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В статье рассматриваются состояние и перспективы развития интеграционных процессов в рамках Союзного государства России и Белоруссии. Авторы статьи полагают, что в рамках союзного строительства в последнее время проведена большая работа. Однако судить о коренных изменениях в экономической и социальной сферах России и Беларуси пока что еще преждевременно. В российско-белорусской интеграции еще много недостатков, так как большинство организационно-распорядительных документов Союзного государства практически не работает. Поэтому и эффект мероприятий по интеграции в политической сфере неоправданно низок. В статье показаны основные этапы союзного строительства, развитие политико-правовых основ Союзного государства. Предложены рекомендации для совершенствования интеграционного процесса союзных государств. Опыт минувших лет убедительно показал, что наряду с совершенствованием интеграционных механизмов не следует рассматривать Союз России и Белоруссии как единственную форму объединения. Развитие внутреннего потенциала каждой страны Содружества возможно только при экономической интеграции стран постсоветского пространства на новой политической основе. К тому же следует иметь в виду, что любое межгосударственное объединение проходит различные этапы своего развития, дополняясь и обогащаясь новыми, более эффективными формами многопланового сотрудничества. Авторы полагают, что Евразийский Союз это одна из эффективных форм интеграции суверенных государств с целью укрепления стабильности и безопасности на постсоветском пространстве и осуществления экономической и политической трансформации. ; The article examines the state and prospects of development of integration processes within the Union State of Russia and Belarus. The authors believe that in the framework of the union construction in recent years, much has been done. However, to judge the fundamental changes in the economic and social spheres of Russia and Belarus, it was still premature. In the Russia's-Belarus' integration there are still many deficiencies, as most of the organizational and administrative documents of the Union State practically do not work. Therefore, the effect of integration activities in the politic sphere is unreasonably low. The article shows the main stages of union construction, the development of politic and legal foundations of the Union State. Recommendations for improving the integration process of the allied states have been given. The experience of the past years has convincingly shown that, along with the improvement of integration mechanisms, the Union of Russia and Belarus should not be considered as the only form of association. Development of domestic capacity in each country of the Commonwealth is possible only in case of the economic integration of the former Soviet Union on a new politic basis. It should also be borne in mind that any interstate association goes through various stages of development, enriching with new, more effective forms of multifaceted cooperation. The authors suggest that the Eurasian Union is one of the most effective forms of integration of sovereign states in order to strengthen stability and security in the former Soviet Union and the implement economic and politic transformation.

Исследуется эволюция партийной системы Южной Кореи на протяжении всего периода существования государства Республика Корея. Рассмотрены как факторы влияния традиционной политической культуры корейского государства, так и внешние воздействия: периоды японского правления и Американской военной администрации. Особое внимание уделено периоду после 1987 г., когда характерной чертой партийной борьбы становится регионализм. ; The party system of the Republic of Korea in 1948 2008 was developing under the constant influence of a whole historical way of the Korean state. Firstly, in traditional Korean society the tradition of preparty groups construction was formed. Since the XVI-XVII centuries «parties» were differentiated only on a regional stage, and their only purpose was the occupation of the high-ranking positions. The other tradition, formed throughout all history of the Korean state, was a special role of the military which consisted in the fixed practice of commission of palace revolutions during the crisis moments for the power. Secondly, during the Japanese colonialism there were formed the principles of modern political parties activity. Thirdly, the hard line of the American military authorities on the relation to all left-wing parties in 1945-1948 laid the foundation for asymmetric and inharmonious development of party system of future South Korean state. On the other hand, Americans promoted formation of legislative base on party construction, creation of a certain organizational structure, obligatory for parties. Within the first forty years of the Republic of Korea many characteristics of modern party system were put or fixed. During this period the tendency to a regionalism had been developed. Because of instability of political system: frequent revolutions, changes of the Constitution, introduction of state of emergency political parties didn't create accurate structure, couldn't exist during more or less long period. Difficult international situation: cold war, constant fear of attack of North Korea interfered and even did impossible the formation of left-wing parties. For the first decade of democratic development (1987-1997) South Korea party has considerably changed. First, there was a peace transfer of power not to the party successor, but to the political opponent. Secondly, emergence of coalitions of the former opponents testified to forming culture of compromise and cooperation between political rivals. On the other hand, the party system of 1990s represented set of all those characteristics which were traditional for parties of the authoritative period. For the first ten years of the XXI century the South Korea party system continued the development. Firstly, new strategy of conducting election campaigns were developed and successfully applied. Secondly, during this period there appeared the left-wing parties. Thirdly, the political agenda of election campaigns are foreign policy problems.

