Suchergebnisse

Abstract Road damages is one of the problems that often occurs, especially on road with potholes. This initially small hole can develop into a large hole if left without rapair because water will seep in and make the road brittle. One way to overcome road damage such as potholes in the road is to add an added material that can increase the strength of the asphalt layer. The additives that can be used are PVC (polyvinyl Chloride) and rice husk ash. According to previous research, the use of PVC and rice husk ash can improve stability and better resistance to high temperatures and keep road construction flexible. The role of the government is very important in overcoming the damage of this road. The purpose of this community dedication is to apply the result of research using PVC and rice husk ash to handle potholes on the road. The handling of potholes was carried out in 5 (five) points, precisely on the Ujung Berasok street, in Lapang village, accompanied by partner from PUPR Aceh Barat. The result of this activety are roads that are no longker potholes and do not endanger road users. It is hoped that the partner can continue road construction using this material on other potholes so that it can produce a suitable mix and have good performance to improve infrastructure development in Aceh Barat. Keywords: Handling; road hole; PVC, Rice husk ash Abstrak Kerusakan jalan menjadi salah satu masalah yang seringkali terjadi terutama jalan yang berlubang. Lubang yang awalnya kecil ini bisa berkembang menjadi lubang berukuran besar jika dibiarkan tanpa perbaikan karena air akan meresap dan membuat rapuh jalan. Salah satu cara menanggulangi kerusakan jalan seperti lubang pada jalan yaitu dibutuhkan suatu bahan tambah yang dapat meningkatkan kekuatan lapisan aspal. Bahan tambah yang dapat digunakan adalah PVC (polyvinyl chloride) dan abu sekam padi. Menurut riset terdahulu, penggunaan PVC dan abu sekam padi dapat meningkatkan stabilitas dan daya tahan yang lebih baik terhadap suhu tinggi dan konstruksi jalan tetap fleksibel dan lentur. Peran pemerintah sangatlah penting dalam mengatasi kerusakan jalan ini. Tujuan pengabdian ini untuk menerapkan hasil riset menggunakan material PVC dan abu sekam padi untuk menangani lubang pada badan jalan. Penanganan lubang jalan dilakukan sebanyak 5 (lima) buah titik tepatnya berada di jalan Ujung Berasok Desa Lapang yang didampingi oleh mitra dari Dinas PUPR Aceh Barat. Hasil kegiatan ini berupa jalan yang tidak berlubang dan tidak membahayakan pengguna jalan. Diharapkan kelompok mitra dapat terus melanjutkan pembangunan jalan menggunakan material ini pada jalan berlubang yang lain sehingga dapat menghasilkan campuran yang layak dan mempunyai kinerja yang baik untuk meningkatkan infrastruktur pembangunan di Aceh Barat. Kata Kunci: penanganan; lubang jalan; PVC, abu sekam padi

Suci Village is a village that is included in the category of disaster-prone village. Disaster management and mitigation are activities that must be carried out as early as possible through efforts to prepare damages before the disaster occurs and after phase, the recovery. Preparedness is not only about the readiness of the government as the party responsible for disaster management, but also the community and the private sector. They, especially people living in disaster-prone areas, must also develop their capacity in disaster preparedness, In this study, the method used is descriptive qualitative which aims to identify, analyze and describe the construction of preparedness by DESTANA in Suci Village, Panti District, Jember Regency. Informants were recruited using purposive sampling, Data collection is done through the stages of observation, interviews and documentation. The result obtained is that the people of the Suci are able to comprehend the disaster. Their understanding was obtained from the participation of the Sacred Village community activities organized by DESTANA. In addition, the understanding arose because of the massive persuasive approach carried out by the volunteers, DESTANA, and the Sacred Village apparatus. This is an effort to increase the community's ability to carry out disaster mitigation and response efforts when a disaster occurs. This understanding is manifested in their participation in river cleaning activities, tree planting, procurement of HT communication tools, and he existence of efficient coordination when a disaster occurs.Keywords: Community, DESTANA, Disaster, Social Construction, Preparedness Desa Suci merupakan desa yang masuk dalam kategori desa rawan bencana, Penanggulangan dan mitigasi bencana adalah kegiatan yang harus dilakukan sedini mungkin melalui upaya kesiapsiagaan hingga sesudahnya bencana terjadi sampai tahap pemulihan. Kesiapsiagaan bukan hanya soal kesiapan pemerintah sebagai pihak yang mengemban tanggung jawab terkait penanggulangan bencana, melainkan juga masyarakat serta pihak swasta harus dikembangkan pula kapasitasnya dalam kesiapsiagaan bencana, terutama masyarakat yang tinggal di daerah rawan bencana. Pada penelitian ini metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif deskriptif yang bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi menganalisis serta mendeskripsikan konstruksi kesiapsiagaan oleh DESTANA di Desa Suci Kecamatan Panti Kabupaten Jember. Penentuan informan menggunakan purposive sampling serta pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui tahap observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah masyarakat Desa Suci dapat memahami atau dapat mengerti tentang bencana. Pemahaman ini diperoleh dari partisipasi masyarakat Desa Suci dalam kegiatan-kegiatan yang diselenggarakan oleh DESTANA. Selain itu, pemahaman ini dapat muncul karena pendekatan persuasif yang masif dilakukan oleh para relawan, DESTANA, dan perangkat Desa Suci. Hal ini sebagai upaya peningkatan kemampuan masyarakat dalam melakukan upaya mitigasi bencana dan penanggulangan saat terjadi bencana. Pemahaman ini terejawantahkan dalam partisipasi mereka dalam kegiatan resik-resik kali, penanaman pohon, pengadaan alat komunikasi HT hingga adanya alur koordinasi yang rapi ketika terjadi bencana.Kata Kunci: Konstruksi Sosial, Kesiapsiagaan, Bencana, Masyarakat, DESTANA

