Suchergebnisse

DOE (USA) ; NSF (USA) ; MEC/MICINN/MINECO (Spain) ; STFC (UK) ; HEFCE (United Kingdom) ; NCSA (UIUC) ; KICP (U. Chicago) ; CCAPP (Ohio State) ; MIFPA (Texas AM) ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; FINEP (Brazil) ; DFG (Germany) ; Argonne Lab ; UC Santa Cruz ; University of Cambridge ; CIEMAT-Madrid ; University of Chicago ; University College London ; DES-Brazil Consortium ; University of Edinburgh ; ETH Zurich ; Fermilab ; University of Illinois ; ICE (IEEC-CSIC) ; IFAE Barcelona ; Lawrence Berkeley Lab ; LMU Munchen ; Excellence Cluster Universe ; University of Michigan ; NOAO ; University of Nottingham ; Ohio State University ; University of Pennsylvania ; University of Portsmouth ; SLAC National Lab ; Stanford University ; University of Sussex ; Texas AM University ; OzDES Membership Consortium ; NSF ; MINECO ; ERDF funds from the European Union ; CERCA program of the Generalitat de Catalunya ; European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) ; ERC ; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO) ; U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics ; Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy ; NSF: AST-1138766 ; NSF: AST-1536171 ; MINECO: AYA2015-71825 ; MINECO: ESP2015-66861 ; MINECO: FPA2015-68048 ; MINECO: SEV-2016-0588 ; MINECO: SEV-2016-0597 ; MINECO: MDM-2015-0509 ; ERC: 240672 ; ERC: 291329 ; ERC: 306478 ; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO): CE110001020 ; CNPq: 465376/2014-2 ; U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics: DE-AC02-07CH11359 ; Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy: DE-AC02-05CH11231 ; The combination of multiple observational probes has long been advocated as a powerful technique to constrain cosmological parameters, in particular dark energy. The Dark Energy Survey has measured 207 spectroscopically confirmed type Ia supernova light curves, the baryon acoustic oscillation feature, weak gravitational lensing, and galaxy clustering. Here we present combined results from these probes, deriving constraints on the equation of state, w, of dark energy and its energy density in the Universe. Independently of other experiments, such as those that measure the cosmic microwave background, the probes from this single photometric survey rule out a Universe with no dark energy, finding w = -0.80(-0.11)(+0.09). The geometry is shown to be consistent with a spatially flat Universe, and we obtain a constraint on the baryon density of Omega(b) = 0.069(-0.012)(+0.009) that is independent of early Universe measurements. These results demonstrate the potential power of large multiprobe photometric surveys and pave the way for order of magnitude advances in our constraints on properties of dark energy and cosmology over the next decade.

Correspondence of William Pitt Fesssenden, and his sons Francis Fessenden and James Deering Fessenden. The majority of letters are addressed to William Pitt Fessenden on financial and political matters, but a few are private; several letters are addressed to Francis Fessenden, including one from William Pitt Fessenden. A handful are addressed to James Fessenden. Four letters (J.C. Ropes to P.W. Chandler,1868; Joshua C. Stone to A.J.C. Sowdon, 1868; Charles Allen to A.J.C. Sowdon, 1868; and William Paine to J.A. Deblars, undated) are not addressed to any member of the Fessenden family, but mention William Pitt Fessenden or one of his sons. ; William Pitt Fesssenden was a U.S. senator from Maine (1854-1864, 1865-1869) and Secretary of the Treasury during the Civil War (1864-1865). His sons, General Francis and Brigadier General James Deering Fessenden were both lawyers active in Maine politics and served in the Civil War.

A1 Predictive and prognostic biomarker panel for targeted application of radioembolisation improving individual outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma, Jella-Andrea Abraham, Olga Golubnitschaja, A2 Integrated market access approach amplifying value of "Rx-CDx", Ildar Akhmetov, A3 Disaster response: an opportunity to improve global healthcare, Russell J. Andrews, Leonidas Quintana, A4 USA PPPM: proscriptive, profligate, profiteering medicine-good for 1 % wealthy, not for 99 % unhealthy, Russell J. Andrews, A5 The role of IDO in a murine model of gingivitis: predictive and therapeutic potentials, Babak Baban, Jun Yao Liu, Xu Qin, Tailing Wang, Mahmood S. Mozaffari, A6 Specific diets for personalised treatment of diabetes type 2, Viktoriia V. Bati, Tamara V. Meleshko, Olga B. Levchuk, Nadiya V. Boyko, A7 Towards personalized physiotherapeutic approach, Joanna Bauer, Ewa Boerner, Halina Podbielska, A8 Cells, animal, SHIME and in silico models for detection and verification of specific biomarkers of non-communicable chronic diseases, Alojz Bomba, Viktor O. Petrov, Volodymyr G. Drobnych, Rostyslav V. Bubnov, Oksana M. Bykova, Nadiya V. Boyko, A9 INTERACT-chronic care model: Self-treatment by patients with decision support e-Health solution, Hans-Peter Brunner-La Rocca, Lutz Fleischhacker, Olga Golubnitschaja, Frank Heemskerk, Thomas Helms, Tiny Jaarsma, Judita Kinkorova, Jan Ramaekers, Peter Ruff, Ivana Schnur, Emilio Vanoli, Jose Verdu, A10 PPPM in cardiovascular medicine in 2015, Hans-Peter Brunner-La Rocca, A11 Magnetic resonance imaging of nanoparticles in mice, potential for theranostic and contrast media development – pilot results, Rostyslav V. Bubnov, Sergiy A. Grabovetskyi, Olena M. Mykhalchenko, Natalia O. Tymoshok, Oleksandr B. Shcherbakov, Igor P. Semeniv, Mykola Y. Spivak, A12 Ultrasound diagnosis for diabetic neuropathy - comparative study, Rostyslav V. Bubnov, Tetyana V. Ostapenko, A13 Ultrasound for stratification patients with diabetic foot ulcers for prevention and personalized treatment - pilot results, Rostyslav V. Bubnov, Nazarii M. Kobyliak, Nadiya M. Zholobak, Mykola Ya. Spivak, A14 Project ImaGenX – designing and executing a questionnaire on environment and lifestyle risk of breast cancer, John Paul Cauchi, A15 Genomics – a new structural brand of predictive, preventive and personalized medicine or the new driver as well?, Dmitrii Cherepakhin, Marina Bakay, Artem Borovikov, Sergey Suchkov, A16 Survey of questionnaires for evaluation of the quality of life in various medical fields, Barbara Cieślik, Agnieszka Migasiewicz, Maria-Luiza Podbielska, Markus Pelleter, Agnieszka Giemza, Halina Podbielska, A17 Personalized molecular treatment for muscular dystrophies, Sebahattin Cirak, A18 Secondary mutations in circulating tumour DNA for acquired drug resistance in patients with advanced ALK + NSCLC, Marzia Del Re, Paola Bordi, Valentina Citi, Marta Palombi, Carmine Pinto, Marcello Tiseo, Romano Danesi, A19 Recombinant species-specific FcεRI alpha proteins for diagnosis of IgE-mediated allergies in dogs, cats and horses, Lukas Einhorn, Judit Fazekas, Martina Muhr, Alexandra Schoos, Lucia Panakova, Ina Herrmann, Krisztina Manzano-Szalai, Kumiko Oida, Edda Fiebiger, Josef Singer, Erika Jensen-Jarolim, A20 Global methodology for developmental neurotoxicity testing in humans and animals early and chronically exposed to chemical contaminants, Arpiné A. Elnar, Nadia Ouamara, Nadiya Boyko, Xavier Coumoul, Jean-Philippe Antignac, Bruno Le Bizec, Gauthier Eppe, Jenny Renaut, Torsten Bonn, Cédric Guignard, Margherita Ferrante, Maria Liusa Chiusano, Salvatore Cuzzocrea, Gerard O'Keeffe, John Cryan, Michelle Bisson, Amina Barakat, Ihsane Hmamouchi, Nasser Zawia, Anumantha Kanthasamy, Glen E. Kisby, Rui Alves, Oscar Villacañas Pérez, Kim Burgard, Peter Spencer, Norbert Bomba, Martin Haranta, Nina Zaitseva, Irina May, Stéphanie Grojean, Mathilde Body-Malapel, Florencia Harari, Raul Harari, Kristina Yeghiazaryan, Olga Golubnitschaja, Vittorio Calabrese, Christophe Nemos, Rachid Soulimani, A21 Mental indicators at young people with attributes hypertension and pre-hypertension, Maria E. Evsevyeva, Elena A. Mishenko, Zurida V. Kumukova, Evgeniy V. Chudnovsky, Tatyana A. Smirnova, A22 On the approaches to the early diagnosis of stress-induced hypertension in young employees of State law enforcement agencies, Maria E. Evsevyeva, Ludmila V. Ivanova, Michail V. Eremin, Maria V. Rostovtseva, A23 Сentral aortic pressure and indexes of augmentation in young persons in view of risk factors, Maria E. Evsevyeva, Michail V. Eremin, Vladimir I. Koshel, Oksana V. Sergeeva, Nadesgda M. Konovalova, A24 Breast cancer prediction and prevention: Are reliable biomarkers in horizon?, Shantanu Girotra, Olga Golubnitschaja, A25 Flammer Syndrome and potential formation of pre-metastatic niches: A multi-centred study on phenotyping, patient stratification, prediction and potential prevention of aggressive breast cancer and metastatic disease, Olga Golubnitschaja, Manuel Debald, Walther Kuhn, Kristina Yeghiazaryan, Rostyslav V. Bubnov, Vadym M. Goncharenko, Ulyana Lushchyk, Godfrey Grech, Katarzyna Konieczka, A26 Innovative tools for prenatal diagnostics and monitoring: improving individual pregnancy outcomes and health-economy in EU, Olga Golubnitschaja, Jan Jaap Erwich, Vincenzo Costigliola, Kristina Yeghiazaryan, Ulrich Gembruch, A27 Immunohistochemical assessment of APUD cells in endometriosis, Vadym M. Goncharenko, Vasyl O. Beniuk, Olga V. Kalenska, Rostyslav V. Bubnov, A28 Updating personalized management algorithm of endometrial hyperplasia in pre-menopause women, Vadym M. Goncharenko, Vasyl O. Beniuk, Rostyslav V. Bubnov, Olga Melnychuk, A29 The personified treatment approach of polimorbid patients with periodontal inflammatory diseases, Irina A. Gorbacheva, Lyudmila Y. Orekhova, Vadim V. Tachalov, A30 Ukrainian experience in hybrid war – the challenge to update algorithms for personalized care and early prevention of different military injuries, Olena I. Grechanyk, Rizvan Ya. Abdullaiev, Rostyslav V. Bubnov, A31 Tear fluid biomarkers: a comparison of tear fluid sampling and storage protocols, Suzanne Hagan, Eilidh Martin, Ian Pearce, Katherine Oliver, A32 The correlation of dietary habits with gingival problems during menstruation, Cenk Haytac, Fariz Salimov, Servin Yoksul, Anatoly A. Kunin, Natalia S. Moiseeva, A33 Genomic medicine in a contemporary Spanish population of prostate cancer: our experience, Bernardo Herrera-Imbroda, Sergio del Río-González, Maria Fernanda Lara, Antonia Angulo, Francisco Javier Machuca Santa-Cruz, A34 Challenges, opportunities and collaborations for personalized medicine applicability in uro-oncological disease, Bernardo Herrera-Imbroda, Sergio del Río-González, Maria Fernanda Lara, A35 Metabolic hallmarks of cancer as targets for a personalized therapy, John Ionescu, A36 Influence of genetic polymorphism