The Marti-Colon cemetery, originally purchased by the city in 1896 as a final resting place for the residents of West Tampa, has repeatedly failed its charge of "perpetual care" over its extensive existence.[1] Backed by a collection of resources compiled by Henry Echezabal in his search to find missing graves of Centro Asturiano members, the accounts of mismanagement, failure of government oversight, buryovers, and general neglect create a story that spans over 100 years and still affects West Tampa families. In 1903, J. L. Reed Sr. purchased the land that would encompass the Marti-Colon Cemetery. In the 1930s, when the cemetery was sold to the city so that Columbus Drive could be built, which would cut through the population centers of West Tampa, Tampa, and Ybor, the cemetery was bisected, leaving the northern side separate from the southern. The construction of Columbus required the removal of bodies from the road's path, but records indicate that not all the bodies were removed, or perhaps only their headstones were moved. In 1939, the city leased the remaining cemetery land to A. P. Boza. Under Boza, the lease agreement's stipulations were blatantly disregarded for decades, only being brought to public attention during various scandals, such as the abandonment of the northern section after white West Tampa citizens complained about black burials taking place, or a city work crew dumping raw sewage onto the overgrown abandoned section in 1959. In that same year, Boza and Reed Jr. both confirmed to the Tampa Tribune that potentially "hundreds" of people were buried in the northern section, with Boza claiming the majority of the graves were part of a segregated section for blacks, while Reed Jr. maintained the section was not "by any means" exclusively segregated. Only seven graves were moved before the city declared the northern section "clear," and rezoned the land for commercial use. The northern section, after being separated by Columbus, fell into disrepair again and again, beginning almost immediately after the construction of Columbus. Eventually the cemetery was sold into private hands, and the northern section re-zoned for commercial uses, despite the fact that it seems hundreds of graves remained underneath. Today, the older northern section of the cemetery is topped by a strip mall, and many of the graves that are supposed to be in the remaining southern section are lost or mislabeled, particularly the early burials of African Americans, all of which seem to have been lost or never accounted for if moved. Unfortunately, this is a story that is not unfamiliar with Florida graveyards, particularly those that have served African-American communities [1] Armando Mendez, Ciudad de Cigars: West Tampa (Tampa: Tampa Historical Society, 1995), 137.

Las manifestaciones masivas que tuvieron lugar en distintas ciudades brasileras a lo largo del 2013 (con réplicas de características diferentes en 2014) dejaron al descubierto el descontento de diversos sectores de la población, al mismo tiempo que evidenciaron las dificultades de canalizar esas insatisfacciones en demandas políticas más estructuradas. El presente artículo se inserta en el conjunto de debates que se han reabierto a partir de este nuevo escenario. Específicamente se propone discutir la construcción de una ciudadanía diferenciada a través de la problematización de la participación política en los espacios de pobreza urbana en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro. En este marco, en primer lugar, se discute en clave histórica la construcción simbólica de las favelas como enclave de diferenciación ciudadana. Este punto se presenta en tres partes: a) el acervo simbólico esclavista en la conceptualización de los pobres urbanos; b) el desarrollo de la cidadania regulada y la institucionalización de la integración restrictiva; c) el control negociado en el contexto de una creciente organización de la política popular. En segundo lugar, se problematiza el escenario actual de la política popular a partir de: a) la doble funcionalidad de las representaciones dominantes sobre la violencia urbana; y b) las políticas públicas y su incidencia en las prácticas políticas en los espacios de relegación urbana. Palabras claves: Ciudadanía - Desigualdad - Prácticas Políticas - Favelas - Río de Janeiro Abstract The massive demonstrations that took the streets of several Brazilian cities in 2013 (and the less massive ones that echoed those in 2014) exposed the discontent of diverse sectors of the Brazilian society. The protests also outlined the difficulties to turn those dissatisfactions into more structured political demands. This paper seeks to contribute to these reopened debates. It specifically looks to discuss the construction of a differentiated citizenship, trough the analysis of political participation in Rio de Janeiro's favelas. First, the paper analyzes the historical construction of favelas as spaces of citizenship stratification. This idea is presented in three steps: a) the impacts of slavery's symbolic contents in the ways to conceptualize the urban poor; b) the development of a regulated citizenship and the institutionalization of a restrictive integration and; c) the imposition of a negotiated control in the context of increasing political organization among popular sectors. Second, the paper analyzes the current scenario for popular politics, considering: a) the double functionality of dominant representations on urban violence and; b) public policies and their incidence on political practices in favelas. Key Words: Citizenship – Inequality – Political Practices – Favelas - Rio de Janeiro

