Suchergebnisse

Référents et bricolages identitaires. Les histoires de vie d'un père et d'un fils italo-montréalais
Mauro PERESSINI
A travers l'analyse des récits de vie d'un immigrant italo-montréalais et de son fils, cet article veut illustrer à la fois les aspects méthodologiques et certains résultats d'une recherche plus large. Du côté de la méthode, l'analyse montre comment une attention portée sur les personnages à travers lesquels les narrateurs se mettent en scène dans leurs récits permet de rendre explicite le système identitaire des narrateurs en dégageant les identités de divers ordres que ces personnages expriment, les valorisations et dévalorisations dont elles font l'objet ainsi que les relations qui les unissent ou les opposent. Du côté des résultats, les deux récits présentés expriment deux univers identitaires distincts dont l'explication ne peut être attribuée qu'en partie à une différence de génération. La conclusion propose :
1) De considérer l'influence des trajectoires scolaire et socio-économique dans la construction de l'image de soi que les narrateurs proposent à leur interlocuteur ;
2) D'explorer également comment les contradictions inhérentes au rapport entre générations dans un contexte immigrant contribuent à façonner les univers identitaires différents dégagés.

How does media information become a part of our image of the world? How important to the audience are subjective factors on the extent and composition of media-transmitted images? Using a dynamic-transactional model, a number of subjective factors are analysed. This article focuses on the influence of the personality characteristic `ambiguity tolerance'. Taking into account the process character of media effects, we obtained more differentiated results than could be obtained by a simple one-step output analysis. In a two-wave panel, the issue images of the audience were assessed twice with an interval of one week, and then compared to the individually used media information. Employing a LISREL model, the role of `ambiguity tolerance' in individual construction patterns was detected. Recipients willing to accept ambiguities in their information environment were stimulated more strongly. Their reproductions were more closely based on the original media information. In contrast to this, `ambiguity intolerant' people are more likely to add prior knowledge to the media information in their reproductions. This was shown as a medium-term media effect which was transactionally mediated by activation.

In Pakistan intersectoral wage trends have been analysed by
Guisinger and Hicks (1978); Irfan (1982) and Irfan and Ahmed (1985). The
studies show that over the period 1970 to 1984 real wages of the
large-scale manufacturing, construction and agriculture sectors
increased while that of the government employees declined significantly.
The study shows international migration to be one of the major
determinants of the rise in real wages, in addition to important policy
interventions. The present study is an extension of Irfan and Ahmed's
work. It has been undertaken for two reasons. First there is great
scarcity of empirical evidence on this very important issue. Second, the
more important factor is the sharp reversal in one of the major
variables - out migration. Since 1981 there has been net return
migration. This phenomenon a priori is expected to upset the labour
market and the wage rates in the opposite direction. The study is
planned as follows: Section II describes the trends in real wages
between the formal and informal sectors.! Section III describes the
factors behind the observed trends in real wages, and finally Section IV
gives the conclusions of the study.

ABSTRACTThe EC Directive on urban wastewater treatment will have a considerable impact on the methods used for the treatment and disposal of sewage at coastal locations. The Directive requires the natural processes involved in marine treatment to be enhanced by the use of land‐based treatment to meet the same standards.This paper discusses the implications of this change, in particular the problems involved in constructing and operating conventional treatment plants at coastal locations. Planning problems, both locally and on a catchment basis, are considered. It is concluded that these difficulties point to a need for new thinking in catchment planning and in the design and construction methods used for treating wastewaters in coastal communities. This is illustrated with UK and continental examples.In addition, the implications in terms of outfall design are discussed. It is shown that the change of emphasis towards land‐based treatment does not necessarily reduce the need for a high degree of dilution and dispersion in the sea in order to meet environmental standards. As a result, sound planning, design and operation of long sea outfalls remain as important as ever.

Frederick Barth's classic essay on the social construction of ethnic boundaries is one of the landmarks in the discrediting of the notion that culture and identity are essences inherent in racially and geographically distinct ethnic groups. In opposition to the exoticist es-sentialism of many anthropologists of his day, Barth argued for the social determination of the boundaries distinguishing one ethnic group from another. The current wave of postmodern textualism, with its emphasis on "imagined communities" (see Anderson) and the "invention of ethnicity" (see Sollors), extends the Barthian anti-essentialist project even further. There is much to be gained by acknowledging the constructed character of all categories of culture, politics, and knowledge, including identity and ethnicity. But many postmodern textualists have gone too far in the direction of regarding culture as a domain to be understood in relative isolation from social determinants, and some varieties of postmodernism have dismissed the relevance of ethnic and national identity altogether. Is there a way to assimilate the insights of poststructuralist social theory while avoiding these antimaterialist and ultimately Eurocentric excesses?