as a predictor of the development of periodontal disease in patients with gastric ulcer and 12 duodenal ulcer, Alfiya Z. Isamulaeva, Anatoly A. Kunin, Shamil Sh. Magomedov, Aida I. Isamulaeva, A37 Challenges in diabetic macular edema, Tatjana Josifova, A38 Overview of the EPMA strategies in laboratory medicine relevant for PPPM, Marko Kapalla, Juraj Kubáň, Olga Golubnitschaja, Vincenzo Costigliola, A39 EPMA initiative for effective organization of medical travel: European concepts and criteria, Vincenzo Costigliola, Marko Kapalla, Juraj Kubáň, Olga Golubnitschaja, A40 Design and innovation in e-textiles: implications for PPPM, Anthony Kent, Tom Fisher, Tilak Dias, A41 Biobank in Pilsen as a member of national node BBMRI_CZ, Judita Kinkorová, Ondřej Topolčan, A42 Big data in personalized medicine: hype and hope, Matthias Kohl, A43 The 3P approach as the platform of the European Dentistry Department (DPPPD), Anatoly A. Kunin, Natalia S. Moiseeva, A44 The endometrium cytokine patterns for predictive diagnosis of proliferation severity and cancer prevention, Andrii I. Kurchenko, Vasyl A. Beniuk, Vadym M. Goncharenko, Rostyslav V. Bubnov, Nadiya V. Boyko, Andriy M. Strokan, A45 A monocyte-based in-vitro system for testing individual responses to the implanted material: future for personalized implant construction, Julia Kzhyshkowska, Alexandru Gudima, Ksenia S. Stankevich, Victor D. Filimonov4, Harald Klüter, Evgeniya M. Mamontova, Sergei I. Tverdokhlebov, A46 Prediction and prevention of adverse health effects by meteorological factors: Biomarker patterns and creation of a device for self-monitoring and integrated care, Ulyana B. Lushchyk, Viktor V. Novytskyy, Igor P. Babii, Nadiya G. Lushchyk, Lyudmyla S. Riabets, Ivanna I. Legka, A47 Targeting "disease signatures" towards personalized healthcare, Mira Marcus-Kalish, Alexis Mitelpunkt, Tal Galili, Neta Shachar, Yoav Benjamini, A48 Influence of the skin imperfection on the personal quality of life and possible tools for objective diagnosis, Agnieszka Migasiewicz, Markus Pelleter, Joanna Bauer, Ewelina Dereń, Halina Podbielska, A49 The new direction in caries prevention based on the ultrastructure of dental hard tissues and filling materials, Natalia S. Moiseeva, Anatoly A. Kunin, Dmitry A. Kunin, A50 The use of LED radiation in prevention of dental diseases, Natalia S. Moiseeva, Yury A. Ippolitov, Dmitry A. Kunin, Alexei N. Morozov, Natalia V. Chirkova, Nakhid T. Aliev, A51 Status of endothelial progenitor cells in diabetic nephropathy: predictive and preventive potentials, Mahmood S. Mozaffari, Jun Yao Liu, Babak Baban, A52 The status of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper protein in salivary gland in Sjögren's syndrome: predictive and personalized treatment potentials, Mahmood S. Mozaffari, Jun Yao Liu, Rafik Abdelsayed, Xing-Ming Shi, Babak Baban, A53 Maximal aerobic capacity - important quality marker of health, Jaroslav Novák, Milan Štork, Václav Zeman, A54 The EMPOWER project: laboratory medicine and Horizon 2020, Wytze P. Oosterhuis, Elvar Theodorsson, A55 Personality profile manifestations in patient's attitude to oral care and adherence to doctor's prescriptions, Lyudmila Y. Orekhova, Tatyana V. Kudryavtseva, Elena R. Isaeva, Vadim V. Tachalov, Ekaterina S. Loboda, A56 Results of an European survey on personalized medicine addressed to directions of laboratory medicine, Mario Pazzagli, Francesca Malentacchi, Irene Mancini, Ivan Brandslund, Pieter Vermeersch, Matthias Schwab, Janja Marc, Ron H.N. van Schaik, Gerard Siest, Elvar Theodorsson, Chiara Di Resta, A57 MCI or early dementia predictive speech based diagnosis techniques, Matus Pleva, Jozef Juhar, A58 Personalized speech based mobile application for eHealth, Matus Pleva, Jozef Juhar, A59 Circulating tumor cell-free DNA as the biomarker in the management of cancer patients, Jiří Polívka jr., Filip Janků, Martin Pešta, Jan Doležal, Milena Králíčková, Jiří Polívka, A60 Complex stroke care – educational programme in Stroke Centre University Hospital Plzen, Jiří Polívka, Alena Lukešová, Nina Müllerová, Petr Ševčík, Vladimír Rohan, A61 Sleep apnea and sleep fragmentation contribute to brain aging, Kneginja Richter, Lence Miloseva, Günter Niklewski, A62 Personalised approach for sleep disturbances in shift workers, Kneginja Richter, Jens Acker, Guenter Niklewski, A63 Medical travel and innovative PPPM clusters: new concept of integration, Olga Safonicheva, Vincenzo Costigliola, A64 Medical travel and women health, Olga Safonicheva, A65 Continuity of generations in the training of specialists in the field of reconstructive microsurgery, Maxim Sautin, Janna Sinelnikova, Sergey Suchkov, A66 Telemonitoring of stroke patients – empirical evidence of individual risk management results from an observational study in Germany, Songül Secer, Stephan von Bandemer, A67 Women's increasing breast cancer risk with n-6 fatty acid intake explained by estrogen-fatty acid interactive effect on DNA damage: implications for gender-specific nutrition within personalized medicine, Niva Shapira, A68 Cytobacterioscopy of the gingival crevicular fluid as a method for preventive diagnosis of periodontal diseases, Aleksandr Shcherbakov, Anatoly A. Kunin, Natalia S. Moiseeva, A69 Use of specially treated composites in dentistry to avoid violations of aesthetics, Bogdan R. Shumilovich, Zhanna Lipkind, Yulia Vorobieva, Dmitry A. Kunin, Anastasiia V. Sudareva, A70 National eHealth system – platform for preventive, predictive and personalized diabetes care, Ivica Smokovski, Tatjana Milenkovic, A72 The common energy levels of Prof. Szent-Györgyi, the intrinsic chemistry of melanin, and the muscle physiopathology. Implications in the context of Preventive, Predictive, and Personalized Medicine, Arturo Solís-Herrera, María del Carmen Arias-Esparza, Sergey Suchkov, A73 Plurality and individuality of hepatocellular carcinoma: PPPM perspectives, Krishna Chander Sridhar, Olga Golubnitschaja, A74 Strategic aspects of higher medical education reforms to secure newer educational platforms for getting biopharma professionals matures, Maria Studneva, Sihong Song, James Creeden, Мark Мandrik, Sergey Suchkov, A75 Overview of the strategies and activities of the European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, (EFLM), Elvar Theodorsson, EFLM, A76 New spectroscopic techniques for point of care label free diagnostics, Syed A. M. Tofail, A77 Tumor markers for personalized medicine and oncology - the role of Laboratory Medicine, Ondřej Topolčan, Judita Kinkorová, Ondřej Fiala, Marie Karlíková, Šárka Svobodová, Radek Kučera, Radka Fuchsová, Vladislav Třeška, Václav Šimánek, Ladislav Pecen, Jan Šoupal, Štěpán Svačina2, A78 Modern medical terminology (MMT) as a driver of the global educational reforms, Evgeniya Tretyak, Maria Studneva, Sergey Suchkov, A79 Juvenile hypertension; the relevance of novel predictive, preventive and personalized assessment of its determinants, Francesca M. Trovato, G. Fabio Martines, Daniela Brischetto, Daniela Catalano, Giuseppe Musumeci, Guglielmo M. Trovato, A80 Proteomarkers Biotech, George Th. Tsangaris, Athanasios K. Anagnostopoulos, A81 Proteomics and mass spectrometry based non-invasive prenatal testing of fetal health and pregnancy complications, George Th. Tsangaris, Athanasios K. Anagnostopoulos, A82 Integrated Ecosystem for an Integrated Care model for Heart Failure (HF) patients including related comorbidities (ZENITH), José Verdú, German Gutiérrez, Jordi Rovira, Marta Martinez, Lutz Fleischhacker, Donna Green, Arthur Garson, Elena Tamburini, Stefano Cuomo, Juan Martinez-Leon, Teresa Abrisqueta, Hans-Peter Brunner-La Rocca, Tiny Jaarsma, Teresa Arredondo, Cecilia Vera, Giuseppe Fico, Olga Golubnitschaja, Fernando Arribas, Martina Onderco, Isabel Vara, on behalf of ZENITH consortium, A83 Predictive, preventive and personalized medicine in diabetes onset and complication (MOSAIC project), José Verdú, Francesco Sambo, Barbara Di Camillo, Claudio Cobelli, Andrea Facchinetti, Giuseppe Fico, Riccardo Bellazzi, Lucia Sacchi, Arianna Dagliati, Daniele Segnani, Valentina Tibollo, Manuel Ottaviano, Rafael Gabriel, Leif Groop, Jacqueline Postma, Antonio Martinez, Liisa Hakaste, Tiinamaija Tuomi, Konstantia Zarkogianni, on behalf of MOSAIC consortium, A84 Possibilities for personalized therapy of diabetes using in vitro screening of insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents, Igor Volchek, Nina Pototskaya, Andrey Petrov, A85 The innovative technology for personalized therapy of human diseases based on in vitro drug screening, Igor Volchek, Nadezhda Pototskaya, Andrey Petrov, A86 Bone destruction and temporomandibular joint: predictive markers, pathogenetic aspects and quality of life, Ülle Voog-Oras, Oksana Jagur, Edvitar Leibur, Priit Niibo, Triin Jagomägi, Minh Son Nguyen, Chris Pruunsild, Dagmar Piikov, Mare Saag, A87 Sub-optimal health management – global vision for concepts in medical travel, Wei Wang, A88 Sub-optimal health management: synergic PPPM-TCAM approach, Wei Wang, A89 Innovative technologies for minimal invasive diagnostics, Andreas Weinhäusel, Walter Pulverer, Matthias Wielscher, Manuela Hofner, Christa Noehammer, Regina Soldo, Peter Hettegger, Istvan Gyurjan, Ronald Kulovics, Silvia Schönthaler, Gabriel Beikircher, Albert Kriegner, Stephan Pabinger, Klemens Vierlinger, A90 Rare disease diobanks for personalized medicine, Ayşe Yüzbaşıoğlu, Meral Özgüç, Member of EuroBioBank - European Network of DNA, Cell and Tissue Banks for Rare Diseases