ABSTRACTLand is an important thing and cannot be separated from human needed and main knit in multiple supporting work of building. In tenancy agreement activity there is often be lawsuit if the activity needs half or whole citizen's land Soil is an important part and can not be separated from human needs and basic rights in a variety of activities supporting development.In the course of the lease agreement of land disputes often occur when the project requires some or all of the land belongs to the people that frequent conflicts between land owners and tenants of land.The issue of land lease is an interesting problem because the soil needs while increasing the amount of land remains.Then the land lease agreement must be cautious and prudent in its completion.Formulation of the problem studied is how the implementation of the land lease agreement for the construction of Base Transceiver Station (BTS) PT Telkomsel branch Padang?and obstacles that occur in the lease agreement for the development of land BaseTransceiver Station (BTS) is: 1. Barriers to the community, 2.Barriers to parties who are not interested, 3.Barriers to family landowners, as well as how the settlement is carried out by PT Telkomsel branch Padang?The method used is the juridical sociological research methods in terms of the law enforcement field or how reality associated with the implementation of rules and regulations.The method of data collection was done by collecting secondary data and primary legal materials, as well as an interview, but it is also used literature study. The implementation of the land lease agreement for the construction of Base Transceiver Station (BTS) by PT. Telkomsel branch Padang run inaccordance with the laws and regulations of civil law. Keywords : Agreement, the Land Lease, Base Transceiver Station (BTS). DAFTAR PUSTAKAA. Buku-bukuAbdulkadir Muhammad, 1992, Hukum Perikatan, Bandung, Aditya Bakti.Boedi Harsono, 2002, Hukum Agraria Indonesia, Jakarta, Djambatan.Gauzali Syadam, 2005, Teknologi Komunikasi Perkembangan dan Aplikasi, Bandung, CV.AlfabetaIman Soetikno, 1982, Politik Agraria Nasional, Yogyakarta, Gadjah Mada University.Komariah, 2004, Hukum Perdata, Malang, Universitas Muhammadiyah.R. Setiawan, 1987, Pokok-Pokok Hukum Perikatan, Bandung, Bina Cipta.R. Subekti, 1992, Aneka Perjanjian, Bandung, PT. Citra Aditya Bakti.R. Subekti, 1987. Hukum Perjanjian, Bandung, PT. Intermasa.Sudikno Mertokusumo, 1985, Mengenal Hukum, Yogyakarta, Liberty.B. Peraturan Perundang-undanganKitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata (KUHPerdata).Undang-Undang No 5 Tahun 1960, tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-pokok Agraria.Undang-Undang No 36 Tahun 1999, tentang Telekomunikasi.C. Internethttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanahhttp://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=172438082792946Pengadaan Tanah Untuk Keperluan Bisnis Dan Sistem Perolehan Tanah Yang Berlaku Di Indonesia, Oleh : Helmi N. Tanjung. Tgl 10 oktober 2013

La tesi è incentrata sui recenti sviluppi della narrativa testimoniale dell'America Latina. Verranno presi in considerazione gli ultimi contributi critici dedicati al rapporto tra finzione e realtà in letteratura, e sarà dato spazio alla costruzione narrativa della realtà e alla nascita del testimonio, come genere a sé, che raccoglie alcune delle principali opere latinoamericane degli ultimi quaranta anni. Nello specifico, l'indagine riguarderà la rappresentazione letteraria della violenza nella narrativa di denuncia di tre autori ispoanoamericani: la novela negra di Enrique Serna, il poliziesco testimoniale di Rodolfo Walsh e la scrittura estrema di Roberto Bolaño. Obiettivo della ricerca è capire in che modo i tre scrittori hanno raccontato le loro verità alternative, provando a salvaguardare la memoria, e quali effetti hanno ottenuto. Verranno analizzate non solo le tematiche affrontate, facendo riferimento quindi al contesto storico, politico e sociale al quale si rifanno, ma saranno illustrate anche le differenti tecniche di costruzione del romanzo, dell'intreccio e della trama, e verrà isolato il ruolo del testimone (diretto o indiretto) e delle fonti, per cogliere le differenze ma anche le similitudini stilistiche e narrative di ognuna delle opere. Più in generale, dimostreremo come e quanto i testi di questi autori costituiscano in realtà una forte critica al sistema imperante e diano voce alle categorie sociali altrimenti emarginate. ; The thesis is focused on the recent developments of the Latin American testimonial narrative. The last critical contributions dedicated to the relationship between fiction and reality in literature will be taken into consideration and room will be given to the narrative construction of reality and the birth of witness literature, as a genre in itself, which collects some of the major works in Latin America over the last forty years. Specifically, the survey will concern the literary representation of violence in the narrative report of three Spanish-American authors: Enrique Serna's novela negra, Rodolfo Walsh's police witness and Roberto Bolaño's extreme writing. The objective of the research is to understand how the three writers have told their own truth alternatives while trying to preserve memory, and what effects they've had. They will be analyzed not only the main topics through the historical, political and social context they refer to, but also the different construction techniques of the novel, storyline and plot. It will also be blocked the role of the witness (direct or indirect) and sources, to understand differences and similarities of style and narrative among the three authors' works. More in general, we will demonstrate how and how much the texts of these authors constitute a strong critique of the prevailing system and give voice to otherwise marginalized groups in society.

