Suchergebnisse

introduction au numéro spécial "Municipal Connections: Links, Transfers and Cooperation among European Cities in the 20th Century" ; International audience ; Globalisation, the buzzword of the late twentieth century, calls for the attention of historians. As others have already suggested, one way to contribute to the historicisation of the phenomena encapsulated in this idiom is to pay attention to connections over long periods. Connections between municipal governments and exchanges about the subject have both been neglected by historical scholarship for various reasons, but they can contribute to the history of the "construction of the universal". Indeed, the information systems of municipal connections – their vectors, actors and structures – have defined, intersected with, nourished or undergone a series of would-be universalist "transboundary formations". These formations are shifting combinations of values, collective actions, practices, rules, organisations and individuals, all of which are advanced as possible futures for mankind. By examining some of these discourses of 'social order' and "world order" and the way in which they combine with municipal connections, this article attempts to produce the "'municipal contribution" announced in its title.

An examination of the post-Cold War building boom in the defense sectors of the People's Republic of China, Germany, Japan, Russia, & the US maintains that these buildings are stone representations of heritage. While some architectural historians/military strategists view defense buildings as vehicles of political propaganda, or signs of the continuing relevance of militaries, others see them as reflections of underlying anxiety about the security environment. It is noted that the new Japan Defense Agency Headquarters was purposely placed in the Ishigayia suburb of Tokyo because of the area's importance in Japan's martial history. The tendency to "build upon the past" is also discussed in relation to the relocation of the German Ministry of Defense back to the so-called Bendlerblock structure in Berlin. Other buildings examined include China's new Ministry of Defense & the facelift/addition to the US Pentagon. The symbolism attached to the deterioration of Russia's national military facility is discussed. It is concluded that defense constructions are the result of specific national policies related to the military's role within & beyond national borders. 3. J. Lindroth

This article aims to identify prevalent concerns and anxieties informing Berberova's works, whether designated as fiction, biography, fictionalized history, or autobiography; to observe what is hidden behind the public facade of the autobiographical self; and to determine how the fictional and the autobiographical are connected in the writer's narratives. Berberova's autobiography, as well as her fictional and biographical writings, provide a fertile ground for investigating the author's frame of reference from the point of view of her gender. A close look at the nature of autobiography, with its careful construction of a public self, offers insight into the way Berberova wants others to see her. Paying attention to the struggle for physical and spiritual survival, the focus of Berberova's writing in general, affords an understanding of what the author deems necessary in order to overcome the hardships of emigration, the challenges of failed relationships, and the hazards of being a woman writer. Berberova's connections with men and women in her life—described by herself, seen by others, reflected in her fiction—all point to a pivotal concern with the strengths and weaknesses of her own gender.

Ruminates on poverty research, focusing on conceptual issues, politics, & race. The bias toward econometric analysis in poverty research is lamented for want of sufficient conceptual resources, advocating a cross-disciplinary approach to complement the heavily quantitative field. More attention needs to be paid to the allocation of business cycle risks among income classes in the US & to the construction of the very concept of "poverty." It is contended that researchers should not ignore the impact of prevailing political attitudes on policy making, particularly in terms of eschewing critical analysis of these public sentiments. A radically progressive sensibility in poverty research is called for. To address the blatant link between race & poverty, the notions of discrimination in contract & discrimination in contact are presented, arguing that mechanisms of status transmission & social mobility hinge on social interactions in both spheres. Further, cultural explanations to account for racial disparities are challenged for neglecting the fact that group identifications & racial self-understandings are endogenous; the question of how groups construct notions of what constitutes a behavioral norm is posed. J. Zendejas

