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Through the testimonies of the protagonists, this case study reconstructs the experience of the creation of the Service Center for Women's Entrepreneurship (CSEM), which has been providing technical and financial services to entrepreneurs in the border department of Valle, Honduras, since 2006. CSEM operates from the institutional framework of the Local Economic Development Agency ADED and although born with the support of international cooperation, including programs MyDEL (Women and Local Economic Development) and MARS (Women and Teenagers in Social Risk) it has now become economically independent, despite the profound economic and political crisis that has brought Honduras to its knees in recent years. The CSEM is the first service center specialized in local economic development and women's entrepreneurship with a gender perspective. Despite initial skepticism due to traditional views on women's roles in society, through research in partnership with the University of Zamorano it has been possible to demonstrate that women entrepreneurs, with their knowledge and power, are already involved in local development while needing and demanding training and support to gain access to credit and fair markets. From the cases of women honey producers and women managing guest houses on the island of Amapala, it is clear that, far from being limited in a subsistence economy, female entrepreneurs want to improve their business and contribute to the development both of their families and their communities.

An initial census of layer farms in Khartoum State, Sudan, was carried out in late 2007 and early 2008 and found that there were 252 layer farms with a total population of 2 221 800 birds. This paper reports the findings of the census. Based on this information, a structured questionnaire survey of 92 farms was then conducted in the state in April 2008 to collect data on antibiotic usage, demographic data and public health awareness. Ninety-eight per cent of participating farms comprised open-sided houses. It was found that 49% of the farms surveyed were on antibiotic treatment when the survey was conducted, whilst 59% of the farms had used antibiotics within the last 3 months. The study found that farmers and producers had a lack of knowledge about antimicrobial residues, their withdrawal periods and the risk posed by the consumption of these residues. The study also concluded that traditional farming systems in Sudan relied heavily on antimicrobial medication to control disease and almost half of the farms surveyed were treating their flocks with antimicrobials. In addition to this, there was a lack of disease control programmes which probably resulted in a massive use of antibiotics to control endemic diseases. This was further compounded by the absence of governmental supervision and control on the use of drugs. ; The National Research Foundation (South Africa), the University of Pretoria (Production Animal Studies Department & Tropical Diseases Department) and the Islamic Zakaat Fund (Malawi). ; http://www.ojvr.org ; ab2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify the development of the 4Ps idea from the 1910s to the 1940s in the USA and explore its historical background.Design/methodology/approachThe historical consideration of the precedents for the 4Ps idea is not only focused just on the idea, but also on the historical context in which it was produced. The analysis will include a re‐examination of the traditional "functional approach" to marketing thought, leading to different interpretations from previous research.FindingsThe 4Ps idea did not suddenly appear in the 1950s, but had precedents that could be traced back to the 1910s. Based on the separation of planning from implementation and ideas on management process, the precedents for the 4Ps appeared as various discussions on components of the planning function in sales management, sales/marketing policies and marketing management.Research limitations/implicationsThe research implies the historical study could enrich our knowledge. This investigation is limited to the USA: other studies could investigate the history of marketing and marketing thought in other countries.Practical implicationsRecognizing how previous marketers and marketing thinkers considered the issues could provide a broad and solid basis to explore how marketing strategy should be formed.Originality/valueIdentifying the antecedents of the 4Ps before the Second World War is a unique contribution to historical research in marketing. This paper provides a new interpretation of the development of marketing management and its thought.

Salted  sh is still prefered by community of Indonesia. Salted  sh processing by traditional method depent on the intensity of sunlight. To reduce depence, some processors used chemicals as a preservative. The purpose of the study is identi ed the level of use of hazardous chemicals in salted the processing of salted  sh. The research's design was explanatory research design. The population were all of the salted  sh processors in Muara Angke andCilincing, North Jakarta. Respondent choosen randomly to get 73 salted  sh processors, 55 persons of them were located at Muara Angke and another 18 were from Cilincing. Data collected consist of primary data, used survey methods. Then data was analysed with descriptif-analysis and Rank Spearman correlation. The results indicated that the hazardous chemicals (formalin and bleach) were still used by the processor. Level of usage hazardous chemicals is signi cantly associated with perception processors of consumer knowledge. Education of consumers about the hazardous chemicals needs to be improved so that consumers did not want to buy salted  sh products with chemicals, thereby to suppress the use of chemicals in the processing of salted  sh. Government oversight of the use of hazardous chemicals was still relatively low, so that should be improved to encourage processors to be willing to process naturally salted  sh and leave the chemicals.Keywords: chemicals, government oversight, salted  sh, salted  sh processor