FCL and AS were supported by the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet, grant no. 2018-01272). FCL conducted the work with this article as a Pro Futura Scientia XIII Fellow funded by the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study through Riksbankens Jubileumsfond. WT was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG, TE 613/3-1). AD received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 677152). AH was supported by Riksbankens Jubileumsfond (grant no. IN20-0026). MD-D was funded by the Dutch Research Council (Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, grant no. 016.Veni.195.502). TK, MR, and UB were supported the SustES project – "Adaptation strategies for sustainable ecosystem services and food security under adverse environmental conditions" (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000797). LS was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy – EXC 2150 ROOTS – 390870439. FL was supported by a European Research Council (ERC) Synergy Grant (4-OCEANS; grant agreement no. 951649) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. ; Although variations in building activity are a useful indicator of societal well-being and demographic development, historical datasets for larger regions and longer periods are still rare. Here, we present 54,045 annually precise dendrochronological felling dates from historical construction timber from across most of Europe between 1250 and 1699 CE to infer variations in building activity. We use geostatistical techniques to compare spatiotemporal dynamics in past European building activity against independent demographic, economic, social and climatic data. We show that the felling dates capture major geographical patterns of demographic trends, especially in regions with dense data coverage. A particularly strong negative association is found between grain prices and the number of felling dates. In addition, a significant positive association is found between the number of felling dates and mining activity. These strong associations, with well-known macro-economic indicators from pre-industrial Europe, corroborate the use of felling dates as an independent source for exploring large-scale fluctuations of societal well-being and demographic development. Three prominent examples are the building boom in the Hanseatic League region of northeastern Germany during the 13th century, the onset of the Late Medieval Crisis in much of Europe c. 1300, and the cessation of building activity in large parts of central Europe during armed conflicts such as the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648 CE). Despite new insights gained from our European-wide felling date inventory, further studies are needed to investigate changes in construction activity of high versus low status buildings, and of urban versus rural buildings, and to compare those results with a variety of historical documentary sources and natural proxy archives. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed

