Suchergebnisse

Since the early 1990s, Turkey has come a long way in reasserting itself in the Balkans. The end of the Cold War transformed Turkish foreign policy strategies, which were aimed at securing greater political influence in the Balkans. A lack of coherent policies from the European Union (EU) and the lack of clear goals for the former Yugoslav countries opened up new possibilities for Turkey. Using its so-called soft power, Turkey has created an efficient network of institutions across the region focused on religion, culture, and history. Schools and universities, the Hizmet movement, and Fethullah Gülen's advocates and networks have flourished in the Balkans and nowadays constitute a network of NGOs and religious centers. Using a sentimental interpretation of common history, Turkey has gained considerable influence among Muslim communities, but not much elsewhere. Turkey's public discourse favoring Muslim communities has proved to be a self-imposed limitation, incapacitating Turkey from more meaningful influence in the region as a whole. Moreover, a long-promised economic boost for the region has not been realized. The strong economic growth that Turkey experienced in the early 2000s, which enabled it to make more commitments to the region in the first place, did not help it surpass the economic possibilities offered to the region by the EU. Recent developments in Turkey and its growing authoritarianism make Turkey a less desirable future model to be followed. On the other hand, Turkey's current regime may be appealing to the Western Balkan leaders, who themselves feature more anti-democratic practices. With poor economic prospects and the missing strength of an EU anchor in the Western Balkans, there is a great necessity to synchronize approaches in the Western Balkans. (Autorenreferat)

In the United States, concerns about adolescent pregnancy and its purported consequences—negative health effects for mother and child, the disintegration of the nuclear family, and overdependence on public resources—began to widely circulate in policy spheres and the news media in the 1970s, resulting in a proliferation of policies, programs, and services designed to address its prevention. Though national adolescent birth rates are currently at their lowest since reaching a peak in the early 1990s, this decline masks persistent and significant disparities between groups of young people by race, ethnicity, geography, and poverty level, reflecting a complex intersection of social and economic inequities and diverse sociocultural meanings attached to adolescent childbearing. Using ethnographic methods, the research described in this article examines the values and priorities undergirding the promotion of hormonal and long‐acting reversible contraception for sexually active youth in New York City, an urban center of vast extremes in health, wealth, and opportunity, but which boasts extensive reproductive health services for young people, including confidential care and availability of free or low‐cost contraception. It examines the interpretation of this strategy from the perspectives of reproductive health leaders and health care workers, highlighting the ways in which adolescence, sexual risk, and youth relationships are characterized. It also describes the needs and priorities identified by these participants with regard to contraceptive counseling and reproductive decision making, contextualized by the experiences of youth participants for whom this strategy is intended, elucidating the broader sociocultural contexts in which young women negotiate intimate relationships and contraceptive use. The utility of multilevel and holistic approaches to the study of reproductive health services for youth is discussed, along with implications for clinical practice and policy development.

The Soviet occupation of Afghanistan and the two Russian wars in Chechnya were the longest, most protracted conflicts of the USSR and Russia after WWII. Both were conducted under conditions of unprecedented violence in peripheral territories. Despite their distance in time and space, both wars are closely linked to each other on the level of cultural representations in contemporary Russia. This paper analyses how the conflicts were represented in a key Soviet and Russian newspaper as the wars unfolded. It analyses the textual and visual coverage of the wars in theKrasnaia zvezda(1980–1986; 2000–2003), in order to disclose changing interpretations of violence and the Other. The paper argues, first, thatKrasnaia zvezdatold the story of two different types of violence prevailing in each conflict. The Afghan case was presented as one that put the social and cultural transformation of the population at the center of its attention – violence was hence not only physical and excessive but also cultural, as it aimed at the social fabric of society. The Chechen case focused on the recapture of territory and the restoration of sovereignty. Therefore, physical violence appeared more bluntly in the coverage of the conflict. Second, the paper shows that these two different types of violence implied two different visions of the Other. In Afghanistan, the Other was represented as becoming more and more similar to the socialist Self. This dynamic is visually underscored by numerous images of Afghans who have embarked on the path to Soviet modernity. In Chechnya, in contrast, the Other was presented as traditional, backward, and immutable. The Other was usually reduced to complete cultural difference and depicted a dehumanized fashion. This orientalization of the Other was a precondition for the use of excessive physical violence.