It is in the context of poverty or information exclusion that the massive dissemination of information and technology tools in Senegalese academic libraries responds to an urgent need for transformation and improvement of operational modes as well as modernization of services for different audiences, in particular students. Currently, in almost all academic and research libraries of Senegal digitization activities that crossed the rise of the Internet are being developed. This has created a real increasing effect of digital resources, by the establishment of means of creation and by expansion of access and of sharing of scientific and technical information in higher education institutions. The development of information technology and communication - the true vectors of documentary practices among Senegalese academic libraries users – together with the growth of digital resources, will inevitably turn the traditional relationship between students and libraries upside down. The objective of this thesis is, therefore, to study the transformation of the librarians' profession, information culture of students, and their use of digital resources, with regard to sociocultural, political, economic, and sociotechnical contexts of Senegal; and in the context of the information society under construction. Thus, through this study, a prospective analysis devoted to the development and the emergence of libraries can be constructed. ; C'est dans un contexte de pauvreté ou d'exclusion informationnelle, que la diffusion massive des outils informatiques et technologiques dans les bibliothèques de l'enseignement supérieur sénégalais, répond à un urgent besoin de transformation et d'amélioration des modes de fonctionnement et de modernisation des services offerts aux différents publics, notamment les étudiants. Actuellement, dans la quasi-totalité des bibliothèques de recherche et d'étude des universités du Sénégal, se développent des activités de numérisation qui ont culminé avec l'essor de l'Internet. Cette situation a engendré un véritable effet amplificateur des ressources numériques, par la mise en place de moyens de création, un accroissement des accès et le partage de l'information scientifique et technique dans les établissements d'enseignement supérieur. En tant que véritables vecteurs de transformation des usages et des pratiques documentaires des usagers dans les bibliothèques de l'enseignement supérieur du Sénégal, le développement des technologies de l'information et de communication, et la croissance des ressources numériques, vont inévitablement bouleverser les rapports traditionnels des étudiants aux bibliothèques. L'objectif de la présente thèse, est, dès lors, d'étudier la transformation de la professionnalité des bibliothécaires, la culture informationnelle des étudiants, et les usages qu'ils font réellement des ressources numériques, au regard des contextes socioculturel, politique, économique et sociotechnique du Sénégal, dans un contexte de société de l'information en construction. Ainsi, pourrons-nous, à travers cette étude, arriver à faire une analyse prospective consacrée au développement et à l'émergence des bibliothèques.

It is in the context of poverty or information exclusion that the massive dissemination of information and technology tools in Senegalese academic libraries responds to an urgent need for transformation and improvement of operational modes as well as modernization of services for different audiences, in particular students. Currently, in almost all academic and research libraries of Senegal digitization activities that crossed the rise of the Internet are being developed. This has created a real increasing effect of digital resources, by the establishment of means of creation and by expansion of access and of sharing of scientific and technical information in higher education institutions. The development of information technology and communication - the true vectors of documentary practices among Senegalese academic libraries users – together with the growth of digital resources, will inevitably turn the traditional relationship between students and libraries upside down. The objective of this thesis is, therefore, to study the transformation of the librarians' profession, information culture of students, and their use of digital resources, with regard to sociocultural, political, economic, and sociotechnical contexts of Senegal; and in the context of the information society under construction. Thus, through this study, a prospective analysis devoted to the development and the emergence of libraries can be constructed. ; C'est dans un contexte de pauvreté ou d'exclusion informationnelle, que la diffusion massive des outils informatiques et technologiques dans les bibliothèques de l'enseignement supérieur sénégalais, répond à un urgent besoin de transformation et d'amélioration des modes de fonctionnement et de modernisation des services offerts aux différents publics, notamment les étudiants. Actuellement, dans la quasi-totalité des bibliothèques de recherche et d'étude des universités du Sénégal, se développent des activités de numérisation qui ont culminé avec l'essor de l'Internet. Cette situation a engendré un véritable effet amplificateur des ressources numériques, par la mise en place de moyens de création, un accroissement des accès et le partage de l'information scientifique et technique dans les établissements d'enseignement supérieur. En tant que véritables vecteurs de transformation des usages et des pratiques documentaires des usagers dans les bibliothèques de l'enseignement supérieur du Sénégal, le développement des technologies de l'information et de communication, et la croissance des ressources numériques, vont inévitablement bouleverser les rapports traditionnels des étudiants aux bibliothèques. L'objectif de la présente thèse, est, dès lors, d'étudier la transformation de la professionnalité des bibliothécaires, la culture informationnelle des étudiants, et les usages qu'ils font réellement des ressources numériques, au regard des contextes socioculturel, politique, économique et sociotechnique du Sénégal, dans un contexte de société de l'information en construction. Ainsi, pourrons-nous, à travers cette étude, arriver à faire une analyse prospective consacrée au développement et à l'émergence des bibliothèques.