AbstractWhen the Development Project of Correntinian Tobacco Area (PDAT) was launched in 1978 there was no doubt about the 'technical' nature of the 'problems' and 'solutions' that affected the tobacco activity in the province. However, the construction of them had been constantly disputed few years ago, from the emergence of the Correntinian Agrarian Leagues in 1972. In fact, not only the definition of the 'problems' had been being discussed, but also the legitimacy of those people authorized to speak of them and propose 'solutions': on the one hand, the tobacco growers affected by the structural and circumstantial conditions in which the activity had been developing and, on the other hand, the provincial, national governments and the sector of technicians commissioned by those. The present work tries to provide a succinct approach to these issues, accounting for the agonistic particularity acquired by the construction of 'development' in Corrientes. ; Cuando en 1978 fue lanzado el Proyecto de Desarrollo del Área Tabacalera Correntina (PDAT), parecía no caber duda respecto al carácter 'técnico' de los 'problemas' y 'soluciones' que afectaban a la actividad tabacalera en la provincia. Sin embargo, la construcción de los mismos había sido constantemente disputada unos años atrás, a partir del surgimiento de las Ligas Agrarias Correntinas, en 1972. De hecho, no sólo la definición de los 'problemas' había estado siendo puesta en discusión, sino también la legitimidad de aquellos autorizados para hablar de los mismos y proponer 'soluciones': de un lado, los productores tabacaleros afectados por las condiciones estructurales y coyunturales en las que se venía desenvolviendo la actividad y, del otro, los gobiernos provinciales, nacionales y el sector de técnicos encargados por aquellos. El presente trabajo busca abordar sucintamente estas cuestiones, dando cuenta de la particularidad agonística que adquirió la construcción del 'desarrollo' en Corrientes. ; Quando o Projeto de Desenvolvimento da Área Tabacaleira de Corrientes (PDAT) foi lançado em 1978, parecia não haver dúvidas sobre a natureza 'técnica' dos 'problemas' e 'soluções' que afetavam a atividade do tabaco na província. No entanto, a construção de tais problema tinha sido contestada alguns anos atrás, com o surgimento das Ligas Agrárias Correntinas, em 1972. Na verdade, não apenas a definição dos "problemas" vinha sendo debatida, mas também a legitimidade das pessoas autorizadas a discuti-los e propor 'soluções': por um lado, os produtores de tabaco afetados pelas condições estruturais e conjunturais em que a actividade estava a desenvolver-se e, por outro lado, os governos provinciais e nacionais e o setor de técnicos comissionados por eles. O presente trabalho procura abordar algumas destas questões, dando conta da particularidade agonística que adquiriu a construção do 'desenvolvimento' em Corrientes.

We present an analytical reflection on our experience as adscriptas a la investigación, a term used in Spanish to describe the role of those who volunteer as students to be in an apprenticeship relationship with experienced professors-researchers at our public university (School of Humanities) in the metropolitan area sorrounding the city of Buenos Aires. We have analyzed and written our piece in two voices, as we are both apprentices. Methodologically, we start from our work logs, audio recordings and photographs to make an analytical description of the assignment, which is divided into three sections: the place of others in the construction of knowledge, word in dispersion and resistance, and spaces and bodies that communicate in themselves. Our reflection accounts for the learning and transformation opportunities generated from the implementation of a new pedagogical practice for us. Thus, we observe that a space was created in connection with others that favored parity, horizontal communication, and, together with it, the collective construction of new knowledge based on local epistemologies. ; En el presente trabajo reflexionamos sobre nuestra experiencia en co-investigación como estudiantes adscriptas de un proyecto de una Escuela de Humanidades en una universidad pública nacional del conurbano bonaerense, relatando a dos voces nuestra trayectoria en el mismo. Metodológicamente, partimos de nuestras bitácoras de trabajo, audiograbaciones y fotografías para realizar una descripción analítica de la adscripción, la cual se encuentra dividida en tres apartados: el lugar de lxs otrxs en la construcción del conocimiento, palabra en dispersión y resistencias, y espacios y cuerpos que comunican en sí mismos. Nuestra reflexión da cuenta de las oportunidades de aprendizaje y transformación generadas a partir de la implementación de una práctica pedagógica novedosa para nosotras. Así, observamos que se generó un espacio en vínculo con lxs otrxs que favoreció la paridad, la comunicación en horizontalidad, y, junto a ello, la construcción colectiva de nuevos conocimientos partiendo de las epistemologías locales ; No presente trabalho, refletimos sobre a nossa experiência em co-pesquisa e participação como alunos inscritos em um projeto de Escola Humanística de uma universidade pública da periferia bonaerense, contando nossa trajetória nela em duas vozes: Metodologicamente, partimos de nossos registros de trabalho, gravações de áudio e fotografias para fazer uma descrição analítica da tarefa, que se divide em três seções: o lugar do outro na construção do conhecimento, a palavra na dispersão e resistência, e os espaços e corpos que comunicar em si. Nossa reflexão dá conta das oportunidades de aprendizagem e transformação geradas a partir da implantação de uma nova prática pedagógica para nós. Assim, observamos que se criou um espaço de articulação com outros que privilegiava a paridade, a comunicação horizontal e, com ela, a construção coletiva de novos saberes a partir de epistemologias locais.

