Emmanuel LeRoy Ladurie has observed that in medieval Montaillou "time was always vague," so that "history was absent or almost absent from Montaillou culture." According to the inquisition record on which LeRoy Ladurie depended, Montaillou villagers often found it difficult to determine exactly how long ago a given event had occurred. They described past events as having happened "three or four years ago," "seventeen or eighteen years ago," "twenty or twenty-four years since." Others quantified the past by referring to "the time when the heretics predominated in Montaillou, before the round-up by the Inquisition in Carcassonne." Unsurprisingly, the same imprecision governed their sense of age. In rural Montaillou, the rhythm of transhumance more readily marked time than did any abstract calendar (LeRoy Ladurie 1979:280–1).
Abstract The social impact of modern Chinese warlordism on China's modern development has attracted little attention in past scholarship, which generally has been more interested in warlordism as a military-political system. This article argues, however, that warlordism developed within a social context and had a major impact on Chinese society, and this in turn suggests the usefulness of applying a social history approach to the study of the warlord period. This article makes a preliminary effort to advance this goal by identifying three main areas that could provide a framework for research on the social history of Chinese warlordism. First, the article examines debates over the social (or class) foundations of warlord power. Second, the article explores the ways in which warlordism changed the social status of military men and created opportunities for social mobility. Finally, the article emphasizes the need to look beyond the political impact of Chinese warlordism to show the social and economic effects that arose from the military conflicts of the warlord era.
Cover -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Series Preface -- Preface -- acknowledgments -- Introduction Julie Lund and Sarah Semple -- 1 Objecthood Robin Fleming and Katherine L. French -- 2 Technology Steven P. Ashby -- 3 Economic Objects Dries Tys and Pieterjan Deckers -- 4 Everyday Objects Toby F. Martin -- 5 Art Hans Henrik Lohfert Jørgensen -- 6 Architecture Sam Turner -- 7 Bodily Objects Bonnie Effros -- 8 Object Worlds Ben Jervis and Sarah Semple -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Notes on Contributors -- Index.
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"Drawing on the author's experience in writing The Turks in World History (2005) and Turkey, Islam, Nationalism, and Modernity: A History, 1789-2007 (2010), this essay examines critical problems and paradoxes in the history of the Turkish peoples. Clearly united by their languages but otherwise prodigiously diverse, the Turkish peoples' ability to project their identity enduringly across space and time seems paradoxical in itself. They were nomads of the Eurasian steppes in early centuries, and nomads the world over resist the rule of states. Yet nomads of the steppes created world empires. What explains this paradox? Out of it emerges the sacralization of state authority, the leitmotif of the Turks' political history from earliest times to the present. In modern times, the loss of sovereignty opens the widest gulf between the history of Central Asia's Turks and those of the Ottoman Empire. Astute choices that enabled the Ottomans to avoid repeating the mistakes of others also enabled them to project the Islamic tradition of state formation into modern times. The historians who founded the study of the modern Turkish experience envisioned a linear trajectory from Islam and empire to laicism and nation-state. Yet the persistence of Islam demands an interpretation that recognizes more than one approach to modernity, a culturally conservative approach as well as a radical secularizing one. The interpretation that best explains the last two centuries is that of two currents of change, alternately clashing and converging, to shape the transition from empire to nation-state. As new demands for pluralism arise in Turkey, will these two currents shape the history of the twenty-first century, or will they give way to a more finely divided politics of identities and interests from which fuller democratization may emerge? Ultimately, pluralism requires establishing that citizens can be equal and different at the same time." (author's abstract)
Slavery in Europe during antiquity and the first millennium -- Scandinavian slavery -- Where did the slaves come from? -- Thralls in Old Norse poetry and sagas -- Thralls in runic inscriptions -- Terms for thralls and their meanings -- How were thralls used? -- Evidence for thralls in Scandinavian place-names -- How were thralls identified? -- Thralls' names in Scandinavia -- The special case of Älmeboda parish in southern Småland -- Thralls in the archaeological material - Can we excavate slavery? -- The rise and fall of Scandinavian thraldom - when did slavery appear in Scandinavia? -- The status of slaves in Prehistoric Scandinavian society.