Organisaties worden voortdurend geconfronteerd met kritische gebeurtenissen die hun maatschappelijke legitimiteit kunnen aantasten. Wanneer ondernemingen publiekelijk worden geassocieerd met activiteiten als vervuiling, discriminatie van bepaalde groepen medewerkers, omkoping, monopolistische prijszetting, of het in gevaar brengen van de veiligheid van consumenten, lopen zij het risico uit hun maatschappelijke functie ontheven te worden. Organisaties hoeven dergelijke bedreigingen echter niet passief te ondergaan. Managers blijken vaak in staat communicatieve en strategische reacties te ontwikkelen, die hun organisaties beschermen tegen publiekelijke beschuldigingen en die het positieve imago veilig kunnen stellen. Wanneer managers dergelijke geisoleerde ad hoc reacties op externe bedreigingen trachten om te zetten in een meer geintegreerde en pro-actieve bedrijfsvoering, kunnen we spreken van een issues management strategie. In dit boek tracht ik aan te tonen dat dergelijke issues management strategieen een positieve bijdrage kunnen leveren aan zowel de financiele prestaties van ondernemingen als aan hun bedrijfsreputatie. Ik heb mij in mijn onderzoek gericht op het issue van genetische modificatie. Meer in het bijzonder heb ik onderzocht hoe de verschillende ondernemingen in de Nederlandse voedingsmiddelenketen zijn omgegaan met de maatschappelijke druk rond de introductie van consumentenproducten die vervaardigd zijn op basis van genetisch gemodificeerde soja of mais. Om tenminste drie samenhangende redenen is de introductie van dergelijke producten maatschappelijk gezien een heet hangijzer. In de eerste plaats gaat het om heel veel verschillende producten. Meer dan zestig procent van alle voorverpakte levensmiddelen die te koop zijn in de supermarkt bevat op dit moment al genetisch gemodificeerde ingredienten. Genetische modificatie is alleen al daarom niet langer een technologie van de toekomst, maar in letterlijke zin een hedendaagse technologie. Naast de schaal van de introductie speelt in de tweede plaats ook mee dat er een aantal potentiele gevaren aan de nieuwe technologie kleven, alsmede een aantal ethische bezwaren. Niemand kan op dit moment voorspellen wat in de komende decennia de invloed van genetische modificatie zal zijn op het economische, sociale, en ecologische landschap van grote delen van de wereld. Een derde reden is dat de consument nooit is gevraagd naar zijn mening omtrent moderne biotechnologie. De beslissing om deze nieuwe technologie te gaan commercialiseren is genomen in de bestuurskamers van een kleine groep hoofdzakelijk Noord-Amerikaanse ondernemingen, en niet door de politieke vertegenwoordigers van alle consumenten die nu dagelijks met gentechnologie geconfronteerd worden. Voor de Nederlandse levensmiddelenbranche is moderne biotechnologie een zeer duidelijke bedreiging. Nederland kent een relatief groot aantal handelsondernemingen en voedselproducenten, alsmede een aantal grote internationaal opererende retailers. Voor al deze ondernemingen geldt dat zij aan de ene kant te maken hebben met biotechnologiebedrijven, zaadhandelaren en agrarische ondernemingen die het hen onmogelijk maken om in grote hoeveelheden ongemodificeerde ingredienten aan te schaffen, terwijl zij aan de andere kant geconfronteerd worden met consumenten die veelal afwijzend staan tegenover moderne biotechnologie. Juist voor deze groep ondernemingen is issues management dan ook een kerntaak. Zonder een adequaat management van kritische afhankelijkheden en gebeurtenissen lopen deze ondernemingen het risico imagoschade op te lopen en hun winstgevendheid te zien afnemen. Een groot probleem, zowel voor managers als onderzoekers, is echter dat er in de literatuur een veelheid aan issues management technieken beschreven wordt. Het is daarom voor de praktiserende manager zeker niet in een oogopslag duidelijk wat op een bepaald moment de meest geeigende issues management techniek is voor zijn of haar bedrijf. Tegelijkertijd is het ook voor de onderzoeker niet gemakkelijk om vast te stellen welke issues management technieken de bedrijven die hij of zij onderzoekt nu eigenlijk gebruiken. Voor dit proefschrift heb ik daarom allereerst onderzocht welke issues management technieken Nederlandse ondernemingen nu eigenlijk gebruiken bij hun pogingen om de introductie van moderne biotechnologie in goede banen te leiden. Ik heb dat gedaan door middel van een zogenaamde gevalsstudie of case studie. Een dergelijke studie is een kwalitatief onderzoek, waarbij het accent veeleer ligt op het bouwen dan op het testen van theorie. Als belangrijkste databronnen heb ik voor deze studie gebruik gemaakt interviews, archiefmateriaal, ronde tafelgesprekken, audiovisueel materiaal, en achtergrondinformatie uit kranten en tijdschriften. De case studie toonde aan dat Nederlandse ondernemingen gebruik maken van een tweetal complementaire issues management strategieen. In de eerste plaats maken zij gebruik van wat men een extraverte issues management strategie zou kunnen noemen. De ondernemingen in mijn onderzoekssteekproef hebben van begin af aan geprobeerd om de meningen van kritische externe partijen, de zogenaamde stakeholders, mee te nemen in hun besluitvorming. Deze strategie wordt ook wel stakeholder integratie genoemd. De verschillende manifestaties van dit fenomeen worden besproken in het vierde hoofdstuk van dit boek. In de tweede plaats maken ondernemingen ook gebruik van meer introverte issues management benaderingen. Het accent ligt dan veel meer op de codificatie van issues management-gerelateerde ervaringen, om zo waardevolle vaardigheden te creeren die in een later stadium weer toegepast kunnen worden op nieuwe issues. De verschillende verschijningsvormen die deze issues management vaardigheden kunnen aannemen worden beschreven in het vijfde hoofdstuk van deze dissertatie. Het identificeren van issues management technieken is een belangrijk begin wanneer men wil vaststellen wat de toegevoegde waarde van issues management is. Een tweede stap in dit proces is echter het identificeren van indicatoren waarin die toegevoegde waarde uitgedrukt zou kunnen worden. In dit proefschrift beschrijf ik een viertal van dergelijke indicatoren. In de eerste plaats beschrijf ik een tweetal indicatoren waarin de toegevoegde waarde van issues management in financiele zin tot uitdrukking zou moeten komen. De eerste indicator heb ik economische meeropbrengsten genoemd, terwijl ik de tweede heb aangeduid met strategische meeropbrengsten. In het eerste geval gaat het om korte termijn pecuniaire winsten, terwijl het in het tweede geval gaat om verbeteringen in de concurrentiepositie van een onderneming op de lange termijn. Tevens beschrijf ik een tweetal indicatoren die betrekking hebben op de reputatie van ondernemingen. In de eerste plaats gebruik ik de algemene ondernemingsreputatie, een brede evaluatie van het prestige van een onderneming ten opzichte van haar directe concurrenten. In de tweede plaats maak ik gebruik van de ondernemingsreputatie op het gebied van moderne biotechnologie, een veel specifiekere evaluatie van het externe prestige van een onderneming. De twee issues management technieken alsmede de vier prestatie- indicatoren heb ik vervolgens geoperationaliseerd in de vorm van een vragenlijst (zie Appendix A). In het kader van een tweede studie - een kwantitatief survey - heb ik deze vragenlijst opgestuurd naar alle ondernemingen (551) die in Nederland betrokken zijn bij de introductie van moderne biotechnologie (hetzij in actieve dan wel in passieve zin). Uiteindelijk heb ik bruikbare resultaten mogen ontvangen van 212 ondernemingen (38%). Door middel van diverse kwantitatieve analyses heb ik vervolgens met deze tweede studie kunnen aantonen dat de twee voornoemde issues management technieken (stakeholder integratie en het bouwen van waardevolle vaardigheden) inderdaad bijdragen aan de prestaties van ondernemingen (zie hoofdstukken zes en zeven). Ondernemingen hebben zowel in financiele termen als in termen van reputatie baat bij het inzetten van issues management technieken. Het onderzoek toont echter aan dat de meer extraverte stakeholder integratie benadering een grotere invloed heeft op de reputatie van de onderneming, terwijl de meer introverte vaardigheden benadering een grotere invloed heeft op de financiele prestaties van de onderneming. De conclusie van dit proefschrift is dan ook dat de inzet van issues management technieken weldegelijk gevolgen heeft voor de prestaties van ondernemingen. ; This book consists of four interrelated parts. Part I consists of three chapters (one, two, and three), and constitutes the empirical and theoretical introduction of this thesis. The purpose of the first (current) chapter is to introduce the two research questions that guided the design and execution of this project. The second chapter, which consists of two parts, sketches the empirical context of the research by introducing the genetic modification case study. In the first part I introduce the methodology I have used to conduct this case study. I head off with a discussion on the design of the study, which is followed by a treatment of the data collection and analysis procedures, and by an explanation of the procedures followed for establishing reliability and validity. In the second part I provide a brief general description of the case study, using both an event history (a chronological representation of the facts of the case) and a narrative account of the major occurrences characterizing the introduction of genetically modified ingredients on the Dutch market. The third chapter of this text provides an integrative theoretical framework of strategic issues management. The chapter starts with a review of two important streams of issues management research. I begin by introducing the externally oriented public affairs/corporate communication approach, and subsequently proceed with the more internally oriented organizational behavior approach to issues management. For both of these approaches it will be explained (a) how they see the strategic issue construct, and (b) how they view the strategic issues management process. I continue by introducing an integrative theoretical framework of strategic issues management, which draws upon and attempts to integrate both of the aforementioned research streams. The framework results in a number of theoretical hypotheses explaining (a) what types of issues management activities commercial organizations may use to manage those forthcoming developments that threaten to impinge upon their ability to meet their objectives, and (b) how the adoption of such activities can be linked to the attainment of a more favorable competitive position. In effect, this framework has guided and supported all further theory-building efforts that are reported in this book. Part II of this book consists of chapters four and five. This second part reports the findings of the first empirical study of this volume, the in-depth case study of the issues management practices of the firms in the Dutch fats and oils industry with respect to the highly salient issue of genetic modification. More precisely, this part addresses the first research question of this project by providing an elaborate explanation of the two issues management strategies that were uncovered with the help of the qualitative study. Chapter four discusses the issues management strategy of stakeholder integration (the development of trust- based, cooperative relationships with a broad range of external stakeholders [Hart, 1995; Sharma & Vredenburg, 1998]). Two conceptual dimensions (locus and modus of stakeholder integration) are used to develop a typology of four different integration types. Subsequently, these four types are illustrated with case study evidence, and