Estudos sobre as questões que contextualizam aspectos de mudança em torno da prática pedagógica no Ensino Superior têm aumentado, significativamente, nos últimos anos, sendo considerado, atualmente, um campo de grande interesse em função da importância para o âmbito educacional. Nessa perspectiva, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a transposição didática como prática pedagógica voltada para construção do conhecimento em sala de aula. Para composição do estudo foram empregados 125 questionários, com 10 questões objetivas, com caráter anônimo e esses questionários foram aplicados para alunos maiores de 18 anos de idade. Os alunos foram questionados a respeito das estratégias pedagógicas utilizadas pelos professores, 32% responderam que utilizam exposição com suportes visuais, 26,40% informaram que usam exposição com uso do diálogo, 22,40% disseram que utilizam trabalho de grupo, 12% disseram que são realizados trabalhos individuais e 9% assinalaram que têm utilizado interpretação e análise de texto. A respeito da importância da inovação pedagógica para o estímulo da aprendizagem, 92,80% dos discentes informaram que é importante, 7,2% disseram que talvez seja e nenhum aluno assinalou que não é importante. Com a realização do estudo é possível concluir que a transposição didática auxilia na construção do conhecimento, em sala de aula, uma vez que contribui para tornar os conteúdos mais significativos.

Palavras-chave: Transposição Didática. Construção do Conhecimento. Prática Pedagógica.

Abstract
Studies on the issues that contextualize aspects of change around the pedagogical practice in higher education have increased significantly in recent years and is currently considered a field of great interest because of its importance to the educational field. In this perspective, the present study aimed to evaluate the didactic transposition as a pedagogical practice focused on building knowledge in the classroom. For the composition study, 125 questionnaires were used, with 10 objective questions, which had anonymous character, were applied to students over 18 years of age. Students were asked about the teaching strategies used by teachers, 32% reported using exposure to visual media, 26.40% reported using exposure with use of dialogue, 22.40% said they use group work, 12% said that individual assignment is carried out and 9% indicated that interpretation and text analysis are used; Regarding the importance of pedagogical innovation to stimulate learning, 92.80% of the students reported that it is important, 7.2% said they may be important and no student pointed out that it is not important. Through this study it is concluded that the didactic transposition, assists in the knowledge construction in the classroom as it helps to make the most meaningful content.

Keywords: Didactic Transposition. Knowledge Construction. Pedagogical Practice.

Cinematography is one of those unique cultural phenomena, whose history has always attracted historians' interest. In the 20th century, this phenomenon did not only determine the direction of cultural transformations development but also impacted the formation of ideologies and political regimes. Today this topic is especially relevant considering the fact that the propaganda methods, intrinsic of dictatorship systems, namely the Soviet totalitarian regime, are actively used by the antidemocratic Russian power for achieving its political goals. The special interest in the context of the "hybrid warfare" which is currently going on between Russia and Ukraine, causes the construction in the Soviet period cinematography of the image of a "Ukrainian bourgeois nationalist" as the instrumental technologies of ideological manipulations used in such movies proved their effectiveness for shaping the outlook of a "new Russian citizen". Such phenomenon, especially in the 20th century, determined not only the direction of aesthetic transformations of cultural development but also had an impact on the formation of ideologies and strengthening of political regimes. This topic is relevant because the methods of propaganda that were actively used by totalitarian regimes (including the Soviet totalitarian one) are now actively applied by the undemocratic Russian regime to achieve political goals. The construction of the image of the "Ukrainian bourgeois nationalist" in the Soviet cinema constitutes special interest in the context of today's Russia's "hybrid warfare" against Ukraine. The instrumental technologies of ideological manipulation used in the creation of films have shown their effectiveness in shaping the worldview of the "new Soviet man." Forms of this type of consciousness still continue to influence the political choices of many citizens of our state. The film "Kiev Citizen", studied in the article, was created in 1958 by Ukrainian Soviet film director T. Levchuk at Kyiv O. Dovzhenko Studio. This film is a classic example of ideologically biased film production. Using this movie, we can observe technological principles and constructive models of falsification of the 20th–century history of Ukraine by the Soviet regime, in particular the events of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917–1921. In the film "Kiev Citizen", the events of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917–1921 were falsified in order to illustrate the audience the Soviet version of the history of Ukraine and the events connected with the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks. Soviet propaganda tried to form in this way the audience loyal to the "Soviet empire" type of psychological perception of reality. In particular, the facts related to the Bolsheviks' attempt to seize power in Kyiv in October 1917, the battles for the Arsenal plant in January 1918, and the conclusion of a peace treaty between the Ukrainian People's Republic and Germany were falsified.

