Suchergebnisse

This thesis show how the concept of association in France, in the answers to the "social question" to XIXe and XXe century, was polarized by the two dominant ways of justification : liberalism and Welfare State. At the XIXe century, we show how association's concept mainly thinks in articulation with the liberalism and at the XXe century how it thinks in bond with Welfare State. But for each one of these periods, association was not folded back on one of these dominant ways of justification, she brings an innovation's capacity. The term of polarization was selected meaning by there association is never folded one of these dominant ways of justification but only attract, she keep an autonomy : at the XIXe century, association supplements the "liberal diagram" by instituting a moral framework which guides the individual actions towards the interest general; at the XIXe century, association reinforces the democratic dimension of the State by proposing specific answers to the social problems. ; Cette thèse cherche à montrer comment la notion d'association en France, dans les réponses qu'elle a apportées à la question sociale au XIXe et XXe siècle, s'est trouvée polarisée par les deux schèmes de justification dominants que sont le libéralisme économique et l'Etat social. Au XIXe siècle, on montre comment la notion d'association a été majoritairement pensée en articulation avec le libéralisme économique et au XXe siècle comment elle a été pensée en lien avec l'Etat social. Pour autant, pour chacune de ces périodes, l'association ne s'est pas trouvée rabattue sur un de ces schèmes dominants faisant ainsi preuve d'une capacité de questionnement et d'innovation. Pour résumer ce lien complexe que l'association entretient avec le libéralisme économique et l'Etat social, le terme de polarisation a été choisi signifiant par là que l'association n'est jamais rabattue sur un schème dominant mais qu'elle est seulement attirée et garde une part d'autonomie. Ainsi, si l'association s'est inscrite dans les logiques dominantes de réponse à la question sociale, cela ne l'a pas empêchée d'en pointer à chaque fois des limites. Au XIXe siècle, elle complète le schéma libéral en instituant un cadre moral qui guide les actions individuelles vers l'intérêt général ; au XXe, elle cherche à renforcer la dimension démocratique de l'Etat en proposant des réponses spécifiques aux problèmes sociaux. Centrée sur une analyse de discours et un choix qualitatif d'auteurs, la notion d'association telle qu'elle ressort de ce travail, est à prendre dans un sens étendu. Elle illustre avant tout une forme d'organisation sociale cherchant à assurer la cohésion sociale.

Abstract
We propose a visual representation of bibliographic data based on shared references. Our method employs a distance metric that is derived from bibliographic coupling and then subjected to fast approximate multidimensional scaling. Its utility is demonstrated by an explorative analysis of social network publications that, most notably, depicts the genesis of an area now commonly referred to as network science. However, the example also illustrates some common pitfalls in bibliometric analysis.

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to provide empirical evidence on the significance of signal breaches from technical trading indicators in explaining variations in the level of corporate social responsibility disclosures (CSRD) by firms. The authors seek to determine whether firms disclose corporate social responsibility (CSR) information in a genuine attempt to report their impact on society and environment or whether firms use CSRD as a shield to legitimise their business operations.Design/methodology/approach– Signal breaches from the Moving Average Convergence Divergence and Chande's TrendScore technical trading indicators were utilised, while the voluntary environmental and social accounting disclosure index developed by Williams (1998) was adapted to measure the extent of CSRD by Singaporean firms in 2011. Ordinary least squares regression was the principal multivariate statistical technique used to analyse the data collected.Findings– Findings of this paper indicate a positive and significant association between the number of technical indicator signal breaches for a firm and the level of CSRD by that firm, particularly in the environment, energy, human resources and products and customers categories.Research limitations/implications– The collection of CSRD information is based solely on annual reports and within the context of Singapore. Results, therefore, are not completely generalisable to different jurisdictional settings.Practical implications– Findings suggest that firms with a volatile stock price trend provide greater CSRD, possibly as a legitimacy strategy to distract or change the perceptions of investors from its current legitimacy status. Findings, therefore, highlight to regulators the need to strengthen regulatory requirements and implement stricter guidelines on CSR reporting, given the importance of CSRD to users.Social implications– Findings from this study have several implications for various stakeholders including investors, regulators and society in general. Overall, findings also suggest that stakeholders should not rely solely on CSRD in their decision-making process.Originality/value– This is the first paper that has proxied stock price movement by using breaches in technical trading indicators when examining reported levels of CSRD by firms. Moreover, results greatly build on the sparse CSR research on Singapore.

