Feature Inheritance. Given that a central argument for obligatory Feature Inheritance (involving simultaneity of feature valuation and Transfer) is invalid on Chomsky's approach, I propose that Feature Inheritance is an optional operation. Then, I revise a proposal that External Pair Merge of heads is involved in the derivation of verbs with a CP complement and in the passive construction. I pose two problems for this proposal, one involving theta roles and one involving the derivation of the passive of verbs with a CP complement. My framework derives not only instances deemed problematic under the External Pair Merge proposal but also the unergative and ergative constructions, whose derivations are otherwise unclear.

PurposeBranched situational judgment tests (BSJTs) are an increasingly common employee selection method, yet there is no theory and very little empirical work explaining the designs and impacts of branching. To encourage additional research on BSJTs, and to provide practitioners with a common language to describe their current and future practices, we sought to develop a theory of BSTJs.Design/methodology/approachGiven the absence of theory on branching, we utilized a ground theory qualitative research design, conducting interviews with 25 BSJT practitioner subject matter experts.FindingsOur final theory consists of three components: (1) a taxonomy of BSJT branching features (contingency, parallelism, convergence, and looping) and options within those features (which vary), (2) a causal theoretical model describing impacts of branching in general on applicant reactions via proximal effects on face validity, and (3) a causal theoretical model describing impacts on applicant reactions among branching designs via proximal effects on consistency of administration and opportunity to perform.Originality/valueOur work provides the first theoretical foundation on which future confirmatory research in the BSJT domain can be built. It also gives both researchers and practitioners a common language for describing branching features and their options. Finally, it reveals BSJTs as the results of a complex set of interrelated design features, discouraging the oversimplified contrasting of "branching" vs "not branching."

The Palestine mandate was built around the assumption that the League of Nations and the British mandatory government would preside over a gradual demographic and political transformation there, creating a European Jewish settler majority to replace the Palestinian Arab one and allowing for the eventual emergence of a Jewish nation-state. This process required a corresponding de-nationalisation of the incumbent Arab population – a project that formally began with the language of the mandate and continued through the mechanisms of governance set by the British mandate state and the League of Nations throughout the mandate period. Through new legal, economic and political mechanisms, the mandate system coalesced around a project of producing Palestinian Arab statelessness that made notable use of a simultaneously emerging language of refugeedom elsewhere in the Middle East and Eastern Europe. This paper explores the use of refugee-related discourse and institutions to produce this deliberate de-nationalisation of Palestinian Arabs during the mandate period, arguing that the League of Nations put into place conditions and categories of statelessness for Palestinians that set them up as 'proto-refugees' long before the physical expulsions of 1948 and set the stage for an international acceptance of their refugee status as a long-established and essentially permanent condition.

Indonesia is a country with the largest Muslim population in the world, with Java having the biggest number of Muslim scholars (ulamas), in Indonesia. Nonetheless, it is unfortunate that participation of Indonesian ulamas in international da'wa or sermon is very limited. One of the obstacles Ulamas face in proselytizing in foreign countries is the weak English language proficiency. English is today has become the most freqeuntly used international language in the 21st century, making it a lingua franca, and a valuable means of international communication. This articles assesses a program that involved the collaboration between West Java provincial government and the British Council Indonesia to provide English training for Ulamas in West Java. The program was tailored toward enhancing English proficiency of Ulamas, which in turn was expected to their ability to participate in proselytization activities and dialogues abroad. The objective of this research was to assess the evolution of the program to become the policy of West Java provincial governor, as well as the conduct, progress and performance of the program. Motivation to learn and the leanrning community were some of the key factors that influnced the performance of the English for Ulama program.However, limited time and budget were some of the key obstacles that contrained program performance. Conclusions were used to draw several policy recommendations.

