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The article analyzes the role of different international organizations and the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) in the field of international protection of children's rights. The main idea of the article is to determine modern methods and mechanisms of protection and realization of children's rights in international law. Much attention is given to the fact that there are a lot of different international documents that regulate this issue. The author analyzed such documents are Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Declaration of the Rights of the Child and expressed her opinion on their effectiveness. It is described in short the protection of children's rights at the regional level. The article outlines the opinions and views of various scholars who had been working in the field of child rights protection. The article admonishes that everybody has the right to apply to the European Court of Human Rights in case of violation and non-recognition of rights. The article states that numerous ECHR decisions exist on issues related to the protection of the rights of the child based on the provisions of international law. The article defines some problematic aspects of the protection of children's rights. Some attention is drawn to the collisions of the legal regulation of this issue and cases of violation of the rights of the child. Theoretical concepts and practical experience regarding the international protection of the rights of the child in international law are explored in the article. The author mentions that the national legislation of some countries in the sphere of children's rights is not perfect enough. Therefore international standards have to serve as a basis on which it would be possible to construct and develop a domestic law system that will respect children's rights. It is stressed that in the modern world exists a tendency for recognition of almost all rights and interests of the child. It is reported that new mechanisms for the protection of children's rights are developing because ...

How do international audiences perceive, and respond to, gender equality reforms in autocracies? For autocrats, the post-Cold War rewards associated with democracy create incentives to make reforms that will be viewed as democratic but not threaten their political survival. We theorize women's rights as one such policy area, contrasting it with more politically costly reforms to increase electoral competition. A conjoint survey experiment with development and democracy promotion professionals demonstrates how autocracies enhance their reputations and prospects for foreign aid using this strategy. While increasing electoral competition significantly improves perceived democracy and support for aid, increasing women's economic rights is also highly effective. Gender quotas exhibit a significant (though smaller) effect on perceived democracy. A follow-up survey of the public and elite interviews replicate and contextualize the findings. Relevant international elites espouse a broad, egalitarian conception of democracy, and autocrats accordingly enjoy considerable leeway in how to burnish their reputations.

Virtual Exchange (VE) is an umbrella term which refers to the numerous online learning initiatives and methodologies which engage learners in sustained online collaborative learning and interaction with partners from different cultural backgrounds as part of their study programmes. This article reviews the differences between VE and the activities of Virtual Mobility and Blended Mobility. Following that, the main learning outcomes for teachers and students engaged in VE are outlined. The article concludes by proposing how universities can consider the activity within their internationalisation programmes and how they can support its take up among teaching staff. It is argued that VE is not in competition with physical mobility programmes, nor is it an 'emergency tool' to be considered only in times of pandemics and limited international travel. Instead, VE should be considered as a preparation for or complement to physical mobility which serves to enhance the range of international learning experiences which an institution offers its students.

This article is written to evaluate the practical significance of punitive damages in the field of arbitration concerning international commercial disputes and franchise disputes. It finds that punitive damages awards are frequent in domestic arbitrations in the United States but not internationally common. This article discusses the severity of the punitive damages awards to explain why such decisions are not frequent in international trade disputes; it still has a significant influence that concerns the contracting parties, making them exclude punitive damages in their agreements. This article also explains the reasons for limiting the use of these punitive damages. The first one is the limitation of punitive damages applied to arbitration. Indeed, punitive damages are only recognised under a handful of domestic arbitration laws in a number of countries, especially the ones associated with contract claims. Secondly, the enforceability of such awards is internationally limited due to public policy. Therefore, this difficulty caused the arbitral tribunal to refuse to award such damages. Finally, the statistics on punitive damages award in international commercial arbitration are scarce, so the article refers to provide and analyse the cases that are not international-thereby discussing and evaluating the suitability of punitive damages in the context of international commercial arbitration

Eine neue, kopflose Gewalt hat den Imperialismus vergangener Zeiten abgelöst. Die neue Weltordnung, das »Empire«, überschreitet alle Grenzen unserer althergebrachten politischen Begriffe – Staat und Gesellschaft, Krieg und Frieden, Kontrolle und Freiheit. Das dezentralisierte und deterritorialisierte Empire beherrscht uns, indem es durch die Medien, die Technik und durch soziale Praktiken unmittelbaren Einfluss auf uns Menschen nimmt. Architektur und Raumplanung haben sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten radikal gewandelt. Die alten, modernistischen Bestrebungen nach erschwinglichen Wohnungen und einer rationalen Organisation der Städte sind ebenso in den Hintergrund gerückt wie die postmodernen Obsessionen der Kommunikation, der Nutzerbeteiligung und des öffentlichen Raumes. Stattdessen stehen nun ästhetische und entschieden unpolitischere Belange im Vordergrund: Diskussionen zwischen einer kritischen und einer projektiven Praxis, zwischen Blobs und Kisten, zwischen Atmosphäre und Ornament. Doch das ist noch lange nicht das Ende der Geschichte, wie im vorliegenden Band deutlich wird. Die Beiträge des 11. Bauhaus-Kolloquiums umspannen einen Zeitraum, der von der Gründung des Bauhauses in Weimar bis zur globalen Architektur unserer Zeit reicht, und verfolgen dabei die Entwicklung des Empires zurück, um gleichzeitig nach Konsequenzen und Alternativen zu fragen, denen die Architektur sich heute gegenübergestellt sieht.