linked to four corresponding competitive benefits. Chapter five is devoted to a discussion on capability development (the integration of individuals' specialist knowledge into higher-order organizational knowledge resources [Grant, 1996]), the second issues management strategy that was revealed with the help of the case study of the Dutch fats and oils sector. Again, two conceptual dimensions (allowed response time and public activism)areusedtodevelopa straightforward two-by-two typology of issues management capabilities, which are also illustrated with evidence from the case study. A subsequent discussion of the capability building process explains how the organizations in the case study sample went about building such competitively valuable resources. Part III of this book consists of chapters six and seven. It reports the findings of the survey study that was performed to provide an answer to the second research question raised in the present chapter. In chapter six I discuss the methods I followed while conducting the survey research. I will start by presenting a brief overview of the properties of the research sample, and proceed by reporting the procedures for purification of the six psychometric scales that were used to measure the central constructs of the study. Chapter seven discusses the results of the survey study. The chapter heads off with a recapitulation of the research model as it was presented in the third chapter of this text. It proceeds by presenting the results of four hierarchical regression analyses that were used for testing the research hypotheses developed in chapter three (using the four previously selected performance indicators [economic benefits, strategic benefits, corporate reputation, and biotechnology reputation] as the respective dependent variables). The regression procedure consists of two steps. In the first step, it is determined whether the amount of additional variance that is being explained by adding the two explanatory variables (stakeholder integration and capability development) to a regression model that only contains the control variables (i.e., corporate size and industry) differs significantly from zero. As a second step, the individual coefficients of the explanatory variables in the full model (which includes both the predictor and the control variables) are inspected to see whether the individual issues management activities add to a firm's competitive advantage or not. Effectively, this latter step represents the actual testing of the integrated framework of issues management. Part IV finally, consists of chapter eight only. This chapter presents the overall conclusions of this book, drawing upon both the case study and the survey research. First, the findings of these two studies are discussed in terms of the research questions that were introduced in the first paragraph of this introduction. Secondly, I discuss the limitations of the chosen approach; particularly those pertaining to the measures in use and the research setting I have selected. Before finishing this book with some brief concluding remarks, I will present a concise agenda for future research.

p. 811-831: "An act for repairing the road from the Town of Buckingham in the County of Bucks, to Warmington in the County of Warwick." ; p. 783-807: "An act for amending and making more effectual an act made in the last session of Parliament, for continuing an act made in the thirteenth year of the reign of His late Majesty King George the First, for repairing the roads from Luton in the County of Bedford, to Westwood Gate in the said county; and from Luton to Saint Alban's in the County of Hertford." ; p. 763-780: "An act for making more effectual several acts passed for repairing the road leading from the Stones End in the parish of Saint Leonard Shoreditch in the County of Middlesex, to the furthermost part of the northern road in the parish of Enfield in the same county, next to the parish of Cheshunt in the County of Hertford; and for amending the road from the Watch-house in Edmonton, to the market place in Enfield." ; p. 747-758: "An act to continue the several laws therein mentioned for preventing theft and rapine on the northern borders of England; for the more effectual punishing wicked and evil disposed persons going armed in disguise, and doing injuries and violences to the persons and properties of His Majesty's subjects, and for the more speedy bringing the offenders to justice for continuing two clauses to prevent the cutting or breaking down the bank of any river, or sea bank, and to prevent the malicious cutting of hop-binds; and for the more effectual punishment of persons maliciously setting on fire any mine, pit, or delph of coal, or cannel coal; and of persons unlawfully hunting or taking any red or fallow deer in forests or chaces, or beating or wounding the keepers or other officers in forests, chaces, or parks; and for granting a liberty to carry sugars of the growth, produce, or manufacture of any of His Majesty's sugar colonies in America, from the said colonies directly to foreign parts in ships built in Great Britain, and navigated according to law; and to explain two acts relating to the prosecution of offenders for embeziling naval stores, or stores of war; and to prevent the retailing of wine within either of the universities in that part of Great Britain called England without licence." ; p. 739-742: "An act to make it high treason to hold correspondence with the sons of the Pretender to His Majesty's crown; and for attainting them of high treason, in case they shall land or attempt to land in Great Britain, or any of the dominions thereunto belonging; and for suspending the operation and effect of a clause in the act of the seventh year of the late Queen Anne, for improving the union of the two kingdoms, relating to forfeitures for high treason, until after the decease of the sons of the said Pretender." ; p. 729-735: "An act for remedying some defects in the act made in the forty third year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, intituled, An act for the relief of the poor." ; p. 723-725: "An act to prevent disputes touching the parishes or places where improved wastes, and drained and improved marsh lands, shall be charged to parochial rates." ; p. 717-720: "An act for permitting certain goods therein enumerated, to be imported during the war in British built shipping, the property of foreigners; and for relief of William Ord, and others, and for obviating a doubt which hath arisen upon the act of the twelfth year of the reign of King Charles the Second, intituled, An act for the encouraging and increasing of shipping and navigation, as to the importation on the account of aliens, of goods of the growth or production of the plantations of Spain and Portugal, in English ships duly navigated." ; p. 711-713: "An act to explain, amend, and enlarge an act made in the sixteenth and seventeenth year of the reign of King Charles the Second, intituled, An act for regulating the measures and prices of coals." ; p. 691-706: "An act for the better encouragement of seamen in His Majesty's service, and privateers, to annoy the enemy." ; p. 671-687: "An act for granting to His Majesty the sum of one million out of the sinking fund, and for applying a sum remaining in the exchequer, arisen by the coinage duty for the service of the year One thousand seven hundred and forty four; and for the further appropriating the supplies granted in this session of Parliament; and for making forth duplicates of exchequer bills, lottery tickets, certificates, annuity orders, and other orders, lost, burnt, or otherwise destroyed; and for giving further time for the payment of duties omitted to be paid for the indentures or contracts of clerks and apprentices; and to enable the reversioners of certain annuities, therein mentioned, to receive such annuities, if the same shall not be demanded within a certain time by the annuitants for life, until proof be made, that such annuitants are living." ; p. 655-666: "An act to explain and make more effectual several acts of Parliament passed in the reign of His present Majesty, for building a bridge cross the River Thames, from the City of Westminster to the opposite shore in the County of Surrey; and for the better enabling the commissioners for building the said bridge, to finish the same, and to perform the other trusts reposed in them; as also for granting further time for exchanging the tickets unclaimed in the last lottery for the said bridge; and to make provision for tickets in the said lottery, lost, burnt, or otherwise destroyed." ; p. 645-650: "An act for repealing the duties payable upon glass beads, and for granting other duties in lieu thereof; and for allowing the same drawbacks on the exportation of refined borax and camphire, which are allowed on the exportation of unrefined borax and camphire; and for preventing the fraudulent exportation of British and Irish linnens, for the sake of the bounty allowed by an act made in the fifteenth and sixteenth years of His present Majesty's reign; and for explaining and amending the said act, as to the persons who are to receive the said bounty." ; p. 639-641: "An act for the more effectual preventing of the affixing of counterfeit stamps to foreign or other linnens." ; p. 615-635: "An act for making more effectual provision for enlightening the streets of the City of London." ; p. 571-610: "An act for explaining and amending an act passed in the sixth year of His present Majesty's reign, intituled, An act to recover and preserve the navigation of the River Dee in the County Palatine of Chester; and another act passed in the fourteenth year of His present Majesty's reign, intituled, An act for incorporating the Undertakers of the navigation of the River Dee; and for repealing the tonnage rates payable to the said Undertakers: and for granting to them other tonnage or keelage rates in lieu thereof; and for other purposes therein mentioned." ; p. 559-567: "An act for continuing an act passed in the thirteenth year of the reign of His late Majesty King George the First, so far as the same relates to the repairing the road from Studley Bridge to Chippenham in the County of Wilts, and for amending the road from Chippenham to Pickwick in the said county." ; p. 555-556: "An act to rectify a mistake in an act made this session of Parliament, intituled, An act for the speedy and effectual recruiting of His Majesty's land forces and marines, for the year One thousand seven hundred and forty four." ; p. 523-550: "An act for repairing the road between the Town of Kingston upon Hull, and