W niniejszym artykule analizie poddano sposoby tłumaczenia archaizmów i nazw realiów na materiale przekładu powieści Marka Krajewskiego Głowa Minotaura na język rosyjski. Autor dochodzi do wniosku, że archaizmy leksykalne w języku rosyjskim mogą być oddawane zarówno za pomocą pełnych ekwiwalentów, jak i przy wykorzystaniu różnych transformacji, np. przesunięcia semantycznego czy peryfrazy. Niektóre rodzaje archaizmów tłumaczone są przy użyciu istniejących we współczesnym języku ekwiwalentów. Nazwy realiów dostosowywane są do stanu wiedzy potencjalnego odbiorcy przekładu. W tym celu wykorzystana została generalizacja. Ważne dla treści utworu nazwy stopni wojskowych i policyjnych zostały przetranskrybowane lub wykorzystano barbaryzmy. This article analyzes the ways of translating archaisms and names of realities in the material of the translation of Marek Krajewski's novel The Minotaur's Head into the Russian language. The author concludes that lexical archaisms in Russian can be reflected both by means of full equivalents as well as with using various transformations e.g. semantic shift or periphrasis. Some kinds of archaisms have been translated using equivalents existing in the contemporary language. The names of realities have been adapted to the knowledge of the potential recipient of the translation. For this purpose, generalization has been used. The names of military and police ranks important for the content of the work have been transcribed or barbarism has been used.

Zoometaphor plays a very important role in linguistics, especially in contrastive studies, and has long at-tracted the attention of both Russian and Chinese linguists, including A. N. Baranov, A. P. Chudinov, F. N. Guketlova, T. S. Vershinina, Zhao Yanfan, Xue Yahong, Guo Weihai and others who also show deep interest in the role of this kind of meta-phor in political discourse. Russian linguist A. P. Chudinov believes that each concrete metaphor reflects the worldview of one person thus contributing to the creation of a common metaphorical picture of the world of a certain society. Representa-tions of the animal world, characteristic of Russian and Chinese cultures are reflected in zoometaphors involved in political discourse in both languages. Chinese linguists Xue Yahong and Guo Weihai consider the conceptual metaphor "man is an animal" one of the most important means of cognition and representation of knowledge in language. By resorting to zoometaphors statesmen and politicians choose a more effective and efficient way of conveying their political views and thus exercise a stronger influence on the target audience. The article analyzes examples of metaphors with the "bear" component and metaphors with the "Long" component. ; В данной статье анализируются метафоры с компонентом "медведь" и метафоры с компонентом "лун", занимающими важное место в языковой картине мира русских и китайцев.

The author explores the perception of the characteristic traits of Russian people that was widespread among military intellectuals and their associates — publishers, authors and sub­scribers of the journal "1812" at the end of the 19th — the beginning of the 20th centuries. The same group of military historians, academics and popularizers initiated the foundation of the Museum of 1812 and the Borodino panorama, painted by F. A. Roubaud for the 100th anni­versary of the Patriotic War of 1812. On the one hand, publications in the journal reflected the prevailing worldview and the lexis used at that time. On the other hand, articles of the journal disseminated a set of values amongst the readership, having an equal or lower educa­tional, cultural and social status. The knowledge of the language of the journal and the speci­ficity of its semantics allows translating the meanings encoded in the articles and the Pano­rama into the language of the contemporary visitor. This article provides a textual analysis of twenty four issues of the journal. Comparative analysis of literary, popular science and in­formation texts and the biographies and activities of the authors, makes it possible to under­stand the intended meaning these "unobtrusive participants in discourse" ascribed to the words "character trait" or "character" of Russian people.

Es waren noch andere Zeiten, als der berühmte Dichter Friedrich Rückert in Erlangen die Indogermanistik einführte: Er brauchte als Professor seine Poesie von der Wissenschaft nicht völlig zu trennen. 150 Jahre danach war der Erlanger Professor Karl Hoffmann, Rückerts Enkelschüler, wegen seiner exakten Methoden in der Sprachwissenschaft weltweit geschätzt. Zwischen diesen beiden Großen wirkten in Erlangen 6 weitere Gelehrte mit sehr verschiedenen Arbeitsgebieten. Für Bücher war meist zu wenig Geld da, von Problemen mit der Politik blieb das Fach nicht verschont, und einmal gab es Geheimnisse um einen interessanten Studenten. Aber immer wurden viele Sprachen gelehrt, und an ihrer Spitze steht seit Friedrich Rückerts Zeit das heilige Sanskrit. ; Times were different when nearly 200 years ago the famous poet, professor Friedrich Rückert, introduced the field of Indo-European Studies at the University of Erlangen. At that period a professor could very well combine poetry with linguistic studies. 150 years later the Friedrich-Alexander-Universität was fortunate to count Karl Hoffmann, as one of Rückert's successors. Hoffmann was noted for his exact method within this field. Between these two outstanding scholars six other professors with rather different professional interests were teaching in Erlangen. Most of the time there was not enough money for books, the world wide political problems did not go bye unnoticed, and once there was even a secret evoked by an interesting student. But throughout all these years students were taught and could choose betweeen numerous languages, on top of all, since the time of Friedrich Rückert, there was Sanskrit, the holy language of the Hindus.