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the risk appetite in Hong Kong real estate and property security markets in the recent episode of global financial crisis.Design/methodology/approachAn advanced methodology developed from the previous risk appetite measurement and Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation is used. Traditional research on risk appetite had never been applied to the real estate market before because no options underlying properties exist. However, this paper makes a contribution that in the absence of options, risk appetite indicators are derived for the real estate and property security markets.FindingsThe empirical results show that the risk appetite for the real estate market started to fall markedly in the third quarter of 2008, matching the very period of the Sub‐prime Mortgage Crisis in the USA. By contrast, those for the property security index were stabilizing in that period. This implies that investors' risk attitude to the real estate market differs from that to the property security market. Furthermore, the correlations between the index prices and the corresponding risk appetite in each market suggest that investors are "risk neutral" in the real estate market, while they are "risk lovers" in the property security market.Originality/valueThis paper, to the authors' best knowledge, is the first study to explore the risk appetite indicator in the real estate market, which could enable us to shed new light on the market price movement from the perspective of investors' market sentiment.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine whether or not driver job satisfaction, carrier performance, and customer service can be improved as a result of the use of uniquely constructed, extended regional dispatching systems.Design/methodology/approachSimulation is used to examine regional dispatching systems that are extended in scope of dispatch by using integrated freight lanes. The results of extended regional dispatching systems are compared to traditional dispatching methods and previous experimentation with stand‐alone regional and lane dispatching.FindingsIt is shown that a carrier's adoption of extended regional dispatching can be beneficial to both trucking companies and drivers, while remaining relatively neutral to customers. Additionally, it is shown that this improvement can be obtained without significant degradation of the driving jobs that remain outside the regional dispatching network.Research limitations/implicationsA new method of dispatching has been developed in such a way that very attractive regional driving jobs can be extended to a much larger percentage of drivers than in more established regional alternatives. This reduces reliance on the less effective random, over‐the‐road dispatching systems that are typically utilized in the truckload trucking industry.Practical implicationsCarriers may be able to utilize extended regional dispatching systems as a means of improving driver satisfaction and retention.Originality/valueThis research extends knowledge in the area of alternative dispatching methods for truckload carriers in a way that drastically improves the quality of life for professional drivers.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to critically examine the history of education in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and its impact on modern teaching practices. It explores the relationship between traditional practices, teacher identity and English language teaching within an increasingly complex context.Design/methodology/approachThe authors undertake a critical review of education in Saudi Arabia utilising critical reflexivity and their local social knowledge as a means of interrogating practice, research of the field, and related texts.FindingsThe paper indicates a direct link between historical teaching practices in early Saudi Arabia and the current teaching of English. It suggests the concept of "hybridity" as one way for local English teachers to construct identities that meet the contextual challenges.Practical implicationsThis paper has implications both locally and internationally. It provides insight into teaching practices preferred by teachers and students in an Arabian context. This in turn has the potential to inform policy and curriculum development by local educators and foreign contractors in Saudi Arabia that take teacher and student identity into consideration. It also facilitates a more nuanced understanding of their Saudi Arabian students by Western educators and administrators.Originality/valueAlthough work has been done on teacher identity in Saudi Arabia and limited studies have examined the impact of English as a global language, this is the first study to examine the interplay between historical praxis, teacher identity and the conflicting pressures of teaching English in this context.

High-risk drinking, the consumption of 5 or more drinks on one occasion, constitutes a serious public health issue among young adults, particularly college students. In an attempt to address this issue in a cost-effective manner, many universities have implemented social marketing interventions sometimes utilizing social norm theory and in other cases using more traditional strategies. However, some practitioners, school officials, and even researchers incorrectly use the terms social marketing and social norms marketing, interchangeably. Social marketing influences health behavior through the use of marketing principles, such as the use of the 4Ps (product, price, placement, and promotion) to increase knowledge, change attitudes, and motivate individual or societal change. Conversely, social norms represents a specific theory which can be applied using social marketing principles. Social norm interventions are designed to correct peoples' misconceptions concerning the prevalence of a particular behavior. Theorists assert that by providing accurate information concerning the prevalence of the behavior of interest people will alter their behavior to fit the"norm." Using social marketing approaches with or without social norms theory represents a promising cost-effective strategy for addressing high-risk drinking among college students. However, failing to understand and appreciate the conceptual underpinnings of how these two concepts relate to one another may result in ineffective interventions and conclusions concerning the efficacy of social marketing and/or social norms theory.

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; This paper provides a framework to analyse the undergoing changes in agricultural and rural development. As a result of these changes, agricultural extension is faced with the challenge of standing at the crossroads between sector development and territorial development, which is the issue analysed here. This paper contributes to a new conceptualization of agricultural activity, reaching beyond its technical, economic, and productive aspects so as to include cultural and political factors, as well as the spatial and time dimensions related to local and daily life activities. This leads to the establishment of a new approach of agricultural changes and their accompaniment, and of public policy guidelines, which places collective actions, together with their situated dimension, purposes, and knowledge, at the heart of the analysis. The subsequent conceptual framework has being tested in a number of French studies, which first results, reported in Part 2, can be synthesized as three major trends: territorial factors are progressively being integrated in agricultural advice, including in traditional farming sectors; the public and the objects of agricultural extension are diversifying; extension agents need to cooperate with the development agents of non-agricultural sector. All in all, the skills of the extension agents, and their ability to facilitate collective actions, are the most sensitive issues brought about by these new challenges.