The decision of the European Community (EC) members to complete their "internal market" by the end of 1992, as embodied in the 1987 Single European Act (SEA), may represent the most ambitious instance of multilateral cooperation since the construction of the post-World War II international order. The economic objective of internal market completion is the removal of a wide array of nontariff barriers to trade that elsewhere have proved politically intractable, including border controls, national standards, preferential procurement policies, and industrial subsidies. The institutional structures underpinning the internal market are more constraining on the behavior of sovereign states than has been the case for other international regimes. The SEA replaced unanimity voting (national vetoes) in the primary decision-making body of the EC, the Council of Ministers, with a system of majority voting over matters pertaining to the internal market. In addition, the internal market is buttressed by an elaborate and powerful legal system. EC law is considered to have supremacy over national laws and to have "direct effect" in domestic jurisdictions, regardless of whether it is explicitly incorporated through legislation.

Après s'être inspirée du modèle des Etats-Unis d'Amérique, la construction de l'Europe occidentale s'est pendant longtemps confinée dans un rôle purement économique. Il n'est donc pas étonnant qu'en instituant une Union politique le traité de Maastricht suscite aujourd'hui un vaste débat. Sans doute s'inscrit-il dans la continuité de l'œuvre accomplie par les Communautés économiques. Mais en établissant de nouvelles compétences en matière monétaire, de politique extérieure et de défense, et de sécurité intérieure, l'Union européenne pénètre pour la première fois de façon explicite au cœur de la souveraineté des Etats. La difficulté du problème explique la complexité du Traité. Et elle en affecte nécessairement la lisibilité. Au regard de l'analyse comparative, trois lectures, cependant, semblent possibles : l'une syncrétiste à résurgence nationaliste, une seconde fonctionnaliste à résonance communautaire et une troisième prospective à vocation fédérale. Au processus de désintégration qui se développe à l'Est de l'Europe, elles ont pour point commun d'opposer un mécanisme d'association, apte à réaliser à l'Ouest une Union sans cesse plus étroite et susceptible de s'étendre un jour d'Ouest en Est.

Une Europe Communautaire de moins en moins mobile ?
Gildas SIMON
La libre circulation est une des questions délicates de la mise en œuvre de l'Acte Unique. Avec l'abolition des frontières intérieures en 1993, le déclin continu de la mobilité de la population à l'intérieur de l'espace communautaire pose problème. Le phénomène est d'autant plus surprenant qu'il subsiste à l'intérieur de cet espace des écarts de développement encore importants, qui se manifestent dans la géographie très contrastée du chômage, notamment chez les jeunes, et dans les disparités de niveaux de vie à l'échelle nationale et régionale. Plusieurs facteurs importants font obstacle à la mobilité intracommunautaire : la convergence des évolutions démographiques, la redistribution des espaces migratoires nationaux, les disparités entre systèmes de protection sociale. Cependant la légère augmentation des effectifs communautaires constatée ces toutes dernières années dans plusieurs pays de la CEE est-elle l'indice du développement de mobilités spécifiques impulsées, par la construction européenne, chez les jeunes et les qualifiés ? La prospective des migrations communautaires reste un exercice fort délicat, tant les facteurs d'incertitude sont nombreux à l'intérieur comme à l'extérieur de la Communauté.

City governments in the U.S. enter into agreements with private developers to provide infrastructure such as roads, drainage systems, and utilities. From a normative perspective, public managers should calculate the costs to city government to execute these public/private deals before they agree to participate. Four cost categories deserve attention: (1) initial expenses required for project approval by city officials (approval spending); (2) spending for changes during project construction (momentum spending); (3) public spending to entice private investment (incentive spending); and (4) city government spending to maintain and operate the new infrastructure (operations spending). This paper calculates spending categories in a case study of Alliance Airport, a major public/private development in Fort Worth, Texas, requiring $63 million of direct and indirect public expenditures. Officials estimated less than 25 percent of total spending before project approval. Two-thirds of the public costs are foregone revenues associated with incentive spending by city government. The findings suggest city administrators and legislators should focus more closely on a precise calculation of these four types of costs before agreeing to public/private economic development deals.

AbstractThe Inanda Dam is one of a series of reservoirs constructed to utilize the water resources of the Umgeni River, which rises in the Natal midlands and reaches the Indian Ocean at Durban, South Africa. The structure exploits the local topography and geology, with mass concrete founded on the granite forming the right bank and river bed, and a clay core earth embankment on the weaker left bank. Due to high ambient temperatures, the placing temperature of the concrete had to be controlled to avoid crack formation. Mix designs were modified by the addition of blast‐furnace slag, and the mix water was cooled using liquid nitrogen to reduce the placing temperature of the concrete. Major floods also occurred, and although they caused little damage to the structure itself serious damage was sustained by the existing water‐supply infrastructure, resulting in a review of the operational strategy of the system. The reservoir is to be operated initially as a river regulator with downstream abstraction. However, in order to provide additional security, a tunnel aqueduct linking the reservoir directly to the water‐treatment works is under construction.