<p>Although older adult minorities face disparities in health and health care, they continue to be underrepresented in health research. Studies with biological markers of health often lack representation of older minority adults. The purpose of this study was to describe perceptions of biomarkers among ethnic minority seniors who might participate in studies of biological markers of health and to document barriers and facilitators to acceptance of biomarkers. Six focus groups (3 of Spanish-speaking Latinos and 3 of African Americans) were con­ducted in three community senior service organizations (two senior centers and one church). Ten semi-structured interviews were conducted to support and augment focus group data. Seventy-two community-dwelling minority older adults aged 62 years and older and 10 community stakeholders participated. A community-based partnered research approach was used and two com­munity partners participated in the analysis and interpretation of results. Standard quali­tative content-analysis methods were used to identify and organize themes in domains. Focus group participants were 49% Latino and 51% African American. Results included barriers: 1) mistrust, 2) fear of specimen collection/storage, 3) perceived harms, 4) competing demands, and 5) costs. Older Latinos cited issues of language as barriers to awareness and acceptance of biomarkers. African Americans had concerns over per­ceived harms of biomarkers. Facilitators to acceptance of biomarkers were community engagement through church and communi­ty leaders. Older Latino and African Ameri­cans identified many barriers and facilitators to the collection and storage of biomarkers. Participants identified community-partnered recommendations to overcome barriers to the acceptance, collection, and storage of biomarkers. <em>Ethn Dis.</em>2015;25(3):355-362.</p>

Purpose
– The purpose this paper is to profile individual-level perspectives on sustainability and supply chain partnering, introduces the concept of sustainable supply chain orientation (SSCO), and suggests pathways between executive profiles toward SSCO.


Design/methodology/approach
– The research relies on inductive, theory-building grounded theory and phenomenological data collection and interpretations in the wine industry. In-depth interviews were conducted over five years with 112 senior managers from 88 organizations in the global wine industry representing nine wine regions in four countries.


Findings
– Ten profiles were developed depicting executives' perspectives on embracing sustainability, the extent to which motivations for various forms of sustainability and partnering compete, and being self-or supply chain partner focussed. A SSCO depicts a leader who embraces sustainability, sees alignment in motivations and is supply chain partner focussed.


Research limitations/implications
– The paper contributes to the sustainable supply chain management and general business orientation discourses by introducing the concept of SSCO and profiling executives' perspectives that may help to define pathways toward SSCO. It may be limited by its inductive method and the industry context. Limitations suggest future research in discovering additional profiles and pathways as well as validating them.


Practical implications
– Findings reveal the importance of understanding what sustainability means to business executives of firms in hyper-competitive markets with global supply chains. Managers will recognize that there are many possible routes toward SSCO, each one revealing potentially unique differentiation opportunities while also providing clues to competitors' strategies.


Originality/value
– This work introduces the concept of SSCO and contributes a classification scheme consisting of detailed business executive profile descriptions and specific pathways toward SSCO followed by those executives.

Abstract
When gay rights advocates asserted demands for equality in the courts, they found that the likelihood of a favorable outcome was tied to the standard of judicial review—known as the level of scrutiny—the courts applied to the law. "Scrutiny"is a shorthand term that describes the extent to which courts defer to majoritarian decision makers, primarily legislative bodies. The courts' determination of the appropriate level of scrutiny—crucial to the outcome of the case—depends on the class of people challenging the law, with the courts assigning a higher level of scrutiny to laws affecting groups with insufficient clout to prevent legislation that infringes on their rights. Despite the importance of scrutiny in equal rights jurisprudence, the Supreme Court's ruling in United States v. Windsor, invalidating the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), did not establish the proper level of scrutiny for laws restricting same-sex marriage. Although the lower courts overwhelmingly struck state bans on same-sex marriage in the cases following Windsor, they did so without guidance from the Supreme Court on the matter of scrutiny. This study presents key district court rulings in the post-Windsor litigation, showing that the Supreme Court's failure to articulate its position on scrutiny provided opportunities for the lower courts to provide their own interpretation of the doctrine. Using the traditional standards for determining the level of scrutiny to apply, most concluded that it was appropriate to apply heightened scrutiny to claims based on sexual orientation. Thus, in addition to its implications for the future of marriage equality, the study also raises broader questions about the continued viability of this decades-old doctrine and the resolution of this doctrinal uncertainty.

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper explains how the framework on motives of foreign direct investment (FDI) needs to be rethought when analyzing emerging market multinational enterprises (EMNEs). It argues that the weak position of emerging market firms and their interdependent relationship with lead firms in global value chains (GVCs) modify the selection of internationalization motives.