Opens with a geopolitical overview of the Caspian region & a summary of the issue of its legal status to backlight Iran's emergent security interest there. After delineating five potential oil & gas pipeline routes, it is contended that US sanctions of Iran inhibit the construction of an economically attractive southern pipeline through Iran. Iran's foreign policy toward Central Asia & the Caucasus is examined, & its national interests & concerns are outlined: (1) Iran prefers a condominium arrangement for the governance of the seabed & under the seabed. (2) There should be no unilateral moves on the part of any of the Caspian littoral states. (3) National sovereignty & national interest imperatives must be factored in to any Caspian Sea legal regime. (4) The Caspian region must demilitarize. (5) Iran values highly the principle of full cooperation with all littoral states. It is concluded that Iran's policy has developed relatively smoothly despite the US containment policy, & this foreign policy must remain centered on Iran's geostrategic advantages & promotion of participation, dialogue, security, confidence building, & development for the region's common good. J. Zendejas

introduction au numéro spécial "Municipal Connections: Links, Transfers and Cooperation among European Cities in the 20th Century" ; International audience ; Globalisation, the buzzword of the late twentieth century, calls for the attention of historians. As others have already suggested, one way to contribute to the historicisation of the phenomena encapsulated in this idiom is to pay attention to connections over long periods. Connections between municipal governments and exchanges about the subject have both been neglected by historical scholarship for various reasons, but they can contribute to the history of the "construction of the universal". Indeed, the information systems of municipal connections – their vectors, actors and structures – have defined, intersected with, nourished or undergone a series of would-be universalist "transboundary formations". These formations are shifting combinations of values, collective actions, practices, rules, organisations and individuals, all of which are advanced as possible futures for mankind. By examining some of these discourses of 'social order' and "world order" and the way in which they combine with municipal connections, this article attempts to produce the "'municipal contribution" announced in its title.

De la défense des « pauvres nécessiteux » à l'humanitaire expert. Reconversion et métamorphoses d'une cause politique
Annie Collovald
Depuis une quinzaine d'années en France, un nouveau mode d'action humanitaire est apparu se structurant autour du modèle de l'expertise. Or même s'ils justifient leur investissement dans des termes qui renvoient aux caractéristiques des « nouvelles formes d'engagement public », ses militants viennent pour la plupart d'anciens mouvements chrétiens et tiers-mondistes et sont passés par la CFDT. Leur reclassement appelle une analyse qui renverse les perspectives habituellement tenues sur les conditions de possibilité et de perpétuation du militantisme. L'étude de l'histoire de la construction de la cause humanitaire montre qu'il s'agit là d'une reconversion d'une cause politique : celle de la défense des plus démunis. En restituer les modalités d'élaboration éclaire sur ce qui est attendu de la part de ces anciens militants politiques : non pas changer de dispositions mais changer leur conception de leurs dévouements et plus précisément leur vision des autres aidés. Ce qui ne va pas sans les placer devant plusieurs dilemmes inattendus qui constituent les ressorts pratiques de leur carrière morale.

Au moment de choisir un métier, les jeunes sont engagés dans une phase de leur vie marquée par la construction de leur identité. L'activité professionnelle est précisément l'un des vecteurs de cette affirmation identitaire. Pour les jeunes engagés qui arrivent au terme de leur contrat, une identité influencée par la culture professionnelle militaire n'est pas sans conséquence sur leur aptitude à se reconvertir dans le civil. C'est notamment ce qui a été observé auprès de certains anciens engagés volontaires de l'armée de Terre dont les repères identitaires empruntent, quasiment trait pour trait, ceux du combattant, et qui éprouvent beaucoup de difficultés à se positionner par rapport au marché de l'emploi civil. Au contraire, d'anciens militaires dont l'identité professionnelle était déjà affirmée avant même de s'engager s'avèrent appréhender très facilement leur retour à la vie civile. La confrontation de ces deux types de parcours montre que tout autant que le « savoir-faire » et le « savoir-être » professionnels, la qualité de la reconversion nécessite aussi, et peut-être même surtout, la capacité de se « convertir » à une nouvelle identité professionnelle : celle de civil.

introduction au numéro spécial "Municipal Connections: Links, Transfers and Cooperation among European Cities in the 20th Century" ; International audience ; Globalisation, the buzzword of the late twentieth century, calls for the attention of historians. As others have already suggested, one way to contribute to the historicisation of the phenomena encapsulated in this idiom is to pay attention to connections over long periods. Connections between municipal governments and exchanges about the subject have both been neglected by historical scholarship for various reasons, but they can contribute to the history of the "construction of the universal". Indeed, the information systems of municipal connections – their vectors, actors and structures – have defined, intersected with, nourished or undergone a series of would-be universalist "transboundary formations". These formations are shifting combinations of values, collective actions, practices, rules, organisations and individuals, all of which are advanced as possible futures for mankind. By examining some of these discourses of 'social order' and "world order" and the way in which they combine with municipal connections, this article attempts to produce the "'municipal contribution" announced in its title.