the Town of Beverley in the East Riding of the County of York." ; p. 507-518: "An act for more effectually repairing the roads from Coleshill in the County of Warwick, through the city of Litchfield, to Stone in the County of Stafford, and from thence to the City of Chester, and for amending other roads therein mentioned." ; p. 479-502: "An act for more effectually repairing the road from Cherill (through Calne) to Studley Bridge, and from Cherill to the Three Mile Borough, at the top of Cherill Hill in the County of Wilts." ; p. 451-475: "An act for repairing the road leading from the end of Midleton Tyaslane over Gatherly Moor to Greetabridge, and from thence to Bowes in the North Riding of the County of York." ; p. 439-447: "An act for laying a duty of two pennies Scots, or a sixth part of a penny sterling, upon every Scots pint of ale and beer which shall be brewed for sale, brought into, tapped, or sold within the Town of Burrowstounness and liberties thereof, in the County of Linlithgow, for repairing the harbour of the said town." ; p. 427-435: "An act for continuing and making more effective an act made in the eleventh year of His present Majesty's reign, for repairing several roads leading to and from the Town of Derby in the County of Derby." ; p. 411-424: "An act for continuing and enlarging the term and powers granted by an act of Parliament, passed in the thirteenth year of the reign of His late Majesty King George the First, for repairing the road from Cranford Bridge in the County of Middlesex, to that end of Maidenhead Bridge which lies in the County of Bucks." ; p. 379-406: "An act for raising by annuities, and a lottery, in manner therein mentioned, the sum of one million eight hundred thousand pounds, at three pounds per centum per annum, for the service of the year One thousand seven hundred and forty four." ; p. 355-374: "An act for granting to His Majesty the surplus or remainder of the monies arisen, or to arise by the duties on spirituous liquors, granted by an act of the last session of Parliament; and for explaining and amending the said act in relation to the retailers of such liquors; and for establishing an agreement with the United Company of Merchants of England, trading to the East Indies." ; p. 315-350: "An act for punishing mutiny and desertion; and for the better payment of the army and their quarters." ; p. 295-311: "An act for the speedy and effectual recruiting of His Majesty's land forces and marines for the year One thousand seven hundred and forty four." ; p. 283-290: "An act for continuing and enlarging the term and powers granted by an act passed in the third year of the reign of His present Majesty, For repairing the road leading from Galley-corner, adjoining to Enfield Chase in the parish of South Mims in the County of Middlesex, to Lemsford Mill in the County of Hertford." ; p. 263-280: "An act for continuing the term and powers granted by an act passed in the first year of His present Majesty's reign intituled, An act for repairing and amending several roads leading to and from the borough of Evesham in the county of Worcester; and for making the same more effectual." ; p. 251-258: "An act for enlarging the term and powers granted by an act passed in the third year of the reign of His present Majesty, intituled, An act for repairing the roads leading from a gate called Shipton toll-gate, at Bridgetown, in the parish of Old Stratford in the County of Warwick, through Alderminster and Shipton upon Stower, to the top of Long Compton Hill in the said county; and to make the same more effectual." ; p. 223-247: "An act for raising and establishing a fund for a provision for the widows and children of the ministers of the Church of Scotland, and of the heads, principals, and masters, of the Universities of Saint Andrew's, Glasgow, and Edinburgh." ; p. 211-218: "An act for enlarging the term and powers granted by an act passed in the fourth year of the reign of His present Majesty, for repairing the road leading from Chappel on the Heath in the County of Oxon, to the quarry above Bourton on the Hill in the County of Gloucester." ; p. 183-207: "An act for repairing and widening the road leading from a place called Harlow Bush Common, in the parish of Harlow in the County of Essex, to Stump Cross, in the parish of Great Chesterford in the said county." ; p. 175-179: "An act to prevent the committing of abuses in the weighing and packing of butter, in the Town and Borough of New Malton in the County of York." ; p. 171-172: "An act for taking and swearing affidavits to be made use of in any of the courts of the County Palatine of Lancaster." ; p. 167-168: "An act to impower His Majesty to secure and detain such persons as His Majesty shall suspect are conspiring against His Person and government." ; p. 139-162: "An act to amend and make more effectual the laws relating to rogues, vagabonds and other idle and disorderly persons, and to houses of correction." ; p. 127-134: "An act for enlarging the term and powers granted by an act passed in the third year of the reign of His present Majesty, for repairing and widening the road from that part of Chatham which lies next to the City of Rochester, to Saint Dunstan's Cross near the City of Canterbury in the County of Kent." ; p. 123-124: "An act to oblige overseers of the poor to give publick notice of rates made for the relief of the poor, and to produce the same." ; p. 99-119: "An act for continuing the duties upon malt, mum, cyder, and perry, in that part of Great Britain called England; and for granting to His Majesty certain duties upon malt, mum, cyder, and perry, in that part of Great Britain called Scotland, for the service of the year One thousand seven hundred and forty four." ; p. 3-95: "An act for granting an aid to His Majesty by a land tax to be raised in Great Britain, for the service of the year One thousand seven hundred and forty four." ; The paging and caption title of each act follow ; Contains 43 acts, each with a duplicate of the t.-p. quoted. No. 16-43, printed 1744 ; Contemporary suède calf binding ; Initials ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Bookplate: Mr. Baron Mure

European legal systems have long encompassed the concept of the "general clause", particularly in contract and labor law. The general clause includes unwritten legal norms such as good faith and public morality, and these principles are duly incorporated in the process of construing civil and labor contracts. While the general clause itself is formally absent in common law systems, its principles have found their way into modern British and American law. Two primary examples include the doctrines of good faith and unconscionability. In a broader sense, the idea of introducing rather indeterminate legal norms to be construed and interpreted by judges appears to be well‑ suited to a common law system. However, as applied to American labor law, the very indeterminacy of these terms has had rather negative effects on the rights of employees and the labor unions that represent them. Specifically, this article examines the good faith requirement in collective bargaining under the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) and the doctrine of unconscionability in employment arbitration agreements, and concludes that they both should be supplemented by more definite standards in order to effectively protect employees. ; Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania ; Charles Szymanski – Lecturer and professor of law at the Faculty of Law of the Vytautas Magnus University in Kaunas, Lithuania. Practicing lawyer and professor of law in the United States of America. His scientific interests focus on European, international and comparative labor law as well as on the Alternative Dispute Resolution. ; Charles Szymanski – wykładowca i profesor na Wydziale Prawa Uniwersytetu Witolda Wielkiego w Kownie, prawnik praktyk i profesor prawa w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Jego zainteresowania badawcze koncentrują się na europejskim, międzynarodowym i porównawczym prawie pracy oraz na alternatywnych sposobach rozstrzygania sporów. ; charles.szymanski@gmail.com ; 11 ; 49 ; 2 ; Andrews R., Moroko R., Employment‑At‑Will in New York Remains Essentially Unchanged after a Century of Refinements, "N.Y. St. B.J." 1999, vol. 71-OCT. ; Andrias K., Sachs B., Constructing Countervailing Power: Law and Organizing in an Era of Political Inequality, "Yale L.J. 546" 2021, vol. 130. ; Arnow‑Richman R., Modifying At‑Will Employment Contracts, "B.C. L. Rev." 2016, vol. 57. ; Barnes T., Making the Bird Sing: Remedial Notice Reading Requirements and the Efficacy of NLRB Remedies, "Berkeley J. Emp. & Lab. L." 2015, vol. 36. ; Bingham L., Employment Arbitration: The Repeat Player Effect, "Employee Rts. & Emp. Pol'y J." 1997, vol. 1. ; Bingham L., On Repeat Players, Adhesive Contracts, and the Use of Statistics in Judicial Review of Employment Arbitration Awards, "McGeorge L. 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Bacillus cereus sensu lato comprises Gram-positive spore-forming bacteria producing toxins associated with foodborne diseases. Three pore-forming enterotoxins, nonhemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe), hemolysin BL (Hbl), and cytotoxin K (CytK), are considered the primary factors in B. cereus sensu lato diarrhea. The aim of this study was to determine the potential risk of enterotoxicity among soil B. cereus sensu lato isolates representing diverse phylogroups and originated from different geographic locations with various climates (Burkina Faso, Kenya, Argentina, Kazakhstan, and Poland). While nheA- and hblA-positive isolates were present among all B. cereus sensu lato populations and distributed across all phylogenetic groups, cytK-2-positive strains predominated in geographic regions with an arid hot climate (Africa) and clustered together on a phylogenetic tree mainly within mesophilic groups III and IV. The highest in vitro cytotoxicity to Caco-2 and HeLa cells was demonstrated by the strains clustered within phylogroups II and IV. Overall, our results suggest that B. cereus sensu lato pathogenicity is a comprehensive process conditioned by many intracellular factors and diverse environmental conditions. ; Izabela Święcicka - izabelas@uwb.edu.pl ; Justyna Drewnowska - Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland ; Natalia Stefańska - Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland ; Magdalena Czerniecka - Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland; Laboratory of Tissue Culture, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland ; Grzegorz Zambrowski - Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland ; Izabela Święcicka - Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland; Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland ; Mock M, Fouet A. 2001. Anthrax. 