O Observatório Territorial do Noroeste, surgiu como um convênio de colaboração entre a UNED, a Universidade de León e a Fundação Ciudad de la Energía, foi lançado em 2011 e com uma abordagem ascendente vem gerando atividades baseadas no conhecimento que, com foco em em inovação e novas tecnologias, têm contribuído para a criação de serviços valiosos no território. Desta forma, a partir da participação, os agentes sociais, econômicos, ambientais e políticos da região de El Bierzo como laboratório do Noroeste têm colaborado em uma Rede de Empreendedorismo Social que busca alcançar um território mais sustentável. ; El Observatorio Territorial del Noroeste, surgido como acuerdo de colaboración entre la UNED, la Universidad de León y la Fundación Ciudad de la Energía, se puso en marcha en 2011 y con un enfoque bottom up ha venido generando actividades basadas en el conocimiento que, centradas en la innovación y las nuevas tecnologías, han contribuido a crear servicios de valor en el territorio. De esta forma, sobre la base de la participación, los agentes sociales, económicos, ambientales y políticos de la Comarca de El Bierzo como laboratorio del Noroeste vienen colaborando en una Red de Emprendimiento Social que trata de lograr un territorio más sostenible. ; The Northwest Territorial Observatory, which emerged as a collaboration agreement between UNED, the University of León and the Ciudad de la Energía Foundation, was launched in 2011 and with a bottom-up approach has been generating activities based on knowledge that, focused on in innovation and new technologies, they have contributed to creating valuable services in the territory. In this way, on the basis of participation, the social, economic, environmental and political agents of the El Bierzo region as a Northwest laboratory have been collaborating in a Social Entrepreneurship Network that tries to achieve a more sustainable territory.

Reviews 2 books by Jean Bethke Elshtain (The family in political thought University of Massachusetts Press 1982 and Public man, private woman: women in social and political thought Princeton University Press 1981). Shares her concern for the 'redemption of everyday life' in feminist discourse and for its reintegration into political theory but is troubled by her treatment of political theory. (JLN)

"This volume ... [was] convened by the Social Science Research Council ... that would address the sterility or remoteness of the disciplines and applicability of international relations (IR) and international law (IL). Begun in the summer of 2001 ..."--Foreward

Le droit social, forme juridique prise en France par l'État-providence, est apparu lors de sa fondation comme une alternative globale aux impasses du droit issu de la Révolution. Dans un contexte de développement de la société industrielle, les principes individualistes, égalitaires et consensualistes du modèle civiliste étaient en effet inopérants pour encadrer la situation faite aux travailleurs salariés. Le droit social a entendu substituer une logique distributive à la justice commutative du contrat et de la responsabilité. Aux mécanismes interindividuels, il a préféré un cadre collectif. En lieu et place de la logique formelle et descendante du droit civil, il a imposé une prise en compte concrète et matérielle des rapports sociaux pour en dégager des normes et des institutions praticables. Mais, loin de supplanter intégralement les cadres civilistes du droit, le droit social et ses institutions d'essence solidariste ont en réalité composé avec eux : certaines techniques du droit de la responsabilité ont été maintenues à la périphérie des institutions collectives du droit social. Le droit civil a même reconquis peu à peu une partie du terrain perdu au fur et à mesure qu'il se perfectionnait en liaison avec l'évolution de la société. Cette reconquête permet, en dernière analyse, de mieux saisir la place et la nature exactes du droit social au sein du système juridique français.

This article investigates social and spatial changes in the Athens metropolitan area between 1991 and 2011. The main question is whether social polarisation - and the contraction of intermediate occupational categories - unevenly developed across the city is related to the changing of segregation patterns during the examined period. We established that the working-class moved towards the middle and the middle-class moved towards the top, but the relative position of both parts did not change in the overall socio-spatial hierarchy. The broad types of socio-spatial change in Athens (driven by professionalisation, proletarianisation or polarisation) were eventually related to different spatial imprints in the city's social geography. Broad trends identified in other cities, like the centralisation of higher occupations and the peripheralisation of poverty, were not at all present here. In Athens, changes between 1991 and 2011 can be summarised by (1) the relative stability and upward social movement of the traditional working-class and their surrounding areas, accounting for almost half of the city, (2) the expansion of traditional bourgeois strongholds to neighbouring formerly socially mixed areas - 25% of the city - and their conversion to more homogeneous middle-class neighbourhoods through professionalisation, (3) the proletarianisation of 10% of the city following a course of perpetual decline in parts of the central municipality and (4) the polarisation and increased social mix of the traditional bourgeois strongholds related to the considerable inflow of poor migrants working for upper-middle-class households.