The article presents the results of mathematical modeling based on the construction and use of various images of the object, process or system. The research involves the study of the dependence of the level of productivity and valuable farming traits of corn hybrids in the form of mathematical models. Field research was carried out during 2011-2017 on the experimental fields of the Department of Crop Production, Breeding and Bioenergy Crops of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, at the state enterprise "Research Farm "Kordelivske" of the Institute of Potato Production of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine under conditions of the right-bank Forest-Steppe in accordance with the guidelines provided in "Methodology of Field Experiments in Corn". The use of computer technology, in particular, cluster analysis, from our point of view, allows us to approach the difficult task of improving the efficiency of the correct choice of hybrids and technologies to obtain the maximum level of bioethanol yield per unit area of maize hybrids. An ecological-genetic model of quantitative traits was used to study the phenotypic productivity of corn hybrids and to establish the influence on the formation of their traits. The construction of the model is based on the hierarchy of manifestation of productivity traits in ontogenesis and the correspondence of their manifestation in organogenesis. The model consists of three modules of traits including the resulting one and double-component that reflect phenotypic implementation of the genetic formula. The resulting traits are those that have environmentally stable correlation and the highest total impact on the final resulting trait, namely, the yield. According to the results of researches of mathematical models of the influence of weather conditions on the formation of phenotypic productivity of corn hybrids of different maturity groups, both general biological regularities and group differences of trait formation have been established. Thus, the analysis of the differences between the groups of early and mid-early corn hybrids, in general reveals that their growth and development are affected to a relative extent by the amount of effective temperatures, amount of precipitation and HTC. In fact, the maturity groups studied differ insufficiently, and the main differences can be observed only in the variability of the traits studied or the closeness of their relationships with each other. However, mid hybrids respond somewhat differently to environmental factors, which allows to develop the elements of adaptive cultivation technology for each maturity group. Based on the results of cluster analysis, cluster dendrograms were created using the odd-numbered group method with the determination of Euclidean distances.

This research was funded by "Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades" under grant ref. PGC2018-095322-B-C22, "Comunidad de Madrid" and "Fondos Estructurales" of European Union with grant refs. S2018/TCS-4566, Y2018/EMT-5062. It is also supported by the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion, the Andalusian Government, the University of Granada, and European Regional Development Funds (ERDF) under grants EXASOCO (PGC2018-101216-B-I00) and AIMAR (A-TIC- 284-UGR18). ; The evolution and spread of social networks have attracted the interest of the scientific community in the last few years. Specifically, several new interesting problems, which are hard to solve, have arisen in the context of viral marketing, disease analysis, and influence analysis, among others. Companies and researchers try to find the elements that maximize profit, stop pandemics, etc. This family of problems is collected under the term Social Network Influence Maximization problem (SNIMP), whose goal is to find the most influential users (commonly known as seeds) in a social network, simulating an influence diffusion model. SNIMP is known to be an NP-hard problem and, therefore, an exact algorithm is not suitable for solving it optimally in reasonable computing time. The main drawback of this optimization problem lies on the computational effort required to evaluate a solution. Since each node is infected with a certain probability, the objective function value must be calculated through a Monte Carlo simulation, resulting in a computationally complex process. The current proposal tries to overcome this limitation by considering a metaheuristic algorithm based on the Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure (GRASP) framework to design a quick solution procedure for the SNIMP. Our method consists of two distinct stages: construction and local search. The former is based on static features of the network, which notably increases its efficiency since it does not require to perform any simulation during construction. The latter involves a local search based on an intelligent neighborhood exploration strategy to find the most influential users based on swap moves, also aiming for an efficient processing. Experiments performed on 7 well-known social network datasets with 5 different seed set sizes confirm that the proposed algorithm is able to provide competitive results in terms of quality and computing time when comparing it with the best algorithms found in the state of the art. ; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades PGC2018-095322-B-C22 ; Comunidad de Madrid ; "Fondos Estructurales" of European Union S2018/TCS-4566 Y2018/EMT-5062 ; Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion ; Andalusian Government ; University of Granada ; European Commission PGC2018-101216-B-I00 A-TIC- 284-UGR18