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U.S. Department of Energy ; U.S. National Science Foundation ; Ministry of Science and Education of Spain ; Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom ; Higher Education Funding Council for England ; National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ; Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago ; Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics at Ohio State University ; Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas AM University ; Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia e Inovacao ; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft ; Argonne National Laboratory ; University of California at Santa Cruz ; University of Cambridge ; Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas ; Medioambientales y Tecnologicas-Madrid ; University of Chicago ; University College London ; DES-Brazil Consortium ; University of Edinburgh ; Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich ; Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory ; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ; Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai ; Institut de Fisica d'Altes Energies ; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ; Ludwig-Maximilians Universitat Munchen ; Excellence Cluster Universe ; University of Michigan ; National Optical Astronomy Observatory ; University of Nottingham ; Ohio State University ; University of Pennsylvania ; University of Portsmouth ; SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University ; University of Sussex ; Texas A M University ; OzDES Membership Consortium ; National Science Foundation ; MINECO ; European Union ; Centres de Recerce de Catalunya (CERCA) program of the Generalitat de Catalunya ; European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Program (FP7) ; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics ; U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics ; Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy ; National Science Foundation: AST-1138766 ; National Science Foundation: AST-1536171 ; MINECO: AYA2015-71825 ; MINECO: ESP2015-88861 ; MINECO: FPA2015-68048 ; MINECO: SEV-2012-0234 ; MINECO: SEV-2016-0597 ; MINECO: MDM-2015-0509, ; European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Program (FP7): 240672 ; European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Program (FP7): 291329 ; European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Program (FP7): 306478 ; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics: CE110001020 ; U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics: DE-AC02-07CH11359 ; Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy: DE-AC02-05CH11231 ; We present cosmological results from a combined analysis of galaxy clustering and weak gravitational lensing, using 1321 deg(2) of griz imaging data from the first year of the Dark Energy Survey (DES Y1). We combine three two-point functions: (i) the cosmic shear correlation function of 26 million source galaxies in four redshift bins, (ii) the galaxy angular autocorrelation function of 650,000 luminous red galaxies in five redshift bins, and (iii) the galaxy-shear cross-correlation of luminous red galaxy positions and source galaxy shears. To demonstrate the robustness of these results, we use independent pairs of galaxy shape, photometric-redshift estimation and validation, and likelihood analysis pipelines. To prevent confirmation bias, the bulk of the analysis was carried out while blind to the true results; we describe an extensive suite of systematics checks performed and passed during this blinded phase. The data are modeled in flat Lambda CDM and wCDM cosmologies, marginalizing over 20 nuisance parameters, varying 6 (for Lambda CDM) or 7 (for wCDM) cosmological parameters including the neutrino mass density and including the 457 x 457 element analytic covariance matrix. We find consistent cosmological results from these three two-point functions and from their combination obtain S-8 equivalent to sigma(8) (Omega(m)/0.3)(0.5) = 0.773(-0.020)(+0.026) and Omega(m) = 0.267(-0.017)(+0.030) for Lambda CDM; for wCDM, we find S-8 = 0.782(-0.024)(+0.036) , Omega(m) = 0.284(-0.030)(+0.033), and w = -0.82(-0.20)(+0.21) at 68% C.L. The precision of these DES Y1 constraints rivals that from the Planck cosmic microwave background measurements, allowing a comparison of structure in the very early and late Universe on equal terms. Although the DES Y1 best-fit values for S-8 and Omega(m) are lower than the central values from Planck for both Lambda CDM and wCDM, the Bayes factor indicates that the DES Y1 and Planck data sets are consistent with each other in the context of Lambda CDM. Combining DES Y1 with Planck, baryonic acoustic oscillation measurements from SDSS, 6dF, and BOSS and type Ia supernovae from the Joint Lightcurve Analysis data set, we derive very tight constraints on cosmological parameters: S-8 = 0.802 +/- 0.012 and Omega(m) = 0.298 +/- 0.007 in Lambda CDM and w = -1.00(-0.04)(+0.05) in wCDM. Upcoming Dark Energy Survey analyses will provide more stringent tests of the Lambda CDM model and extensions such as a time-varying equation of state of dark energy or modified gravity.

Inleiding De vroege IJzertijd in de zuidelijke Levant wordt vaak omschreven als de 'donkere eeuwen'. Deze periode, die loopt vanaf het einde van de Late Bronstijd tot het begin van de koninkrijken van Juda, Israel, Moab en Ammon kent weinig tot geen literair/historische bronnen, en de bronnen die er zijn, of die betrekking hebben op deze periode, lijken de archeologische bronnen te weerspreken. Niettemin zijn beide, de archeologische en de literair/historische bronnen, voortgekomen uit dezelfde maatschappij, zij het mogelijk uit verschillende segmenten van die maatschappij. Het doel van deze studie is, een model te presenteren dat beide bronnen, de literair/historische en de archeologische, integreert tot één geheel. Dit model gaat uit van de premisse dat de samenleving van de Levant, in elk geval vanaf de Vroege Bronstijd, een tribale samenleving geweest is, bestaande uit een conglomeraat van stammen, en die kan worden gedefinieerd door de volgende eigenschappen: - Loyaliteit aan de eigen groep: de familie, de clan en tenslotte de stam. Deze loyaliteit was tweezijdig: de stam droeg tegelijkertijd verantwoordelijkheid voor haar leden. Deze wederzijdse loyaliteit werd geformaliseerd door het creeren van genealogische verbanden, stambomen, die werden aangepast naarmate de omstandigheden dat 'vereisten'. De term khawa, betaling voor het recht om, al dan niet tijdelijk, in het territorium van een stam te verblijven, betekent ook letterlijk 'broederschap'. Ook in periodes van stabiliteit en een sterke regering hield deze tribale structuur niet op te bestaan. - Flexibiliteit in leefwijze. De manieren waarop leden van een stam in hun onderhoud voorzagen waren flexibel, en voegden zich naar de economische, ecologische en politieke omstandigheden. Jacht, veeteelt (schapen, geiten en kamelen), landbouw, maar ook huurlingschap, smokkel, handel en dergelijke behoorden tot de economische activiteiten van de stammen. Deze flexibiliteit was een belangrijke factor in de economisch onafhankelijke samenleving die kenmerkend was voor de Arabische stammen van de 19e eeuw n.Chr., en die zich in de praktijk onttrok aan de macht van het Ottomaanse rijk. - Mobiliteit. Door de aard van hun economische bezigheden waren stammen mobiel. Tegelijkertijd hadden ze een band met hun territorium, dat een wijd groot gebied kon bestrijken. Territoria waren nooit het eigendom van stammen. Deze konden er slechts rechten op uitoefenen zolang zij zich in het territorium bevonden. Territoria werden dan ook gedeeld door verschillende stammen. - Onderlinge relaties tussen stammen. Wisselwerking in positieve zin was het gedeelde gebruik van territoria of bronnen, vaak geformaliseerd door middel van khawa, en verder de vorming van coalities en confederaties tussen stammen. Negatieve contacten waren rooftochten (ghazu's), en in extreme gevallen soms stammenoorlogen. Deze konden leiden tot veranderingen in de onderlinge machtsverhoudingen en regelmatig tot veranderingen in de territoriale verdeling van het land. De Late Bronstijd De Jordaanvallei De meeste historische bronnen uit de Late Bronstijd zijn van Egyptische oorsprong. Het Egyptische Rijk controleerde een groot deel van de zuidelijke Levant, met als voornaamste doel het veiligstellen van de handel met Mesopotamie. Dat betekent dat er geen reden was voor Egypte om de sociale en politieke structuur van het gebied ingrijpend te wijzigen. Het autochtone systeem van stadstaten bleef bestaan, waarbij de loyaliteit van de koningen van de stadstaten op verschillende manieren gewaarborgd kon worden. De handelsroute naar het zuiden liep vanuit Egypte langs de kust, dan landinwaart en via Beth Shean naar de andere zijde van de Jordaan, langs Pella en Deir 'Alla, en via de Wadi Zerqa naar de vlakte van Amman, waar een handelsknooppunt was. Pella was, zoals blijkt uit de Amarnabrieven en de archeologische resten, een stadstaat onder supervisie van Egypte. Het was een belangrijk knooppunt omdat het de oostzijde bewaakte van de doorsteek door de Jordaan, een kwetsbare etappe op de route. Een andere nederzetting ten zuiden van Pella, Abu Kharaz, was een welvarende nederzetting in de eerste helft van de Late Bronstijd, maar hier zijn geen Egyptische resten gevonden. Vanaf het einde van het Midden Brons neemt de gevestigde bewoning af, en als gevolg daarvan wordt vaak een toename in de nomadische bevolking verondersteld. Het gebied rond Pella was nauwelijks bewoond. Archeologisch materiaal en surveyresultaten laten zien dat de bewoning zich voornamelijk beperkte tot de stad zelf. Deze situatie kan vergeleken worden met die in Transjordanie in de 19e eeuw n.Chr., toen Salt de enige bewoonde stad was in de Belqa. Deze stad stond onder beheer van een coalitie van Bedoeinenstammen, en had een marktfunctie voor de regio, evenals voor de export van goederen naar de westzijde van de Jordaan. In de Jordaanvallei zelf was de gevestigde bewoning geheel verdwenen, tengevolge van de rooftochten en de uitbuiting door de Bedoeinen. De Ottomaanse regering stond machteloos tegenover deze praktijken. In een vergelijkbare situatie moest Pella als versterkt station op de handelsroute, de