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Since 1993, crime has fallen in the United States to historical lows, providing extraordinary legitimacy to the country's peculiar mix of welfare and punishment, with ever stingier social programs for the poor and the highest rates of incarceration in the world. The Upper Limit sets out to explain why. It provides a comprehensive theory of the evolution of social and penal policy which can be summarized thus: welfare has to be less attractive than low-wage work, and punishment has to make criminal life less attractive than welfare. Low-wage work sets the upper limit of social and penal policy. Declining living standards for the poor since the 1970s have lowered the upper limit in the United States. The Upper Limit explores how these transformations and the ensuing crime drop have affected the lives of the poor in a formerly high-crime Brooklyn neighborhood, East New York. It explains the dark logic behind police brutality, the trials of prisoner reentry and the inhumanity of New York's homeless shelters.

Since 1993, crime has fallen in the United States to historical lows, providing extraordinary legitimacy to the country's peculiar mix of welfare and punishment, with ever stingier social programs for the poor and the highest rates of incarceration in the world. The Upper Limit sets out to explain why. It provides a comprehensive theory of the evolution of social and penal policy which can be summarized thus: welfare has to be less attractive than low-wage work, and punishment has to make criminal life less attractive than welfare. Low-wage work sets the upper limit of social and penal policy. Declining living standards for the poor since the 1970s have lowered the upper limit in the United States. The Upper Limit explores how these transformations and the ensuing crime drop have affected the lives of the poor in a formerly high-crime Brooklyn neighborhood, East New York. It explains the dark logic behind police brutality, the trials of prisoner reentry and the inhumanity of New York's homeless shelters.

Background and purpose: Educators' ethical competence is of crucial importance for developing students' ethical thinking. Previous studies describe educators' ethical codes and principles. This article aims to widen the understanding of health- and social care educators' ethical competence in relation to core values and ethos. Theoretical background and key concepts: The study is based on the didactics of caring science and theoretically links the concepts ethos and competence. Methods: Data material was collected from nine educational units for healthcare and social service in Finland. In total 16 semi-structured focus group interviews with 48 participants were conducted. The interviews were analysed with a thematic analysis according to Braun and Clarke. Ethical considerations: The study is approved by the Declaration of Helsinki, the legislation regarding personal data and the General Data Protection Regulation. The study received ethical permission from the University of Jyväskylä. Informed consent was obtained from all the educational units and participants in the study. Findings: The findings are presented based on three general patterns, an ethical basic motive, an ethical bearing and ethical actions. Subthemes are Humane view of students as unique individuals with individual learning, Bearing of tactfulness and firmness, Bearing of perceptiveness and accessibility, Bearing of satisfaction and joy over student learning, Valuing bearing towards each oneself and colleagues, Ability to interact and flexibility, Collegiality and a supportive work community and Educators as role models and inspirators. Conclusion: Educators' personal and professional ethos is crucial to student learning, personal growth and ethical reasoning. Therefore, it is important to further develop educators' training regarding ethical competence. ; peerReviewed

In the modern world, most of the languages are in contact with other ones, self-suppressing languages almost do not exist. The processes of globalization, intercultural communication, the emergence of many cultural worlds, the strengthening of interethnic and interlingual contacts maintain the role of language contacts in the modern world. The result of linguistic contacts is pidgin as a kind of reflection of the processes and phenomena occurring in the social space. It serves as an auxiliary means of communication in standard communication situations. Language contacts in the study are understood as a phenomenon that arises between different language speakers in the process of their contacts. One of the types of pidgin is the Russian-Chinese pidgin. The study attempts to analyze the Harbin Russian-Chinese pidgin within the framework of structural and functional analysis by T. Parsons.

This article examines the literature related to the marginalization of social studies through the lens of elementary social studies teacher education. This study presents the case of two different states wherein one state, Virginia, tests social studies in elementary schools and another state, North Carolina, where social studies is not tested until middle school. The data gathered from both states were originally analyzed to shed light on the question of testing's effect on teacher preparation and subsequent curriculum enactment. Data collected from the study suggest that factors such as field experiences, programs of study, and methods instruction impact teacher education in elementary social studies in more important ways than student testing.