The Department of Social Security is one of the largest government departments, consuming 30 percent of public spending and employing around 10 per cent of central government StJ. Before 1980 there were no computers in its local administrative centres. The Operational Strategy was a plan to change this, involving the construction of largescale computer systems and the installation of 40,000 terminals in 1,000 local offices and unemployment offices. It is the largest programme of computerization ever undertaken in Europe. Full national coverage is expected in 1991. But the project has been plagued with problems: costs have soared from £700m. to £2, CCXh‐n. and rising, planned savings have fallen, expected benefits seem unlikely to be achieved and implementation errors have caught the public eye. What caused these problems and are they as serious as reports in the press might lead the public to believe? Computerization has the potential to make possible many far reaching changes to administrative functions and working practices. It is important to study the decisional implications of these changes before the computers themselves become embedded in the structure of the organization.

The Department of Health's deprivation payment system for general practitioners (GPs) and its use of Professor Jarman's Underprivileged Area (UPA) index to define deprived areas are examined critically. It is shown that the statistical problem of differential skewness of the component variables plagues the construction of UPA scores and alternative indexes. In particular, this skewness distorts GPs' explicit weightings of the constituent variables of the UPA index. It is argued that the Department's current, stepped payment system requires a degree of precision and accuracy in measuring deprivation which is at odds with the quality both of the data and of the UPA index used. Furthermore, if the UPA index was replaced by the Townsend index, a substantial geographic redistribution of payments would occur, particularly benefiting Merseyside, the North East, and Humberside. It is recommended that the Department of Health adopt a tapered payment system consistent with the continuous gradation of area deprivation scores. An illustration of a scheme involving no additional public expenditure is given. Such a scheme may be more politically acceptable to the government if the payments to GPs are more accurately labelled 'workload payments'.

Under notnaal circumstances, I would have allowed Geare (1991) to indulge himself in the erroneous view that the interpretation of the tetna "worker" in the Labour Relations Act 1987 is confined to the common law "employee". lt is necessary however, to come out to defend my original thesis (Adzoxomu, 1990) that the tetna need not be so narrowly construed. Geare seeks to demonstrate, without the relevant historical or policy considerations, and more importantly, without the relevant canons of statutory construction, that his counter thesis is "in fact clearly superior" to mine (p.193). It is clear from the Geare's comment that he considers modern New Zealand industrial legislation to have preserved the master and servant relationship. The purpose of this reply is to reassert my original thesis that the definition of "worker" in the Labour Relations Act is liberal enough to cover an independent contractor and to demonstrate that the counter thesis of Geare is too conservative to meet the requirements of modern industrial relations. I shall achieve this purpose by addressing Geare's counter thesis under his own subheadings.

Due to the increasing demand of fresh water in Bandung, the capital city of the west Java Province, the Republic of Indonesia, since 1980's, the municipal government and private firms have started to use deep groundwater through deep wells. This project report investigates the impact of this development on the pattern of deep groundwater flows and the environment by means of a two dimensional computer model. A computer program called AQUIFEM-1 is used. The conceptual model, consisting of a triangular finite element grid with 164 nodes and 289 elements, which represents the study area of about 325 km2. The results are shown either on printing outputs or on graphs that show the changes of the groundwater flow pattern. It is concluded that, the total existing well discharge of about 666 m3/day does change the groundwater flow pattern significantly depleting the volume of the water in the aquifer. This may cause the shallow wells located in the area to dry up, heavy constructions on shallow footings may experience additional settlement, and subsidence over part of the area might occur in time. ; 1991

This 1936 essay, critiquing many aspects of psychology of the early 1900s, is presented in an English translation. Anticipating topics in the sociology of medicine, Gerth refuted neo-Lombrosianism & experimental & behavioristic psychology, reviewed the limited therapeutic potential of Freudian psychotherapy, as well as other psychology-based therapies, & suggested that the behaviorist principle denying self-understanding is invalid. Further, behaviorists who are biased toward objectivity, & observation of the other, & who emulate the natural sciences are misguided. Gestalt psychology was proposed as an alternative. The characterology of Ernst Kretschmer is discussed, in which three bodily types are associated with general character profiles, which was used to trace biological development over time. Friedrich Nietzsche's depth psychology, including his ideas on dreams, is explored. The influences of Nietzsche's construction of the psyche on Freud's developing psychoanalytic theory are traced, showing how psychoanalysis evolved in response to hysteria, then neuroses, & finally psychoses. It is Gerth's contention that Freud failed by reducing all conflict to the libidinal level, devoid of sociohistoric reality. Although animal psychology's achievements are applauded, the proliferation of specialty, "dash" psychologies are questioned. 29 References. J. Sadler