This study explores the emergence of changing values associated with heritage in postapartheid South Africa, expressed as a shift from tangible to intangible heritage values. Central to the study is an understanding of the evolutionary construction of changing values in a rooted heritage community within the urban historic environment of Bo-Kaap, the oldest residential suburb of Cape Town. Exploring changing values in Bo-Kaap, where tangible and intangible heritage intersect in the contemporary moment, showcases how heritage ably and fluidly adapts and transforms as an ever-shifting cultural process, and forges new, or altered, modes of identity construction. Bo-Kaap, as the case study, is a significant historic urban environment of Cape Town's central city with a vibrant community having cultural rootedness in place, in slave ancestral heritage, and existing living heritage deserving of protection. It is examined against a backdrop of the localised political, governance and civic agency milieu. The study follows the narrative of Bo-Kaap from its origins as a residential quarter of the early Cape colonial settlement, through the mid twentieth century when Bo-Kaap became largely fashioned and formed into an ethnically defined 'Malay' quarter, conforming to essentialised notions of race and ethnicity dominant in nationalist ideology, through the apartheid regime and the penetrating effects of Group Areas on the social and physical fabric of the area, until the present day where we are witness to a sea-change in outlook of the public on the very meaning and purpose of heritage. Heritage claims and heritage activism entered the realm of active public discourse in 2019 in response to free-market developmental pressures in Bo-Kaap, with inflections of social justice touching the edges of the heritage debate, and invited a broadening of the outermost limits of heritage discourse. Integral to this story is how heritage systems have been shaped by the past and colonial histories, new systems of governance post 1994, and a culture of intensifying identity politics. Following the arc of time illuminates the complex interrelatedness of heritage values with social, historical, and political trajectories, and aims to examine just how dynamically heritage values arise, merge and shift within the inter-relational temporal space; what activates them, who activates them, and to what end; and how they have entered into a space of heritage activism and public discourse. I suggest that this present change in discourse and the display of emerging sets of heritage values requires a highly critical reflexivity on the part of heritage structures and the profession, to look at what these changes mean for heritage praxis and governance and, more importantly, how to advance the relevance of heritage to a sector of South African society advocating for a decolonised heritage value framework.

Cette thèse propose une double approche économique et zootechnique de l'élevage allaitant à la Réunion. Malgré de fortes incitations politiques à son développement, ce secteur voit aujourd'hui son rôle dans le développement rural remis en question. Pour répondre à ces controverses, nous avons conduit une étude de la contribution du secteur de la viande bovine à la réduction de la vulnérabilité économique structurelle. Pour ce faire, nous avons montré dans un premier temps que la dépendance alimentaire est un facteur de vulnérabilité important pour les petits espaces insulaires. Nous nous sommes appuyés sur la construction d'un indice composite de vulnérabilité construit grâce à une méthode de pondération endogène pour des questions de robustesse. Dans un second temps, nous avons cherché à identifier les filières agricoles les plus à même de réduire la dépendance alimentaire de la Réunion. La filière bovine allaitante est apparue comme la plus prometteuse du fait de sa forte structuration, de sa capacité à valoriser des ressources locales et de la possibilité de gagner des parts de marché dans une logique de substitution des importations. Nous avons ensuite conduit une étude des déterminants de la dynamique passée du secteur de la viande bovine à la Réunion. Nous avons mis en évidence que cette production répond principalement à des déterminants économiques qui, par l'intermédiaire de décisions des éleveurs, ont entraîné une dégradation des performances zootechniques des animaux. Nous avons également montré comment la réaction de la coopérative face à cette situation a permis de relancer la croissance du cheptel et de la production. Par la suite, nous nous sommes intéressés aux paramètres influençant la productivité du cheptel allaitant réunionnais par la construction et l'analyse d'un modèle démographique. Nos résultats ont montré que les performances de reproduction et de croissance sont les plus importantes pour augmenter la productivité. À partir de ces éléments, nous avons construit des scénarios d'évolution en collaboration étroite avec la coopérative. Ces scénarios ont en particulier intégré des éléments sur l'amélioration des performances des animaux, des changements de pratiques des éleveurs et des changements dans l'organisation de la production au niveau de la coopérative. Nous avons montré que l'amélioration des performances, le rajeunissement du troupeau, l'introduction d'insémination artificielle sexée et l'engraissement à l'herbe sont des moyens de développement de la filière allaitante réunionnaise. Notre thèse donne des arguments pour reconsidérer le rôle de l'agriculture dans la vulnérabilité économique structurelle de la Réunion et démontre l'intérêt du développement de l'élevage allaitant pour réduire cette vulnérabilité. Elle présente également des pistes de réflexion pour les décideurs et les acteurs du terrain dans l'objectif d'augmenter la production de viande bovine à la Réunion. Elle constitue une étude approfondie des raisons et des moyens du développement de la filière bovine allaitante à l'échelle d'un territoire insulaire tropical.