oversteek van de Jordaan beschermen. Van Pella ging de route naar het zuiden, in de richting van Deir 'Alla. Deir 'Alla was al in het begin van de Late Bronstijd een heiligdom, en vermoedelijk was het in die tijd onafhankelijk. Rondom Deir 'Alla zijn verschillende kleine nederzettingen gevonden, en een begraafplaats bij Kataret es-Samra. Tell el-Hammeh, een kleine kampplaats aan de ingang van de W. Zerqa, vertoont alle kenmerken van een tijdelijk station, maar het aardewerk dat er gevonden is is van hoge kwaliteit. Dit suggereert de mogelijkheid dat Hammeh kampplaats was voor handelaars die door de Zerqavallei trokken. Deze constellatie van nederzettingen doet vermoeden dat de regio rond Deir 'Alla een tribaal centrum vormde, dat tevens een functie had in de Egyptisch – Transjordaanse handelsroute. Moab en de hoogvlakte van Amman in de 14e eeuw Door de Wadi Zerqa werd de hoogvlakte van Amman bereikt. Er zijn geen literair/historische bronnen van of over de hoogvlakte, maar het archeologisch repertoire duidt op contacten zowel met het westen als met Syrie. Het is daarom waarschijnlijk dat ook de hoogvlakte van Amman een handelsknooppunt vormde op de Egyptisch – Transjordaanse handelsroute. Aan de oostelijke ingang tot de Wadi Zerqa bevond zich een heiligdom, Khirbet Umm ed Dananir, met grotten waarin meervoudige begraving plaats vond. Het vermoedelijke administratieve centrum was Sahab, al in het begin van het Laat Brons een ommuurde stad met openbare gebouwen. Het archeologisch repertoire laat zien dat dit gebied bewoond werd door een Canaanitische bevolking, terwijl ook Syrische invloeden aanwezig zijn. Aanwijzingen voor controle vanuit Egypte ontbreken geheel. Deze situatie is vergelijkbaar met die in Gaza en Hebron in de 19e eeuw n.Chr., beide handelsknooppunten die onder controle stonden van leidende stammen in de regio, die tevens de land- en tuinbouw in de regio controleerden. In het gebied van Moab zijn uit deze periode geen aanwijzingen voor gevestigde bewoning gevonden. Literair/historische bronnen doen vermoeden dat dit gebied territorium van Šasu stammen was. Hoewel het voornaamste territorium van deze stammen in Edom lag, is het waarschijnlijk dat ook Moab een Šasu bevolking had. De Amarnabrieven De Amarnabrieven uit het midden van de 14e eeuw zijn een bron van politieke en economische informatie over de zuidelijke Levant. Ze zijn geschreven door de hoofden van stadstaten, gericht aan de Egyptische Farao, en bevatten verslagen van politieke intrigues en verzoeken om militaire hulp. Niet duidelijk is of deze brieven duiden op een economische en sociale achteruitgang in de regio, zoals sommige onderzoekers menen, of dat ze deel uitmaken van de normale diplomatieke correspondentie van deze tijd. De materiele cultuur van deze periode duidt niet op een structurele achteruitgang. De brieven werpen vooral licht op de verdeelde loyaliteiten van de vazalstaten. Het gebied werd bewoond door een gemengde bevolking van stedelingen, dorpelingen en veehoudende nomaden, die samen een maatschappij vormden waarin de sociale verhoudingen werden bepaald door tribale loyaliteiten. De Habiru, een groep sociale outcasts, maakte deel uit van deze maatschappij. Uit de brieven blijkt onder meer dat Pella niet bepaald een loyale vazal van Egypte was. Het werd beschuldigd van het ophouden van een handelskaravaan. Pella was via familierelaties verbonden met Shechem. Shechem werd door de andere stadstaten beschuldigd van banden met de Habiru. De Jordaanvallei in de 13e eeuw In Beth Shean zijn twee stelae gevonden uit de 13e eeuw, uit de regeringsperiode van Seti I. Beide stelae getuigen van onrust in de regio: - De eerste stele beschrijft een locale oorlog tussen de Habiru uit het noorden en 'Aziaten' uit het oosten, gevoerd in de Jordaanvallei. Dergelijke rooftochten waren algemeen in de 19e eeuw n.Chr. De Beni Sakhr uit het noorden en de Howeitat uit Edom roofden regelmatig elkaars kamelen, en beschrijvingen van dergelijke ghazus zijn algemeen in 19e eeuwse reisverslagen. - De tweede stele beschrijft een samenzwering tussen Pella en Hamath tegen Beth Shean. Hieruit blijkt niet alleen dat Egypte haar invloed in Pella verloren had, maar ook dat Pella rooftochten organiseerde ten westen van de Jordaan. Uit het feit dat Egypte geen strafexpeditie naar Pella stuurde kan geconcludeerd worden dat deze situatie geaccepteerd werd, en dat Egypte pogingen ondernam om Pella weer onder controle te krijgen. Het archeologisch repertoire laat zien dat de stad in deze tijd een aantal veranderingen onderging: een Egyptisch openbaar gebouw kreeg een woonfunctie, en er werd een nieuw openbaar gebouw neergezet. In dezelfde periode werd de tempel van Abu Kharaz, ten zuiden van Pella, verlaten. In een poging de handelsroute op veilige afstand langs Pella te leiden, werd de oversteek over de Jordaan naar het zuiden verplaatst, en hier werd een nieuwe versterking gebouwd, Tell es-Sa'idiyeh, 12 km ten noorden van Deir 'Alla. Zowel de architectuur van de gebouwen als de bijzettingen op de begraafplaats van Sa'idiyeh vertonen sterke Egyptische invloeden. Deze wijziging in de handelsroute had ook invloed op de functie van de regio rond Deir 'Alla. De archeologische vondsten in het heiligdom laten zien dat Egypte nu dit deel van de handelsroute onder controle had. Dit wordt ook bevestigd door de sterke toename van het aantal nederzettingen in de regio, die suggereert dat de veiligheid in het gebied toegenomen was. Moab en de hoogvlakte van Amman in de 13e eeuw De 13e eeuw is grotendeels de eeuw van Ramses II. Verschillende topografische lijsten uit zijn regeringsperiode noemen voor het eerst plaatsnamen in Moab, hoewel de identificatie van die plaatsnamen nog onzeker is. De toegenomen interesse van Egypte in de regio kan duiden op toenemende onrust in het westen, waardoor Egypte op zoek ging naar nieuwe routes naar het noorden. Duidelijk is in elk geval dat Egypte contact zocht met de Šasu stammen, en hen probeerde te integreren in een machtsstructuur op de hoogvlakte van Moab. De Balu'a stele, een afbeelding van een plaatselijke heerser die een staf overhandigd krijgt van twee Egyptische goden, weerspiegelt deze nieuwe situatie. De resultaten van de survey van Miller, die overigens met enige voorzichtigheid bekeken moeten worden, duiden op een mogelijk toenemende vestiging tegen het einde van de Late Bronstijd. Zeker is wel dat verschillende nieuwe (versterkte) nederzettingen gesticht werden aan weerszijden van de W. Mujib, zoals Ara'ir en mogelijk Lehun. Een mogelijke parallel voor deze situatie kan gevonden worden in de invoering van de Landwetten van 1858 door de Ottomaanse regering. Deze wetten integreerden de stammen van de regio in het regeringsapparaat door hen hun territorium in effectief eigendom te geven, met de verplichting van belastingbetaling. Het resultaat was een toename in gevestigde bevolking en landbouw in de regio. Deze wetten waren succesvol omdat de plaatselijke bevolking profiteerde van de succesvolle uitvoering ervan. Ook de hoogvlakte van Amman werd in de 13e eeuw gekenmerkt door een toename in nederzettingen, en een toename van noorderlingen in de regio. Umeiri was een belangrijke nieuwe Kanaanitische nederzetting, terwijl het in deze tijd gebouwde Amman Airport Building, dat de functie had van heiligdom en/of crematorium, en een fort bij Mabrak duidelijk noordelijke invloeden in de architectuur vertonen. Het centrum Sahab bleef onveranderd voortbestaan, waaruit blijkt dat de politieke constellatie van het gebied niet structureel veranderde. Duidelijk is in elk geval dat de plaatselijke bevolking en de noorderlingen in goed verband samenwerkten. De 12e eeuw in Moab en op de hoogvlakte van Amman Het begin van de 12e eeuw wordt in de hele zuidelijke Levant gekenmerkt door een plotselinge toename van het aantal kleine, veelal agrarische nederzettingen. Hiervoor zijn verschillende verklaringen gezocht, die varieren van een klimaatsverandering tot structurele overbevolking. Een 'overkoepelende' oorzaak zal gezocht moeten worden in de internationale politieke ontwikkelingen, die ook de Zeevolken naar de Palestijnse kust brachten. Hoe deze internationale ontwikkelingen de verschillende bewoningscentra hebben beinvloed zal echter per regio bekeken moeten worden. Ook in Moab is een plotselinge toename van het aantal nederzettingen geconstateerd, wat duidt op een verstoring van het economische en sociaal evenwicht in de regio. Een aantal van deze nederzettingen is opgegraven. Ze waren over het algemeen versterkt, een teken dat het land nog verre van veilig was. De directe oorzaak hiervoor is mogelijk te vinden op de hoogvlakte van Amman. Het archeologisch repertoire op de hoogvlakte getuigt van plotselinge veranderingen: Umeiri werd onverwacht overvallen en verwoest, het Amman Airport Building kreeg een nieuwe functie, en raakte korte tijd later buiten gebruik. Sahab werd plotseling veel groter. Duidelijk is dat de infrastructuur van het gebied instortte. Mogelijk was dit een gevolg van het instorten van de handel met het noorden, ten gevolge van dezelfde internationale politieke ontwikkelingen die leidden tot de komst van de Zeevolken in het westen. Resultaat was dat de traditionele bronnen van inkomsten – handel en gerelateerde bronnen – verdwenen, en in de strijd om het voortbestaan werden de oude tribale structuren opnieuw van belang, evenals oude territoriale claims. De verschillende groepen reageerden verschillend op de situatie. Een deel vluchtte naar de stad, zoals de uitbreiding van Sahab suggereert. Anderen begonnen landbouw en veeteelt te bedrijven op kleine schaal. Weer anderen verlieten het gebied. Een deel van de bevolking trok mogelijk naar het zuiden, wat leidde tot nieuwe nederzettingen en mogelijk politieke onrust in Moab. Een deel ging naar het westen. De 12e eeuw in de Jordaanvallei De handel tussen de regio van Deir 'Alla en de hoogvlakte van Amman werd gedreven door locale handelaars, die relaties hadden met het marktcentrum in de Vallei. Een dergelijke vorm van handel is bekend uit de 19e eeuw n.Chr., tussen Salt, Nablus en Jeruzalem, of tussen Kerak en Hebron. Toen de infrastructuur op de hoogvlakte instortte zal een aantal van deze handelaars hun toevlucht gezocht hebben in de Deir 'Alla regio. Hier bleef, vermoedelijk dank zij de supervisie van Egypte, de infrastructuur nog functioneren, zij het niet voor lang meer. Een aantal nieuwe nederzettingen werd gesticht langs de benedenloop van de Zerqa. De bewoners van deze nederzettingen waren geen nomaden die leerden zich te vestigen. Ze brachten een ontwikkelde cultuur met zich mee, tradities en vaardigheden, zoals ook blijkt uit het archeologisch repertoire