Design/methodology/approach
– The arguments are illustrated through a critical review of the literature on FDI motives and a discussion on how the literature can be extended from looking through the lens of emerging market multinationals, particularly those with early development as suppliers in global value chains.


Findings
– The weak position of emerging market firms and their interdependent relationship with lead firms in global value chains modify the selection of internationalization motives on two aspects. First, internationalization decisions of EMNEs in GVCs are not undertaken in an independent manner. Rather, decisions are influenced by the initial position along the value chain and the dynamic relationships that these EMNEs have with lead firms. Second, the selection of FDI motives of these EMNEs reflects both their international expansion strategy and the upgrading effort they wish to pursue to undertake higher value-adding activities along the GVCs.


Originality/value
– These implications addressed in this paper add more nuances to the interpretation of FDI motives. Previously viewed mainly from the perspective of lead firms, FDI decisions are considered as independent alternatives that multinational enterprises (MNEs) can undertake to fulfill their internationalization strategy. Revisiting the FDI motives from the perspective of EMNEs reveals further insights on the interdependent nature of their internationalization, particularly reflecting the weaker position of EMNEs and their interdependent relationship with lead firms in their industry.

The purpose of this article is to describe an alternative method for transcribing and transforming (analyzing and interpreting) oral data collected from interviews. Rather than record and then immediately transcribe data, the "oral coding" approach relies on a Three-Phase Approach. Phase One involves extended and reflective listening to the original interview data. This extended time with data in its original oral form enables researchers to construct both propositional and tacit knowledge in relation to the phenomenon being investigated. Intensive encounters with the original data are continued during the Second Phase of analysis and interpretation by re-recording on another device those segments that are thought to be potentially thematic as well the researcher's own reflective and interpretive comments in relation to these segments. Finally, in Phase Three, using a combination of keyboarding and optionally voice recognition software, both in vivo quotes and researcher reflections are transcribed to text and organized by research question. This entire Three Phase process is intended to transform raw data into understandable accounts by allowing researchers to "hang on" to the original oral data for an extended time thus delaying reduction to text and thereby enabling researchers to capture participant nuances conveyed through tone, inflection, volume, pause, and emphases. Consequently, this method may have the potential to promote a higher degree of credibility and trustworthiness. Experience to date provides limited support for this process based on a previously published article (Bernauer, Semich, Klentzin, & Holdan, 2013) that used both traditional and oral coding and another article (Bernauer, 2015) that used only oral coding. It is hoped that colleagues try out this method and "transform" it based on their own creative insights.

Just after the end of the Great War Miloš Crnjanski wrote a poem dedicated to Gavrilo Princip, the assassin of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, in Sarajevo, on 28 June 1914. The title of the poem is "A Tribute to Princip" ("Spomen Principu"), and it was first published in Crnjanski's early book of poetry Lyrics of Ithaca (Lirika Itake, 1919). Forty years later Crnjanski wrote a commentary on the poem, a sort of its prose paraphrase, and entitled it "On the Poem about Princip" ("Uz pesmu o Principu"); it was published in his Commentaries on Lyrics of Ithaca (Komentari uz Liriku Itake, 1959). Although by no means as significant as his famous poem "Sumatra", and equally famous "Explanation of Sumatra", that is considered a kind of Crnjanski's personal poetic manifesto, as well as a poetic manifesto of Serbian modernism in general, "A Tribute to Princip" and its explanation represent an equally important testimony to Crnjanski's poetic sensibility and his literary inspiration. The subject of the poem, the manner of poetic expression, on the one side, and the prose style of its commentary, on the other, clearly indicate what was considered by young Crnjanski the main role of the new, modern poetry he was advocating for: the break with the tradition, the rejection of the old and no longer productive poetic and national myths, and the affirmation of the new role of poetry in the everyday life. Therefore, opposing the standard interpretation of the poem, in this paper I argue that "A Tribute to Princip" is not a political poem but a "poem about poem", which we could read as metapoetry or a poetry poem, providing that we apply the term with a little more freedom.