Frailty represents an important challenge for aging populations. As a concept it is full of 'known unknowns' such as which mechanisms lead to frailty and how it is best managed. In order to examine these circumstances, the new science of understanding and managing frailty requires an appropriate framing of the problem. This publication investigates the biology and management of frailty and its social aspects. It considers these and related questions: How can we recognize frailty? How does an understanding of frailty increase our comprehension of the aging process? What are its implications for health care systems, including primary care, hospitals and rehabilitation? How will a growing number of frail older adults affect society more generally? The book focuses on frailty as a state of vulnerability, which is related to aging, but which can occur across the life course, and aims to improve the life of frail people and those around them. The book is highly recommended to researchers in aging, health science researchers, health care professionals and anyone interested in the understanding of the aging process

A review of new res techniques & approaches to the study of soc instit's is presented. Although for a while soc sci appeared to abandon the search for causality & conditional predictability, the main thrust of empirical studies continued to be on this, as evidenced by the upsurge of work on soc indicators which reflects a convergence in public policy & application of soc sci. The use of historical materials for developing conditional generalizations continues to be debated, but some scholars are demonstrating that substantial contributions are possible. New methods of analyzing SM have been applied to instit'ized org's. The relations between org's & environment is increasingly being examined. Many recent studies of instit'ized modes of supplying health & welfare services describe unacknowledged ways in which treatment, care or service may create or maintain the condition they are supposed to reduce or eradicate. Studies of the following major instit'al sectors proliferate: kinship & the fam; soc stratification; educ; econ instit's, pol'al instit's, religion, interrelations of instit's, instit's & change. Sociol'ly relevant res on econ processes have dealt with pol'al conditions, nat'l & internat'l; SC; ethnic discrimination; the status of women; advertising; etc. Studies of instit'ization & change in military affairs abound for the 1960's & have dispelled some of the oversimplified generalizations re the "military-industr complex." Intense controversy over the soc role of org'ed religion appeared in the closing yrs of the 1960's. The search for specified invariant patterns of societal change continues, aided by improved methodology but plagued by inadequate data. An emphasis upon process, it might seem, would be necessary in studies of conflict & conflict-resolution; but this is not true for existing studies, although the processual approach has gained ground recently. M. Maxfield.

Increases in divorce and nonmarital childbearing have dramatically altered the family lives of children in the United States. The increasing number of children residing in single-parent households often has been linked to many of the nation's most serious social problems, including delinquency, teenaged pregnancy and welfare dependency; in fact, it is widely believed that single-parent families represent a risk factor for children's development. There are several methodological weaknesses in the research used to document the negative effects of single-parent families on children. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between single-parent family status and children's gender and social skills, utilizing a predominantly ethnic minority sample, while controlling for family socioeconomic status (SES). It was hypothesized that after controlling SES, there would be no differences between children (boys and girls) from single- and two-parent homes on measures of social skills and conflict management. This was a secondary analysis of data that were collected in a larger study focusing on child–parent relationships and conflict management. Sixty-eight preschool-aged children and their parent(s) residing in a large urban area in the southeastern United States participated in this study. Teachers of children in the study completed a social skills rating scale on the children, and parents provided necessary demographic information. Results indicated that there was no difference between boys and girls from single-parent and two-parent families on their social skills, including conflict management. Also discussed are the implications for practitioners and others who work with children from single parent homes.

Cet article analyse la notion de cohésion sociale et aboutit à une double conclusion. En premier lieu, l'égalité, au sens où elle est entendue dans le discours de la Révolution française, est une composante essentielle de l'ordre social démocratique, liée par une relation dialectique à deux autres éléments, la liberté et la solidarité. En second lieu, cette dialectique doit fonctionner sur deux plans, eux-mêmes en relation dialectique : d'une part le plan formel, où s'affirme la fondamentale égalité de tous les membres de la société quant à la reconnaissance, à l'inclusion et à la justice des institutions légitimes de résolution des conflits ; et d'autre part le plan substantiel, celui où s'engagent librement ceux qui veulent participer aux débats sociaux, forger les valeurs rassembleuses et rechercher la justice sociale.