The study reveals a multidisciplinary character concerning, in the first time, the economy of the sustainable development, economy of the environment and ecological economy.In the second time, we will study precisely, the way public policies on energy are carried out and regarded at, on a continental, national and territorial ladder, by leaning on the political data of the macroeconomics of energy politics for Europe, France and finally the Corsican region. The frame of the analysis was delimited by an applied formal perimeter, and inscribes itself in a continuum of integration of sustainable development as an aim. All the aspects of the particular situation of Corsica due to its insularity will be approached and studiedA multicriteria simulation and evaluation of different energy scenarios which will conclude our work. The objective here is to determine the best possible ways for Corsica to source its energy in the future.This includes the construction of scenarios, a presentation of the research typology of a multicriteria evaluation, including a summary of the scientific literature applied to energy scenarios as part of the multicriteria evaluation, and a synthesis of multicriteria problematic, as well as a development concerning the choice of the applied method.The results of our study point out a strong preference for the scenario of sustainable development. They determine the best possible compromise between the different hypothetical scenarios according to our chosen criteria. Our obtained result points out that sustainable development offers the best solutions to local given problems. ; L'étude dévoile un caractère pluridisciplinaire portant dans un premier temps sur l'économie du développement durable, l'économie de l'environnement et l'économie écologique.Dans un second temps, nous décryptons précisément, l'agencement en usage, des politiques publiques d'énergie sur une échelle continentale, nationale et territoriale d'analyse du sujet, en s'appuyant sur les données de politiques économiques de l'énergie pour l'Europe, la France et la région Corse. La Corse et ses dispositions particulières liées à son insularité sont appréhendées.Une simulation d'évaluation multicritère de scénarios d'avenir énergétiques conclue nos travaux. L'objectif ici est de déterminer les trajectoires pertinentes en matière de scénarios d'avenirs énergétiques pour la Corse.Elle comprend la construction des scénarios, une présentation de la typologie de recherche d'une évaluation multicritère, incluant un résumé de la littérature scientifique appliquée aux scénarios énergétiques dans le cadre d'une évaluation multicritère, et une synthèse des problématiques multicritères, ainsi qu'un developement portant sur le choix de la méthode.Les résultats de l'évaluation indiquent une préférence forte pour le scénario du développement durable. Ils déterminent le meilleur compromis possible entre les différentes hypothèses de scénario selon les critères retenus. Le résultat obtenu indique que le développement durable offre des solutions aux problématiques locales.