The article analyzes the basic documents of international organizations in recent years, which have become the global standard for the development and improvement of statistics of foreign economic relations of most countries, including the Russian Federation. The article describes the key features of the theory and practice of modern foreign trade statistics in Russia and abroad, with an emphasis on the methodological problems of its main parts - the external trade statistics. It shows their interpretation in the most recent recommendations by UN statistical apparatus and other international organizations; considers a range of problems associated with the implementation of the national statistical practices of countries, including Russia and the countries of the Customs Union, the main international standard of foreign trade statistics - UN document "International Merchandise Trade Statistics". The main attention is paid to methodological issues such as: the criteria for selecting the objects of statistical accounting in accordance with international standards, quantitative and cost parameters of foreign trade statistics, statistical methods and estimates of commodity exports and imports, the problems of comparability of data; to a comparison of international standards in 2010 with documents on key precursor methodology of foreign trade statistics, characterized by the practice of introducing these standards in the foreign trade statistics of Russia and the countries of the Customs Union. The article analyzes the content given in the official statistical manuals of Russia foreign trade and foreign countries, covers the main methodological problems of World Trade in conjunction with the major current international statistical standards - System of National Accounts, Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services and other documents; provides specific data describing the current structure of Russian foreign trade and especially its position in international trade in goods and services.

Las interpretaciones sobre la agroecología y la sustentabilidad son variadas. El tratamiento de estos conceptos en ámbitos académicos, políticos y productivos ha inducido eventualmente a emplearlos con significados diferentes. La región semiárida bonaerense requiere de nuevas visiones y del uso de tecnologías adecuadas para salir de sistemas productivos no sustentables. El objetivo de este trabajo fue ampliar el conocimiento sobre distintas ideas individuales y grupales de la agroecología y de la sustentabilidad mediante encuestas a dos grupos (UNS/INTA), relacionados con la investigación y extensión de prácticas agropecuarias regionales. La valoración de los problemas de sustentabilidad observados en los agroecosistemas del semiárido bonaerense fue muy alta en ambos grupos y consideran a la agroecología como una ciencia interesante para avanzar hacia una agricultura adecuada para la región. Al final, se presentan las conclusiones en base a dos cosmovisiones: la biológica y la antropológica. ; The interpretations on agroecology and sustainability are varied. The treatment of these concepts in academic, political and productive areas has led eventually to employ different meanings. The Buenos Aires semiarid region requires new visions and the use of appropriate technologies to get out of unsustainable production systems. The objective of this work was to increase knowledge of different individual and group ideas of agroecology and sustainability by surveying two groups related to research and extension regional agricultural practices (UNS/INTA). The assessment of the sustainability problems observed in semiarid agroecosystems of Buenos Aires was very high in both groups and consider agroecology as interesting to work towards suitable for the region agriculture science. Finally, conclusions are made based on two worldviews: the biological and the anthropological. ; Eje A5: Sistemas de conocimiento ; Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales

El propósito de la presente investigación se centra analizar el alcance de la aplicación de la Teoría de la Carga Dinámica de la Prueba en el principio de Presunción de Inocencia (artículo 7º de la Ley 906 de 2004), de conformidad con la interpretación realizada por la Sala de Casación Penal de la Corte Suprema de Justicia; para ello se parte del estudió de la aplicación de la Teoría de la Carga Dinámica de la Prueba en el Proceso Penal Colombiano desde la doctrina, la normativa y la jurisprudencia; posteriormente se identifica la relación existente entre la "carga de la prueba" y el sistema adversarial moderado de la Ley 906 de 2004; y finalmente se evalúa, desde la jurisprudencia de la Corte Suprema de Justicia Sala de Casación Penal, las implicaciones de la aplicación de la Teoría de la Carga Dinámica de la Prueba en el principio de presunción de inocencia. ; The purpose of this research is to analyze the scope of application of the Theory of Dynamic Load Test on the principle of presumption of innocence (Article 7 of Law 906 of 2004), in accordance with the interpretation given by the Criminal Appellate Division of the Supreme Court; for it is part of the studied application of the Theory of Dynamic Burden of Proof in Criminal Proceedings from Colombian doctrine, legislation and jurisprudence; then the relationship between the "burden of proof" and moderate adversarial system of Act 906 of 2004 is identified; and finally is evaluated from the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court Criminal Appeals Chamber, the implications of the application of the Theory of Dynamic Load Test on the principle of presumption of innocence.