The phrase "high fidelity" might be said to be "tuned to moralist resonances". The promise of technological transparency implies that sounds and images should not be altered during translations between recording, restitution and reception. "High fidelity" technologies would aim at invisible translations, sanitizing anything that might "parasite" the "original". However, it might be argued that pretending to efface the medium would be, as such, a betrayal of the nature of translation. Sensitive to indexical and language issues, many artists during the 1960's such as Mel Bochner, Dick Higgins, Alison Knowles, Alvin Lucier, Christine Kozlov, and later such as Laurie Anderson, voluntarily damaged or misused media in such ways that the result would question what lies behind the aesthetics and politics of transparent translations. They experimented reiterative procedures of translations as alternatives to hermeneutics based on the idea of transparency and truth. Opposed to the moralist ideology of sanitization, these artists were faithful to the imperfections, the noises that any translation entails, and claimed any malfunction of the medium not as failures but as supplements. Whereas according to customary bias the noises of media and language should go unheard, with the supposed aim of remaining faithful to the "original", these artists on the contrary let noises speak. ; Peer Reviewed

The television program of Mata Najwa on Trans 7, is well-known for its high rating, often invites public figures from society, politics and government. The program is used as a strategic media for groups of people from the background of social and politics, employing the oral designing, to influence public's perception and opinion. As a result, it forms a particular discourse. A good discourse should not reveal various perception of the recipients. From every oral discourse being produced (either it is good or bad) will form various perception and drive public's opinion. In this investigation, it focuses on Mata Najwa's "Gara-Gara Tagar" which was broadcast live on Wednesday September 5th 2018 in Trans 7. The study of discourse, in this research, employs Van Dijk modeling on critical discourse analysis whose perspective is that language has strong relationship with power, ideology and politics. Three research problems being investigated in this research are textual analysis (micro structure), super-structure analysis and social-contextual analysis (macro structure). This is qualitative research by conducting observation to gain the data. The results of this research are macro structure, super structure analysis and micro structure analysis. Discourse can be employed as a media to making opinion which influences public's opinion through sentences, diction and language styles.

International audience ; Abstract. Diastratic variations of French in the Grand Duchy of Luxe mbourg. In the Luxembourg triglossia-German, French, Luxembourg-French holds a special place because both its status and its expansion have varied in the recent history of the country. Literary language of the elite at the time of independence in 1831 in a German-speaking country, French experienced a peak of social diffusion during the second half of the twentieth century, following a strong need for hand-Belgium and France, as well as mainly Portuguese immigration. This "democratization" of French was accompanied by a devaluation for Luxembourgers calling into question its status as an official language of the Grand Duchy. ; Dans la triglossie luxembourgeoise-allemand, français, luxembourgeois-le français tient une place particulière puisque tant son statut que son expansion ont varié au cours de l'histoire récente du pays. Langue littéraire de l'élite à l'époque de l'indépendance en 1831 d ans un pays germanophone le français connait un pic de diffusion sociale durant la deuxième moitié du XX e siècle, suite à un fort besoin de main-d'oeuvre issue de la Belgique et de la France voisines ainsi que de l'immigration principalement portugaise. Cette « démocratisation » du français s'accompagne alors d'une dévalorisation pour les Luxembourgeois remettant en cause son statut de langue officielle du Grand-Duché.