O artigo realiza uma exaustiva revisão histórico-social da educação física escolar argentina e de suas implicações em relação ao corpo masculino - e feminino. A análise identifica duas grandes características que condicionaram as práticas esportivas durante o período de 1880 a 1930: por um lado o aspecto militar, por outro o higiénico. Essas práticas tiveram um forte impacto prescritivo, que colocou cm relevo, de forma muito especial, a contribuição para a construção de uma certa masculinidade. ; The article makes an exhaustive social-historical revision of the physical education at schools in Argentina, and its implications in relation to masculine — and feminine — bodies. This analysis identifies two greater marks, which have oriented the corporal practices in the period between 1880-1930: on one hand, the military sign, and, on the other, the hygienic sign. Both marks have had a strong prescriptive impact, which has shown, in a special way, the contribution to the construction of certain masculinity. ; El documento original presenta defectos de visualización que no pudieron ser subsanados. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

How much represented the construction of an ancient building, in terms of labor force? How much time did it last? How many people were involved? So many questions that naturally come to mind when one see those amazing monuments. I shall try to answer it here through the exposition & study of the case of Pyramid with ramp n(degrees)III-B at Pachacamac. Thanks to fieldwork, we could establish that the building was constructed in less than 6 months, probably by turning corvees of about 200 people working some thirty 5-hours day, all during the first decade of the 15th century of our era. This relative quickness perfectly fits with the general model of functioning of the pyramids at Pachacamac, interpretated as so many successive palaces, because it suggests that the deceased ruler's heir only waited a few time for having a residence of his own. On the other hand, data related to the organization of labor provide substantial information on the structure of local rulership during the pre-Inka period. 2 Tables, 5 Figures, 68 References. Adapted from the source document.

Ce bilan historiographique de l'histoire de la famille repose sur l'analyse de cinq grandes revues d'histoire françaises de 1960 à 1995. Il met en évidence la multiplication des articles publiés au cours des années 1960-1970, qui traduit et construit à la fois la nouvelle légitimité de l'histoire de la famille. Chaque revue présente quelques spécificités chronologiques mais plus encore des choix thématiques et méthodologiques différents. Les approches qualitatives, de plus en plus présentes en dépit du poids longtemps important de la méthode Henry, se diversifient. Le thème « alliances matrimoniales et systèmes d'héritage » devient en particulier très attractif ; il traduit l'influence de la confrontation majeure des historiens avec l'anthropologie depuis le début des années 1970. Les effets de ce dialogue se retrouvent aussi en partie dans les déplacements récents : par exemple dans l'intérêt pour la construction des généalogies, des parentèles, et pour la mobilisation des réseaux de parenté, en particulier lors des périodes difficiles, à des fins patrimoniales de reproduction et de promotion sociales. Discret jusqu'à ces dernières années, le dialogue avec la sociologie ne peut que ressortir renforcé de cette nouvelle étape.

In Thailand, the relations between religion and politics are still grounded in ancient world-views wherein karma defines the person's individual situation and the king guarantees the Dharma (or World Order). Dharma has a religious side as well, as exposed in the Buddha's teachings and transmitted by the Sangha (community of Buddhist monks). Accordingly, the king could not only use the Sangha (religion) for the benefit of Dharma (politics), but even intervene in the Sangha' s life to make it truer to its own Dharma (the rule bequeathed by the Buddha, or Vinaya). Since the establishment of the constitutional monarchy, the king still benefits from this traditional view even though daily political responsibilities are no longer his. Governments have used the Sangha to implement some important policies such as the construction of a Thai identity or the struggle against communism. But now that society is more open, they lack the kind of legitimacy that used to allow the king to discipline the Sangha. For their part, the monks want both more protection and more independence.