In the context of the transition to a new economic policy, the Soviet government faced the problem of using the mass labor force. During the period of "war communism" one and its forms were "revolutionary armies of labor" and "labor units", whose involvement in work was based on the principle of "universal labor service." The liberalization of the economy required a new approach to solving the problem of using the mass labor force. This article is devoted to the study and reconstruction of this process. On the basis of previously operating paramilitary labor units, labor units were created, which were transferred to the jurisdiction of the People's Commissariat of Labor. Until December 1921, their activities were carried out in the context of ongoing labor mobilizations. To stop this practice, the Soviet government decides to disband labor units and create state labor artels on their basis, which were united into the All-Russian Association of State Workers Artels. Even in the conditions of economic liberalization, the state, creating an association, was not going to relinquish control over the use of mass labor. Therefore, in the regions, this process was perceived to formally rename labor units. To organize a mass labor force, the state is trying to attract entrepreneurs. For this purpose, the All-Russian Association of State Workers Artels is being reorganized. On its basis, a Russian joint-stock company of construction, transport, cargo and procurement works was created, the founders of which were government bodies and private individuals. However, it lasted for several months. The state did not allow private capital to exercise control over the organization of the mass labor force. In the spring and summer, the joint-stock company was reorganized into a joint-stock construction company "Standard", the shareholders of which were only state bodies, all private persons were removed from its structure. In this form it existed until May 1927. Reorganization of forms of organization and use of mass labor in the first half of the 1920s. was intense. In the conditions of economic liberalization, it was characterized by an attempt to combine market and socialist forms of labor organization. The experiment was not developed further. The state regained full control over the organization and distribution of the mass labor force. ; У статті розглянуто еволюцію форм організації використання масової робочої сили у першій половині 1920-х рр. В умовах лібералізації економіки відбувалося поєднання ринкових форм організації праці з державним контролем. У період «воєнного комунізму» однією з форм організації трудових ресурсів були «революційні армії праці» і «трудові частини», залучення яких до роботи ґрунтувалося на принципі «загальної трудової повинності». Лібералізація економіки призвела до створення на їх базі державних трудових артілей, які були об'єднані в державне акціонерне будівельне товариство «Стандарт», що проіснувало до травня 1927 р.

Abstract: Women are one of the parties being affected by the process of land acquisition for the construction of public infrastructure. This article aims to analyse the change of women role after the implementation of land acquisition for the construction of Yogyakarta International Airport in Kulonprogo regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta. The research is carried out in Kebonrejo village, Temon district using quantitative approach supported by qualitative approach. Quantitative data are collected through a survey among 30 female respondents in the households selected by a simple random sampling and analysed through Rank Spearman test, while qualitative data are obtainded through documents review, participant observation and depth interview with key informants. The research findings demonstrate that there is a weak relationship between the participation of women throughout the implementation of land acquisition and the change of women role after the completion of land acquisition. This is due to the fact that despite there is a strong emphasize of public consultation and participation in the regulation of land acquisition, the will and power of the government is very strong and could not be influenced by the whole affected community. In addition, the process of land acquisition itself often put aside women's specific aspiration and intereset. Consequently, a relative equal gender relation within the household during land acquisition process didn't have any effect throughout the process and afterward. Keywords: women participation, the roles of women, land acquisition, development of public infrastucture. Intisari: Perempuan adalah salah satu pihak yang terimbas oleh pengadaan tanah untuk pembangunan infrastruktur publik. Artikel ini bermaksud untuk menganalisis ,perubahan peran perempuan setelah pengadaan tanah untuk pembangunan Yogyakarta International Airport di Kabupaten Kulonprogo, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Penelitian lapangan dilakukan di Kalurahan Kebonrejo, Kapanewon Temon dengan menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif yang didukung pendekatan kualitatif. Data kuantitatif diperoleh dari survei atas 30 responden perempuan dalam rumah tangga yang dipilih secara simple random sampling dan diolah dengan uji Rank Spearman, sementara data kualitatif diperoleh melalui studi dokumen, pengamatan terlibat dan wawancara mendalam dengan para informan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang lemah antara keterlibatan perempuan selama proses pengadaan tanah untuk pembangunan Yogyakarta International Airport dengan peran perempuan setelah pengadaan tanah. Ssekalipun keharusan konsultasi dan partisipasi publik sangat ditekankan dalam regulasi pengadaan tanah, namun kehendak dan kekuasaan yang kuat dari pemerintah membuat proses pengadaan tanah tidak dapat dipengaruhi oleh masyarakat terdampak secara keseluruhan. Selain itu, proses pengadaan tanah itu sendiri abai terhadap aspirasi dan kepentingan spesifik kaum perempuan. Akibatnya, relasi gender yang relatif setara di level rumah tangga selama proses pengadaan tanah tidak memiliki hubungan apa pun sepanjang proses tersebut maupun setelahnya. Kata Kunci: keterlibatan perempuan, peran perempuan, pengadaan tanah, pembangunan infrastruktur publik.