This paper presents an expert-based operationalization strategy to measure the degree of democracy in the Argentine provinces. Starting with a mainstream and "thick" definition of regime type, the author assesses each of its aspects using a subjective or perception-based approach that taps the knowledge of experts on the politics of each province.He presents and justifies the methodological design of the resulting Survey of Experts on Provincial Politics (SEPP) and conducts a preliminary analysis of its results. Some aspects of the provincial regimes appear to be clearly democratic, while others are mixed or even leaning towards authoritarianism. Moreover, some show little interprovincial variance, while others vary considerably from province to province. An analysis of the central tendency and dispersion of the survey items allows for a general description of the Argentine provincial regimes. Inclusion is the most democratic dimension, while the effectiveness of institutional constraints on the power of the Executive is the most deficient. Electoral contestation is generally free of traditional forms of fraud, but incumbents often command far more campaign resources and media attention than do their challengers. Physical repression is rare, but opponents in some provinces face subtler forms of punishment. While the survey does not uncover any clear cases of subnational authoritarianism, stricto sensu, provincial regimes do vary significantly from basically democratic to clearly hybrid. (GIGA)

The role of government in the spatial domain has changed significantly in recent decades. Developments in society and in the spatial sector have led to the traditional domains of government, market and citizens becoming increasingly interwoven. The view which until recently has predominated - of a government that centrally, and in a top-down way, sets the standards for spatial developments - is no longer applicable. Today, the need for cooperation between governments and other actors in the field in order to find solutions for contemporary spatial issues is increasingly emphasised. Public administration and planning literature pay much attention to the growing interdependencies and the inter-organisational setting in which spatial developments take place. However, little research has been done on the impact of these new arrangements in terms of safeguarding the public interest. In the wider debate on this subject, it is pointed out that conflicting interests and blurred boundaries can undermine the ability to safeguard the public interest. However, it is rarely clear what exactly the public interest is, and whether or not this interest is safeguarded. This research contributes to filling this knowledge gap. This is achieved through developing a conceptual framework - based on theoretical insights - that can serve to evaluate the public interest in specific spatial projects, and an empirical analysis of the relationship between the design of planning processes and the safeguarding of the public interest. In this second part, a number of redevelopments of station areas in the Netherlands are studied.

This paper presents an expert-based operationalization strategy to measure the degree of democracy in the Argentine provinces. Starting with a mainstream and "thick" definition of regime type, I assess each of its aspects using a subjective or perception-based approach that taps the knowledge of experts on the politics of each province. I present and justify the methodological design of the resulting Survey of Experts on Provincial Politics (SEPP) and conduct a preliminary analysis of its results. Some aspects of the provincial regimes appear to be clearly democratic, while others are mixed or even leaning towards authoritarianism. Moreover, some show little inter-provincial variance, while others vary considerably from province to province. An analysis of the central tendency and dispersion of the survey items allows for a general description of the Argentine provincial regimes. Inclusion is the most democratic dimension, while the effectiveness of institutional constraints on the power of the Executive is the most deficient. Electoral contestation is generally free of traditional forms of fraud, but incumbents often command far more campaign resources and media attention than do their challengers. Physical repression is rare, but opponents in some provinces face subtler forms of punishment. While the survey does not uncover any clear cases of subnational authoritarianism, stricto sensu, provincial regimes do vary significantly from basically democratic to clearly hybrid. Adapted from the source document.

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; This paper provides a framework to analyse the undergoing changes in agricultural and rural development. As a result of these changes, agricultural extension is faced with the challenge of standing at the crossroads between sector development and territorial development, which is the issue analysed here. This paper contributes to a new conceptualization of agricultural activity, reaching beyond its technical, economic, and productive aspects so as to include cultural and political factors, as well as the spatial and time dimensions related to local and daily life activities. This leads to the establishment of a new approach of agricultural changes and their accompaniment, and of public policy guidelines, which places collective actions, together with their situated dimension, purposes, and knowledge, at the heart of the analysis. The subsequent conceptual framework has being tested in a number of French studies, which first results, reported in Part 2, can be synthesized as three major trends: territorial factors are progressively being integrated in agricultural advice, including in traditional farming sectors; the public and the objects of agricultural extension are diversifying; extension agents need to cooperate with the development agents of non-agricultural sector. All in all, the skills of the extension agents, and their ability to facilitate collective actions, are the most sensitive issues brought about by these new challenges.