This thesis examines the news coverage of the earthquake, tsunami and nuclear crisis that devastated the country of Japan in March 2011 from a comparative standpoint. Drawing on the key concepts in the theory of social constructionism and frame analysis, the series of studies in this thesis comparatively examines how cultures and value systems factored into the process of news production, dissemination and consumption when it comes to the news stories on what the Japanese government officially named the Great East Japan Earthquake. The first section looks at how Japan and its people were portrayed amid disaster relief efforts and analyzes how culture itself has become the topic of discussion and part of reality construction. The second section, on frame analysis, focuses on the workers at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, often called the Fukushima 50 by the Western media, and examines the cultural characteristics that contributed to the observable discrepancies in the ways they were represented by the Japanese media and their Western counterparts. The third study aims to shed light on the environment surrounding today's foreign correspondents and international news reporting in the context of Japan, investigating what factors influence the ways journalist go about reporting and framing their versions of realities. The fourth section attempts to deconstruct the news narratives in terms of risk communication by paying particular attention to how people reacted to the coverage of potential dangers of radiation leaks as well as the tsunami warnings in Tohoku area. In the end, the series of studies described above underlines how cultural factors significantly affected the ways in which the journalists covered Japan in 2011 as well as the ways news audiences understood what was going on. The thesis argues that there are two types of cultural faming that contributed greatly to the social construction of realities in the aftermath of the triple disasters. The first type of cultural framing was observed when reporters consistently made the culture of Japan and its supposedly "unique" values as the main frame of news narratives. It often implied that the Japanese culture was somewhat exotic or alien through foreign eyes. The second type of cultural framing was observed when the cultural dispositions of journalists and audience framed the potential risk such as the incoming tsunami and the vital newsmakers such as workers in Fukushima Daiichi using familiar cultural molds. The finding accentuated the intricacy and precarious nature of "realities" in news reports. The research also indicated that when cultural factors in news process dictate and determine the focal point of reality perception, they tend to bring about racial discussions and stereotypical images in narratives. ; published_or_final_version ; Sociology ; Doctoral ; Doctor of Philosophy

Este artículo examina los tratados de guerrilla, manuales, ordenanzas y reglamentos militares que eran leídos y cumplidos por soldados, milicianos, guerrilleros, oficiales y los ciudadanos armados, todos ellos enfrentados al dilema de la guerra o al de lograr una paz estable y permanente en el territorio de la República de Colombia en los inicios del siglo XIX. El enfoque central está dirigido a los ciudadanos armados quienes, luego de pertenecer a varios cuerpos (milicias, guerrillas, guardias nacionales) terminaron incor- porados en una fuerza militar única: el ejército libertador, el cual jugó un papel decisivo en la construcción del Estado y en la expansión de la ciudadanía reafirmando así una concepción netamente liberal de la sociedad local de la época. ; This article examines the treaties of guerrillas, manuals, military regulations and ordinances that were read and met by soldiers, militants, guerrillas, officials armed citizens, and all of them faced with the dilemma of the war or to achieve a stable and permanent peace. The focus is directed at the armed citizens who, after belonging to several corps (militants, guerrillas, national guards), ended up incorporated into a single military force: the liberating army, who played a decisive role in the construction of the State and in the expansion of citizenship, reaffirming a clearly liberal conception of the local society of that time. ; Cet article examine les traités de guérilla, les manuels, les ordonnances et les règlements militaires lus et respectés par les soldats, les miliciens, les guérilleros, les officiers et les citoyens armés, qui se voyaient tous face au dilemme de la guerre ou d'atteindre une paix stable et permanente, dans le territoire de l'actuelle Colombie au début du XIXe siècle. L'attention est centrée sur les citoyens armés qui, après avoir fait partie de plusieurs corps (milices, guérillas, gardes nationaux), ont fini par être incorporés à une force militaire unique : celle de l'armée libératrice, qui a joué un rôle décisif dans la construction de l'État et dans l'expansion de la citoyenneté tout en réaffirmant une conception net- tement libérale de la société locale de l'époque. ; Este artigo examina o tratados de guerrilha, manuais, ordens e regulamentos militares que eram lidos e executados por soldados, milicianos, guerrilheiros, oficiais e os cidadãos armados, todos eles enfrentados ao dilema da guerra ou de alcançar a paz estável e permanente. O enfoque central é dirigido aos cidadãos armados que após pertence- rem a diversos órgãos (milícias, guerrilhas, guardas nacionais) terminaram incorporados numa força militar única: o exército libertador, o qual desempenhou um papel funda- mental na construção do Estado e na expansão da cidadania, reafirmando assim uma concepção completamente liberal da sociedade local do tempo.