Social Policy Review is an annual selection of commissioned articles focusing on developments and debates in social policy in the UK, Europe and internationally. Social Policy Review 13 reviews a varied and interesting selection of social policy developments in Britain and internationally, and sets current policy developments in a broader context of key trends and debates.

1. Introduction : giving meaning to civic innovation / Kees Biekart, Wendy Harcourt and Peter Knorringa -- 2. The institutional foundations of civic innovation / Georgina M. Gomez and Holly A. Ritchie -- 3. Change actors and civic innovators : who triggers change? Systematising the role of interlocutors in civic innovation processes / Alan Fowler -- 4. Can consultants be civic innovators? Exploring their roles as auditors and allies / Sylvia I. Bergh and Kees Biekart -- 5. Between state, market and civil society : what constitutes the social in social entrepreneurship? / A.H.J. (Bert) Helmsing -- 6. Civic innovation in value chains : towards workers as agents in non-governmental labour regulation / Karin Astrid Siegmann, Jeroen Merk and Peter Knorringa -- 7. Civic innovation by family farmers in the face of global value chain inclusion : between material conditions and imagined futures / Lee Pegler and Wanessa Marques Silva -- 8. Exploring embodiment and intersectionality in transnational feminist activist research / Wendy Harcourt, Rosalba Icaza and Virginia Vargas -- 9. Towards new perspectives on labour precarity adn decent work for sex workers' / Silke Heumann, Karin Astrid Siegmann and Empower Foundation -- 10. Resistance and hope : youth responses to the economic crisis in Southern Europe / Paulina (Sat) Trejo-Mendez. [et al.] -- 11. Civic activism and social accountability : a quantitative approach / Anderson Macedo de Jesus and Irene van Staveren -- 12. Minding the gap between activism and academia, or bridging it? Reflections on how to do civic innovation research / Kees Biekart and Karin Astrid Siegmann -- 13. Conclusion : moving agendas forward / Wendy Harcourt, Kees Biekart and Peter Knorringa.

The establishment of political corruption networks in extant social structures is examined, indicating that market, hierarchy, & solidarity coordination principles as well as social, economic, & political resources are integral to network formation. Several functions of political corruption networks are discussed: disintegrating boundaries in social structures; organizing relationships between actors in the legal system; centralizing discrete entities' supplies & demands; facilitating corruptive transactions; effecting temporal delays; documenting past transactions; & preparing future exchanges. Hypothetical cases, delineating a tribal system of corruption as well as intra- & interorganizational coordination, reveal that the interaction between the aforementioned coordination principles & resources varies from case to case. Additional research is needed to construct an alternative theory of transaction costs & their influence on corruption networks. J. W. Parker

In the sociological literature on social mobility, the long-standing convention has been to assume that intergenerational reproduction takes one of two forms, either a categorical form that has parents passing on a big-class position to their children, or a gradational form that has parents passing on their socioeconomic standing to their children. These conventional approaches ignore in their own ways the important role that occupations play in transferring advantage and disadvantage from one generation to the next. In log-linear analyses of nationally representative data from the United States, Sweden, Germany, and Japan, we show that (a) occupations are an important conduit for reproduction, (b) the most extreme rigidities in the mobility regime are only revealed when analyses are carried out at the detailed occupational level, and (c) much of what shows up as big-class reproduction in conventional mobility analyses is in fact occupational reproduction in disguise. Although the four countries studied here differ in the extent to which the occupational form has been institutionalized, we show that it is too prominent to ignore in any of these countries. Even in Japan, which has long been regarded as distinctively 'deoccupationalized,' we find evidence of extreme occupational rigidities. These results suggest that an occupational mechanism for reproduction may be a fundamental feature of all contemporary mobility regimes. [author's abstract]

La société à l'image de l'homme est une structure résultant d'une genèse, le fait social ne sera que le résultat d'un compromis entre des forces témoignant des réelles possibilités de la société à gérer les conflits. Une de ces possibilités est le processus de la régression. Pour sauter plus loin, on a besoin de revenir en arrière pour prendre son élan, mais encore faut-il à l'individu comme à la société des points de fixation solides pour stopper la régression.