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Current media and political discourse on crime has long ignored crimes committed by States themselves, despite their greater financial and human toll. For two decades, scholars have examined how and why States violate their own laws and international law and explored what can be done to reduce or prevent these injustices. Through essays by leading scholars, State Crime offers a set of cases exemplifying state criminality along with various methods for controlling governmental transgressions. It is an indispensable resource for those who examine the behavior of States and those who study crime

Abstract
Sociologists have long used the biographical approach as a research method. Diaries, memorials and personal correspondence are treated as existing source material, which can help enrich social knowledge about the life of social groups. This can embrace different genres, for instance autobiographical novels. These, although fictional, are still grounded in the reality of an author and can be utilized as material for social analysis. The same rules apply to science fiction literature. Worlds presented in it are versions of the future or alternative realities, anchored frequently in the present time. Throughout history, authors have been using science fiction as a social and political commentary for their contemporary world. These thought experiments represent valuable material to help analyse the policies of the present and predict future forms of society in the rapidly changing world supersaturated with new technologies. In the present article, the idea of using biographical method to analyse Arctic science fiction is presented. The article explores the mutual interrelation of climate change, the development of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), and digital citizenship in the Arctic region. Science fiction is considered from the perspective of thought experiment in which potential futures of the Arctic in relation to the three above-mentioned areas are imagined and constructed.

What makes recognition of veterans "authentic," and how does authentic recognition shape and establish "war veteranship" among wounded veterans? Through ethnographic fieldwork and interviews, this article explores how Danish wounded veterans experience and evaluate official recognition ceremonies. We demonstrate that recognition ceremonies alone do not establish effective recognition. Rather, for recognition to be perceived as authentic, it must be mutual, grounded in the moral originality of the recognizers, and manifested in words as well as actions. Authentic recognition, we argue, establishes a reciprocal relationship between wounded veterans and the state, which positions veterans as valuable contributors to society. Conversely, the absence of authentic recognition generates experiences of misrecognition and invisibility, leading in some cases to wounded veterans feeling "like immigrants" in their own country.

Notions of justice and punishment seem inextricably entwined in the oldest conceptual traditions of the West. Changing notions of just state responses to citizen crime can tell us much about the culture and the politics of a given society. Yet, often those notions are radically contradictory, mutually exclusive, and/or counterproductive of the goals they seek, together, to achieve in the society.This paper traces a genealogy of punishment rituals practiced in the United States and maps the relationship of reigning ideas of just recompense onto transforming political and cultural realities. This paper highlights the multiple paradoxes that have arisen in the U.S. in the attempt to visualize and realize appropriate and just punishment practices in the state. [Copyright 2005 Elsevier Ltd.]

Over the past decades, millions of freelancers, free agents, and individual entrepreneurs have appeared in the world, carrying out their activities in both traditional and innovative sectors of the economy. In international practice, all these people are traditionally classified as self-employed (self-employed people). In Russia, the most "small" individual entrepreneurs who do not hire workers and carry out economic activities on a small scale are considered self-employed. They received substantial tax benefits. The article summarizes the results of an Internet survey, the purpose of which was to identify the characteristic features of the portrait of the Russian self-employed, as well as structural and dynamic features of the construction of life strategies of the self-employed. There are three main strategies for building a career for the self-employed in the labor market and their essential characteristics: the strategy of "business expansion", the strategy of "finding opportunities", the strategy of "dynamic stability".

This casebook provides materials on law, lawyers, and social justice and helps students understand the complicated relationship between law and activism. Now used in law school classrooms, clinics, and undergraduate courses, this text enriches students' view of the legal profession and stimulates them to think broadly about the roles of lawyers who work for social change. In three parts – a system of lawyers, a system of law, and a system of politics – the book provides both historic perspective and a modern blueprint. Students will explore the meaning of rights and the ways in which movements and lawyers defend existing rights and mobilize for new rights claims. The new edition brings the book up to date and addresses the major cases after the book appeared. For the most part, the changes involve adding new notes to existing materials. The new edition also includes an extensively rewritten section in the area of gay rights to reflect the fact the law and the social movement have changed more for gay rights in the years since the last edition than any other single area.

Drawing together international and Indian sources, and new research on the ground in South India, this book presents a unique examination of the inculturation of Christian Worship in India. Paul M. Collins examines the imperatives underlying the processes of inculturation - the dynamic relationship between the Christian message and cultures - and then explores the outcomes of those processes in terms of architecture, liturgy and ritual, and the critique offered of these outcomes, especially by Dalit theologians. This book highlights how the Indian context has informed global discussions, and how the decisions of the World Council of Churches, Vatican II and Lambeth Conferences have impacted upon the Indian context.

The discussion paper is concerned with the interplay between demography and macroeconomics on one hand and macroeconomics and income inequality on the other hand. For this purpose, several estimation equations are derived by econometric methods (on the empirical basis of the 1984-2010 German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) waves). In concrete terms, the macroeconomic variables inflation, economic growth, and unemployment are at first connected with the German demographic ageing; afterwards, these connections are used to produce a nexus between German income inequality and the stated macroeconomic variables (additionally to the exogenous effects of ageing).
For the empirical periods examined (1983-2009), there have been a) a (slightly) negative influence of demographic ageing on the inflation rate, b) a (weak) positive effect of ageing on the level – not on the increases (reductions) – of economic growth rates, and c) a somewhat stronger positive impact of demographic ageing on unemployment rates. While the measured income inequality is upwards directly (exogenously) driven by demographic ageing, the mechanisms through the different macroeconomic channels are more difficile: Inflation is positively and unemployment negatively correlated with income inequality, and regarding economic growth a (slightly) concave effect upon income inequality has been observed. All these findings imply that demographic ageing, ceteris paribus and by tendency, diminishes income inequality via inflation and unemployment rate, which is also valid for economic growth (within the empirically relevant value range for the German demographic ageing).
But on balance, there is an overcompensating direct, exogenous impact of demographic ageing on inequality in the model used in this paper, and this causes tendencies towards a remarkable increase of German income inequality until 2060. These tendencies are more pronounced in the forecast variant in which a strongly ageing population is assumed.