Las manifestaciones masivas que tuvieron lugar en distintas ciudades brasileras a lo largo del 2013 (con réplicas de características diferentes en 2014) dejaron al descubierto el descontento de diversos sectores de la población, al mismo tiempo que evidenciaron las dificultades de canalizar esas insatisfacciones en demandas políticas más estructuradas. El presente artículo se inserta en el conjunto de debates que se han reabierto a partir de este nuevo escenario. Específicamente se propone discutir la construcción de una ciudadanía diferenciada a través de la problematización de la participación política en los espacios de pobreza urbana en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro. En este marco, en primer lugar, se discute en clave histórica la construcción simbólica de las favelas como enclave de diferenciación ciudadana. Este punto se presenta en tres partes: a) el acervo simbólico esclavista en la conceptualización de los pobres urbanos; b) el desarrollo de la cidadania regulada y la institucionalización de la integración restrictiva; c) el control negociado en el contexto de una creciente organización de la política popular. En segundo lugar, se problematiza el escenario actual de la política popular a partir de: a) la doble funcionalidad de las representaciones dominantes sobre la violencia urbana; y b) las políticas públicas y su incidencia en las prácticas políticas en los espacios de relegación urbana. Palabras claves: Ciudadanía - Desigualdad - Prácticas Políticas - Favelas - Río de Janeiro Abstract The massive demonstrations that took the streets of several Brazilian cities in 2013 (and the less massive ones that echoed those in 2014) exposed the discontent of diverse sectors of the Brazilian society. The protests also outlined the difficulties to turn those dissatisfactions into more structured political demands. This paper seeks to contribute to these reopened debates. It specifically looks to discuss the construction of a differentiated citizenship, trough the analysis of political participation in Rio de Janeiro's favelas. First, the paper analyzes the historical construction of favelas as spaces of citizenship stratification. This idea is presented in three steps: a) the impacts of slavery's symbolic contents in the ways to conceptualize the urban poor; b) the development of a regulated citizenship and the institutionalization of a restrictive integration and; c) the imposition of a negotiated control in the context of increasing political organization among popular sectors. Second, the paper analyzes the current scenario for popular politics, considering: a) the double functionality of dominant representations on urban violence and; b) public policies and their incidence on political practices in favelas. Key Words: Citizenship – Inequality – Political Practices – Favelas - Rio de Janeiro

El artículo presentará el cruce y coincidencias de dos propuestas filosófico-morales latinoamericanas para el mundo actual: la que surge a partir de la edición de un libro homenaje al filósofo argentino Ricardo Maliandi (Salas, 2010) y la del filósofo chileno Humberto Giannini, reflejada también en un libro homenaje (Sánchez y Aguirre, 2011). En el artículo ambas propuestas son presentadas como un aporte propio de la filosofía latinoamericana al mundo de la filosofía desde las éticas del diálogo, rescatando sus coincidencias y similitudes. El artículo aprovechará sus enfoques para leer la realidad latinoamericana con sus problemas y necesidades sociales, éticas y políticas proponiendo con sus autores aquellos principales rasgos de una ética comunicativa que posibilitarán condiciones de vida personal y colectivas más humanizadoras y habitables para todas las personas: la responsabilidad, la reflexión, la compasión y el reconocimiento del otro. Siendo la educación, en estas propuestas filosóficas, uno de los vehículos esenciales de construcción social del mundo actual, a partir de ellas propondrá a su vez caminos de educabilidad y de logros de dichas condiciones en el ámbito de la educación superior latinoamericana. Por último, el artículo plantea la responsabilidad social universitaria como un concepto, enriquecido por el aporte de estas éticas convergentes y cotidianas, a consolidarse en las universidades para que éstas, en cuanto organizaciones sociales, logren dicha construcción social. ; This paper outlines the intersecting and correlation between two Latin American moral-philosophical proposals for today's world. The first arises from the publication of a book which pays tribute to the Argentinean philosopher Ricardo Maliandi (Salas, 2010). The second is proposed by Chilean philosopher Humberto Giannini, reflected also a book tribute (Sanchez & Aguirre, 2011). This article suggests the two proposals as a contribution by Latin American philosophy to the philosophical world from the ethics of dialogue, highlighting their similarities. The article uses their approaches to focus on the situation in Latin America, with its ethical, social and political needs and problems; and we will join with the authors in proposing the main features of a communicational ethic that will offer people a personal and collective life which is both more humanized and liveable: Responsibility, Reflection, Compassion and Recognition of the Other. Since both these philosophical proposals suggest that education is one of the essential vehicles for the social construction of today's world, we will use them as a point of departure to propose educational models for the achievement of this kind of life in Latin American higher education. Finally, the article proposes the concept of University Social Responsibility, enriched by the contribution of these convergent, everyday ethics, which, if strengthened in universities, will enable them, as social organizations, to achieve such social construction.