This article approaches the construction of the feminine representations -from a gender perspective- in the Colombian soap opera field, which as a cultural format has reached the frontier of the Latin-American identity. A historical tracking of how the characterization of the feminine in the national tele drama answers some logics in which the social rights and the self-portraits work as a synergy, pushed more from the feminine routine than from "favors" or political revendications staged in the media. This will allow us to locate in a given space the gender-identity problem, and at the same time it will enable to have a look at the incidence reached by the battles between men and women in the cultural-mediatized products. Which are the transformations of the feminine in the mediatized culture and how they appear there? What places take on contemporary social transformations? ; El presente artículo aborda la construcción de las representaciones de lo femenino desde la perspectiva de género en el ámbito de la telenovela colombiana, que como formato cultural ha alcanzado las fronteras de la identidad latinoamericana. En él se hace un rastreo histórico de cómo la caracterización de lo femenino en el teledrama nacional responde a unas lógicas en las que los derechos sociales y las autorepresentaciones operan como una sinergia empujada más desde lo cotidiano femenino, que como "favores" o reivindicaciones políticas escenificadas en los medios. Esto nos permitirá ubicar en un espacio determinado el problema de la identidad de género, a la par que posibilitará una mirada a la incidencia que las luchas por la igualdad entre hombres y mujeres alcanzan en los productos culturales mediatizados. ¿Cuáles son las transformaciones de lo femenino en la cultura mediatizada y cómo aparecen allí? ¿Qué lugares ocupan en las transformaciones sociales contemporáneas? Soap opera and gender in Colombia Abstract This article approaches the construction of the feminine representations -from a gender perspective- in the Colombian soap opera field, which as a cultural format has reached the frontier of the Latin-American identity. A historical tracking of how the characterization of the feminine in the national tele drama answers some logics in which the social rights and the self-portraits work as a synergy, pushed more from the feminine routine than from "favors" or political revendications staged in the media. This will allow us to locate in a given space the gender-identity problem, and at the same time it will enable to have a look at the incidence reached by the battles between men and women in the cultural-mediatized products. Which are the transformations of the feminine in the mediatized culture and how they appear there? What places take on contemporary social transformations? Keywords: Gender, representation, soap opera, social transformations, ac-tantial roles

The article examines the political discourses employed by conservatives in two cases of civil war in nineteenth-century Ecuador, the Crisis of 1858-1860 and the Restoration of 1882-1883. In both cases, conservatives drew on the vocabulary of classical republicanism to establish a contrast between the sovereign people or the nation and an oppressive tyranny. Thus, references to ancient Roman dictators or emperors were prevalent. Alternatively, the binary opposition between an enslaved people seeking to free themselves from an oppressive tyrant could also be couched in orientalist terms, as opposition to a sultan and his janissary corps. Such a construction of the political field delegitimated the regime in power and allowed for the establishment of a broad coalition to unseat it. In addition, the article explores how the political actors in the context of these intrastate conflicts conceived the social fact of civil war and the role of external actors who intervened in the conflicts. ; The article examines the political discourses employed by conservatives in two cases of civil war in nineteenth-century Ecuador, the Crisis of 1858-1860 and the Restoration of 1882-1883. In both cases, conservatives drew on the vocabulary of classical republicanism to establish a contrast between the sovereign people or the nation and an oppressive tyranny. Thus, references to ancient Roman dictators or emperors were prevalent. Alternatively, the binary opposition between an enslaved people seeking to free themselves from an oppressive tyrant could also be couched in orientalist terms, as opposition to a sultan and his janissary corps. Such a construction of the political field delegitimated the regime in power and allowed for the establishment of a broad coalition to unseat it. In addition, the article explores how the political actors in the context of these intrastate conflicts conceived the social fact of civil war and the role of external actors who intervened in the conflicts. ; El artículo examina los discursos políticos movilizados por sectores conservadores en dos casos de guerra civil en el Ecuador decimonónico, la Crisis de 1858-1860 y la Restauración de 1882-1883. En ambos conflictos, los conservadores utilizaron un vocabulario republicano clásico para formular un contraste entre el pueblo soberano o la nación y una tiranía. Así, eran comunes las referencias a dictadores y emperadores romanos. La misma oposición se expresaba con términos orientalistas como la lucha de un pueblo esclavizado contra un sultán y sus jenízaros. Tales construcciones del campo político deslegitimaban al régimen en funciones y permitían armar una coalición para derrocarlo. Adicionalmente, el artículo explora cómo los actores políticos en el contexto de guerras civiles percibían el hecho social de la guerra civil y el rol de los actores externos que intervinieron en los conflictos.