The classic nature of things doctrine has an ancient and significant tradition in the history of the Philosophy of Law. However, a cursory study of current day judicial decisions reveals that this ancient doctrine remains highly relevant in our time. This philosophical doctrine, which advocates the study of legal experience through social experience, enables a more comprehensive investigation of Law by acknowledging that it originates in social structures rather than from Parliament. Furthermore, the nature of things doctrine can be understood to serve not only as the source of material Law but also as a criterion upon which a judge may base his/her findings in order to arrive at a better and fairer interpretation of the Law. Accordingly, the nature of things doctrine can be seen as a conducive meeting point, where natural Law and positive Law converge and ultimately can be reconciled. ; La clásica doctrina de la naturaleza de las cosas cuenta con una fecunda tradición iusfilosófica, pero también con una vigorosa actualidad. Su estudio supone acercarnos a la experiencia jurídica desde la experiencia social, implica conocer más profundamente el fenómeno jurídico, pues ocasiona un desplazamiento de la especulación filosófico-jurídica desde el texto de la ley al ámbito de lo social. Su utilidad se evidencia en que nos brinda la posibilidad de reubicar el verdadero hontanar de donde el Derecho emana, como muestra su faceta de considerarla fuente material de lo jurídico, así como en la pertinencia de ser criterio interpretativo del Derecho, según se plasma diariamente en la jurisprudencia de nuestros tribunales de justicia. Desde este completo planteamiento, pudiera ser reivindicada como fértil terreno de encuentro y reconciliación entre el Derecho natural y el Derecho positivo.

Microdialysis enables the chemistry of the extracellular interstitial space to be monitored. Use of this technique in patients with acute brain injury has increased our understanding of the pathophysiology of several acute neurological disorders. In 2004, a consensus document on the clinical application of cerebral microdialysis was published. Since then, there have been significant advances in the clinical use of microdialysis in neurocritical care. The objective of this review is to report on the International Microdialysis Forum held in Cambridge, UK, in April 2014 and to produce a revised and updated consensus statement about its clinical use including technique, data interpretation, relationship with outcome, role in guiding therapy in neurocritical care and research applications. ; We gratefully acknowledge financial support for participants as follows: P.J.H. - National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Professorship and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge; I.J. – Medical Research Council (G1002277 ID 98489); A. H. - Medical Research Council, Royal College of Surgeons of England; K.L.H.C. - NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge (Neuroscience Theme; Brain Injury and Repair Theme); M.G.B. - Wellcome Trust Dept Health Healthcare Innovation Challenge Fund (HICF-0510-080); L. H. - The Swedish Research Council, VINNOVA and Uppsala Berzelii Technology Centre for Neurodiagnostics; S. M. - Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; D.K.M. - NIHR Senior Investigator Award to D.K.M., NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (Neuroscience Theme), FP7 Program of the European Union; M. O. - Swiss National Science Foundation and the Novartis Foundation for Biomedical Research; J.S. - Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (Instituto de Salud Carlos III) (PI11/00700) co-financed by the European Regional Development; M.S. – NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre; N. S. - Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico. ; This is the final version of the ...

This article aims to make a contribution to the study of the political dimension of Spanish Golden Age public theatre from one of its mostcharacteristic features: the controversy about its moral licitness. This requires that we begin with an analysis of the Sate paradigm, due to its predominance upon this kind of studies until now. Then, from anhistorical-conceptual analysis, we are going to examine the PrimerasOrdenanzas de Teatro (1608), placing them in the context of the skirmishes about the moral licitness of theatre and the necessity or not of definitely banning it (beginnings of the 17th century). To analyze this source with the aid of other documents from that time will allow us to estimate both the relevance of the State paradigm to understand the Hispanic Monarchy's apprehension of Golden Age public theatre and to suggest possible alternative interpretations. ; Este trabajo intenta realizar una contribución al estudio de la dimensión política del teatro público de la España de los Siglos de Oro desde una de sus manifestaciones más características: la polémica sobre su licitud moral. Ello requiere comenzar por un análisis de la perspectiva estatalista, dado que ha dominado este tipo de estudios hasta el momento. Luego, desde un análisis histórico-conceptual, examinaremos las Primeras Ordenanzas de Teatro (1608), ubicándolas en el contexto provisto por las escaramuzas en torno a la licitud moral del teatro y la necesidad o no de suprimirlo de forma permanente (principios del siglo XVII). El cotejarlas con la ayuda de otros documentos de la época nos permitirá estimar tanto la pertinencia del paradigma estatalista para entender la aproximación de la Monarquía Hispana al teatro público áureo, como sugerir posibles interpretaciones alternativas.