In McCornick, P. G.; Kamara, A. B.; Tadesse, G. (Eds). Integrated water and land management research and capacity building priorities for Ethiopia: proceedings of a MoWR/EARO/IWMI/ILRI International Workshop held at ILRI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2-4 December 2002. Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ethiopian Ministry of Water Resources; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization ; This paper presents an overview and synthesis of the key research and capacity building issues arising from the workshop presentations and the papers. Three days of intensive deliberations by professionals from various research, development and governmental organizations, and of diverse disciplines, backgrounds and nationalities have clearly acknowledged that water management issues remain very crucial for poverty alleviation and rural development in Ethiopia ? the overwhelming proportion of the population depends on smallholder agricultural production, which is highly constrained by water availability (absence of perennial rivers, high spatial and temporal availability of rainfall, etc.). This situation, over the years, has generated a critical need for efficient water and land management to reduce production risks and hazards, and enhance stable agricultural and livestock production. Recent decades have witnessed various efforts in the area of irrigation and supplementary irrigation (and other development initiatives), employing various water harvesting technologies, construction of micro dams, diversions structures, etc., which were largely combined with traditional yield-enhancing methods to facilitate sustainable smallholder agricultural production. ; Most of these efforts did not only fall short of their desired objectives of improving smallholder production conditions but also generated a host of other problems which aggravated smallholder production conditions: the large scale irrigation schemes (e.g. Awash Basin and elsewhere) resulted in secondary soil salinization where large tracts of land have gone out of production; the spontaneous construction of micro-dams across the country (especially in Tigray) is associated with human and livestock health hazards that in some cases has resulted into abandonment of the dams; the production potential of extensive watersheds remain largely unexploited or inappropriately utilized, resulting in extensive degradation of fragile lands, and so on. The potential for effectively integrating crops and livestock management in the context of growing water in complementary crop-livestock systems remains largely unexploited, especially from the perspective of efficient water and land utilization. The limited success of most of the technologies in Ethiopia calls attention to a dire need for research and capacity building to understand the complex issues of water and land management, so as to enhance national and local capacity to deal with water and land management issues to enhance food security, poverty alleviation and national economic development.

Der Schwerpunkt der Masterarbeit ist die Planung und Entwicklung eines neu gestarteten Projektes mit dem Hauptziel der Errichtung eines Zentrums für erneuerbare Energie in der kleinen Stadt und Gemeinde Livno, in Bosnien und Herzegowina. Das Zentrum für erneuerbare Energie ist auf vier erneuerbare Energieträger (Wind, Kleinwasserkraft, Solarenergie - Photovoltaik, Biomasse) konzentriert, mit dem Bau aller geeigneten Einrichtungen und administrativen Zentren in der Gemeinde. Allerdings ist die erste Phase der Projektdurchführung auf Windkraftanlagen fokussiert und daher wird der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit den gleichen Ansatz folgen. Das Projekt wird von einer Reihe von kroatischen, bosnisch-herzegowinischen und österreichischen Investoren und Projektentwicklern, zusammen mit einer etablierten politischen Unterstützung und mit den richtigen Anreizen von den lokalen politischen Gremien unterstützt. Aktueller Projektstand ist noch immer in der Planungsphase, obwohl ein Pilotprojekt der Errichtung von drei Windkraftanlagen schon umgesetzt wurde. Die wichtigsten Aufgaben der Projektplanung sind die Anschaffung der notwendigen Genehmigungen und Lizenzen, die Forschung von Finanzquellen und die Entwicklung von Business- und Finanzplänen, die ausführlich in der Arbeit beschrieben werden. Die Forschungsfrage der Arbeit ist, ob ein Zentrum für erneuerbare Energie in der Region Livno wirtschaftlich und ökologisch tragfähig ist und ob dieses Projekt unter den derzeitigen wirtschaftlichen und politischen Bedingungen in Bosnien und Herzegowina umgesetzt werden kann. Die zentrale Hypothese bietet eine Erklärung, dass ein Zentrum für erneuerbare Energie in der Gemeinde Livno wirtschaftlich und ökologisch eine effiziente Lösung für die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und für den Wohlstand der Region und Bosnien und Herzegowina ist. ; The focus of the master thesis is the planning and development of a newly launched project, whose main purpose is to establish a centre for renewable energy in the small town and municipality of Livno, situated in western Bosnia and Herzegovina. The renewable energy centre would focus on at least four renewable sources (wind, small hydro, solar - photovoltaics, biomass), with the construction of all the proper facilities and administrative centres in the municipality itself. However, the first phase of project implementation is focused on wind power plants and therefore the main emphasis of this thesis will follow the same approach. The project is supported by a number of Croatian, Bosnian-Herzegovinian and Austrian investors and project developers, along with an established political support and with the proper incentives by the local political bodies. Current status of the project is still in the planning stage, although a pilot project consisting of a construction of three wind power plants has been implemented. The main assignments of the project planning stage are the acquirement of necessary approvals and licences, research of financing sources and development of business and financial plans, all of which are described in detail in the thesis. The research question of the thesis is whether a renewable energy centre of this magnitude in the region of Livno is economically and environmentally viable and possible to implement under the current economic and political circumstances in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The main hypothesis conveys a statement that a renewable energy centre in the municipality of Livno is economically and environmentally a viable solution for the economic development and prosperity of the region and the country of Bosnia and Herzegovina ; Lovorko Marić ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Masterarb., 2013 ; (VLID)227313