Introduction: As of January 2020, 115,600 refugees remain in Greece; most are Afghani, Iraqi or Syrian nationals. This qualitative research study explores the views of key stakeholders providing healthcare for refugees in Greece between 2015 and 2018. The focus was on identifying key barriers and facilitators to healthcare access for refugees in Greece. Methods: 16 interviewees from humanitarian and international organisations operating in Greece were identified through purposive and snowball sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted between March and April 2018. Data were analysed using the Framework Method. Results: Key themes affecting healthcare access included the influence of socio-cultural factors (healthcare expectations, language, gender) and the ability of the Greek health system to respond to existing and evolving demands; these included Greece's ongoing economic crisis, human resource shortages, weak primary healthcare system, legal barriers and logistics. The evolution of the humanitarian response from emergency to sustained changes to EU funding, coordination and comprehensiveness of services affected healthcare access for refugees. Conclusion: The most noted barriers cited by humanitarian stakeholders to healthcare access for refugees in Greece were socio-cultural and language differences between refugees and healthcare providers and poor coordination among stakeholders. Policies and interventions which address these could improve healthcare access for refugees in Greece with coordination led by the EU.

Genderqueer identities—those that challenge a strict binary between woman and man—are increasingly visible within mainstream culture and psychological research. However, little is known about generational differences in the lived experience of genderqueer people. Inductive thematic analysis of interviews with 30 genderqueer sexual minorities of 3 distinct generations living the United States revealed 3 major themes: (a) unintelligibility: genderqueer people face challenges in identifying, naming, and expressing their gender due to the constraints of everyday language and material culture; (b) managing stigma through challenging oppression: genderqueer people manage stigma by naming and challenging the gender binary, often in relation to other forms of oppression; and (c) connection beyond mainstream LGBTQ communities: genderqueer people often find connection outside of mainstream LGBTQ spaces, such as through ethnicity-based or sexual subcommunities (e.g., kink/BDSM, polyamorous). Within these themes, key generational patterns included (a) greater challenges among the middle and older generations in naming and expressing a genderqueer identity, especially in relation to their sexual identity; (b) intensified critique of mainstream LGBTQ politics among the younger generation; and (c) greater challenges in finding and maintaining community among the middle and older generations. Across generations, participants emphasized the need to create more inclusive environments by changing language and social structures to deemphasize the gender binary.

This review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020138845) critically evaluates test-retest reliability, concurrent validity and criterion validity of different physical activity (PA) levels of three most commonly used international PA questionnaires (PAQs) in official language versions of European Union (EU): International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF), Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), and European Health Interview Survey-Physical Activity Questionnaire (EHIS-PAQ). In total, 1749 abstracts were screened, 287 full-text articles were identified as relevant to the study objectives, and 20 studies were included. The studies' results and quality were evaluated using the Quality Assessment of Physical Activity Questionnaires checklist. Results indicate that only ten EU countries validated official language versions of selected PAQs. A meta-analysis revealed that assessment of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) is the most relevant PA level outcome, since no publication bias in any of measurement properties was detected while test-retest reliability was moderately high (r(w) = 0.74), moderate for the criterion (r(w) = 0.41) and moderately-high for concurrent validity (r(w) = 0.72). Reporting of methods and results of the studies was poor, with an overall moderate risk of bias with a total score of 0.43. In conclusion, where only self-reporting of PA is feasible, assessment of MVPA with selected PAQs in EU adult populations is recommended.

The aim of the study was to develop a new comprehensive reading assessment battery for multi-ethnic and multilingual learners in Malaysia. Using this assessment battery, we examined the reliability, validity, and dimensionality of the factors associated with reading difficulties/disabilities in the Malay language, a highly transparent alphabetic orthography. In order to further evaluate the reading assessment battery, we compared results from the assessment battery with those obtained from the Malaysian national screening instrument. In the study, 866 Grade 1 children from multi-ethnic and multilingual backgrounds from 11 government primary schools participated. The reading assessment battery comprised 13 assessments, namely, reading comprehension, spelling, listening comprehension, letter name knowledge, letter name fluency, rapid automatized naming, word reading accuracy, word reading efficiency, oral reading fluency, expressive vocabulary, receptive vocabulary, elision, and phonological memory. High reliability and validity were found for the assessments. An exploratory factor analysis yielded three main constructs: phonological-decoding, sublexical-fluency, and vocabulary-memory. Phonological-decoding was found to be the most reliable construct that distinguished between at-risk and non-at-risk children. Identifying these underlying factors will be useful for detecting children at-risk for developing reading difficulties in the Malay language. In addition, these results highlight the importance of including a range of reading and reading-related measures for the early diagnosis of reading difficulties in this highly transparent orthography.