van Deir 'Alla in deze periode. De plotselinge toename in bevolking moet echter een zware druk gelegd hebben op het reeds dichtbevolkte gebied. Met het instorten van de handelsfunctie verloor Egypte zijn belangstelling, en verliet de regio, zoals blijkt uit de archeologische overblijfselen op Deir 'Alla en Sa'idiyeh. Pella werd verwoest in deze periode. De gebeurtenissen van de hoogvlakte van Amman herhaalden zich nu in de regio Deir 'Alla. Verschillende nederzettingen, evenals de tempel in Deir 'Alla en het fort van Sa'idiyeh, werden verlaten. De nieuw gebouwde verdedigingswerken op Deir 'Alla, en het feit dat deze vrijwel direct weer verwoest werden, duiden op territoriumstrijd in de regio. De nederzettingen die verlaten werden behoorden tot de oudste in de regio, wat erop duidt dat de oorspronkelijke bewoners het gebied verlieten. Blijkbaar hadden zij de strijd om het territorium verloren van de nieuwkomers. De literair/historische bronnen, en de archeologische bronnen suggereren dat deze groep, of in elk geval een deel ervan, de Jordaan overstak en zich ten westen ervan vestigde, wellicht samen met een deel van de bevolking die van de hoogvlakte van Amman was gekomen. Het westelijk hoogland in de 12e eeuw Een inscriptie van Farao Merneptah uit het einde van de 13e eeuw noemt voor het eerst de naam 'Israel': "Israel is verwoest, zijn zaad is niet meer". De inscriptie suggereert dat Israel een agressieve groep was, en door Egypte als vijand werd beschouwd. Israel wordt hier genoemd in een rij van traditionele tegenstanders van Egypte. Deze groep is regelmatig in verband gebracht met de Šasu. Over het algemeen wordt verondersteld dat dit 'Israel' dezelfde groep was die verantwoordelijk is voor de vroegste Ijzertijd nederzettingen in het westelijk bergland. Een vergelijking tussen het – agressieve - karakter van Merneptah's Israel, zoals dat door de inscriptie wordt gekarakteriseerd, en dat van de – vreedzame – nederzettingen in het bergland maakt deze veronderstelling echter twijfelachtig. 19e eeuwse bronnen laten zien dat in het begin van de 19e eeuw n.Chr. de regio van de Belqa en Ajlun nauwelijks bewoond was. Dit was een gevolg van de agressieve praktijken van de Beni Sakhr en andere stammen. Pas nadat halverwege de 19e eeuw de Ottomaanse regering eindelijk kans zag deze macht te beteugelen, ontstond een machtsvacuum in het gebied, dat snel werd opgevuld door de vestiging van nieuwe groepen, van zowel kleinere stammen als nieuwkomers in de regio. Het Israel van Merneptah vertoont meer overeenkomst met een agressieve stam zoals de 19e eeuwse Beni Sakhr, dan met vreedzame boeren. Het had het bergland geterroriseerd, en vestiging onmogelijk gemaakt. Uiteindelijk maakte Egypte een einde aan deze macht van Israel, en er ontstond een machtsvacuum in het bergland, waarin zich de nieuwkomers van de overzijde van de Jordaan konden vestigen. De vestigingen in het bergland zijn zelden versterkt, wat duidt op een vreedzaam samenleven van deze groepen. Het archeologisch repertoire van de vindplaats op de berg Ebal is nog een onderwerp van discussie. De opgraver stelt dat hier sprake is van een tribaal heiligdom met twee fasen, waarvan de tweede rond het begin van de 12e eeuw begint. In dat geval zou de eerste fase overeenkomen met de aanwezigheid van Israel in het gebied, en toebehoren aan Israel. De tweede fase komt dan overeen met de bewoning door de nieuwkomers, die het heiligdom opnieuw gewijd en in gebruik genomen hebben. Israel was verslagen, maar niet verdwenen, net zo min als de Beni Sakhr ooit van het toneel verdwenen zijn. Uiteindelijk hebben ze een deel van hun vroegere macht teruggewonnen, en hun naam gegeven aan een nieuwe coalitie, die uitmondde in het Verenigd Koninkrijk

Funding Information: The CMB-S4 collaboration ( https://cmb-s4.org/ ) is working to plan, construct, and operate a next-generation, multisite CMB experiment in the 2020s. The collaboration is led by an elected Governing Board, Spokespeople, Committee Chairs, and Executive Team. Funding for the CMB-S4 Integrated Project Office is provided by the Department of Energy's Office of Science (project level CD-0) and by the National Science Foundation through the Mid-Scale Research Infrastructure-R1 award OPP-1935892. This research used resources of Argonne National Laboratory, a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. This document was prepared by the CMB-S4 collaboration using the resources of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), a U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, HEP User Facility. Fermilab is managed by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC (FRA), acting under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359. Work at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory was supported by the Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. Work at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515. This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, which is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. In the United States, work on CMB-S4 by individual investigators has been supported by the National Science Foundation (awards 1248097, 1255358, 1815887, 1835865, 1852617, 2009469), the Department of Energy (awards DE-SC0009919, DE-SC0009946, DE-SC0010129, DE-SC0011784), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (award ATP-80NSSC20K0518). In Australia, the Melbourne authors acknowledge support from an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT150100074). In Canada, R.H. is supported by the Discovery Grants program from NSERC, and acknowledges funding from CIFAR, the Sloan Foundation, and the Dunlap family. In Italy, C.B. acknowledges support under the ASI COSMOS and INFN INDARK programs. In the Netherlands, D.M. acknowledges NWO VIDI award number 639.042.730. In Switzerland, J.C. is supported by an SNSF Eccellenza Professorial Fellowship (No. 186879). In the United Kingdom, A.L., G.F., and J.C. are supported by the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013)/ERC grant Agreement No. [616170]. A.L. also acknowledges STFC award ST/P000525/1. S.M. is supported by the research program Innovational Research Incentives Scheme (Vernieuwingsimpuls), which is financed by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research through the NWO VIDI grant No. 639.042.612-Nissanke and the Labex ILP (reference ANR-10-LABX-63) part of the Idex SUPER, received financial state aid managed by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche,as part of the program Investissements d'avenir under the reference ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02. Some computations in this paper were run on the Odyssey cluster, supported by the FAS Science Division Research Computing Group at Harvard University. Publisher Copyright: © 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. ; CMB-S4-the next-generation ground-based cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiment-is set to significantly advance the sensitivity of CMB measurements and enhance our understanding of the origin and evolution of the universe. Among the science cases pursued with CMB-S4, the quest for detecting primordial gravitational waves is a central driver of the experimental design. This work details the development of a forecasting framework that includes a power-spectrum-based semianalytic projection tool, targeted explicitly toward optimizing constraints on the tensor-to-scalar ratio, r, in the presence of Galactic foregrounds and gravitational lensing of the CMB. This framework is unique in its direct use of information from the achieved performance of current Stage 2-3 CMB experiments to robustly forecast the science reach of upcoming CMB-polarization endeavors. The methodology allows for rapid iteration over experimental configurations and offers a flexible way to optimize the design of future experiments, given a desired scientific goal. To form a closed-loop process, we couple this semianalytic tool with map-based validation studies, which allow for the injection of additional complexity and verification of our forecasts with several independent analysis methods. We document multiple rounds of forecasts for CMB-S4 using this process and the resulting establishment of the current reference design of the primordial gravitational-wave component of the Stage-4 experiment, optimized to achieve our science goals of detecting primordial gravitational waves for r > 0.003 at greater than 5 sigma, or in the absence of a detection, of reaching an upper limit of r < 0.001 at 95% CL. ; Peer reviewed

The authors have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: Bruce M. Psaty (BMP) serves on the DSMB of a clinical trial funded by Zoll Lifecor and on the Steering Committee of the Yale Open Data Access Project funded by Johnson & Johnson. Barbara V. Howard (BVH) has a contract from National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Brenda W.J.H. Penninx (BWJHP) has received research funding (non-related to the work reported here) from Jansen Research and Boehringer Ingelheim. Mike A. Nalls (MAN) is supported by a consulting contract between Data Tecnica International LLC and the National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA. MAN also consults for Illumina Inc., the Michael J. Fox Foundation, and the University of California Healthcare. MAN also has commercial affiliation with Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA. Mark J. Caulfield (MJC) has commercial affiliation and is Chief Scientist for Genomics England, a UK government company. OHF is supported by grants from Metagenics (on women's health and epigenetics) and from Nestlé (on child health). Peter S. Sever (PSS) is financial supported from several pharmaceutical companies which manufacture either blood pressure lowering or lipid lowering agents, or both, and consultancy fees. Paul W. Franks (PWF) has been a paid consultant in the design of a personalized nutrition trial (PREDICT) as part of a private-public partnership at Kings College London, UK, and has received research support from several pharmaceutical companies as part of European Union Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) projects. Terho Lehtimäki (TL) is employed by Fimlab Ltd. Ozren Polašek (OP) is employed by Gen‐info Ltd. There are no patents, products in development, or marked products to declare. All the other authors have declared no competing interests exist. This does not alter the authors' adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. ; International audience ; Heavy alcohol consumption is an established risk factor for hypertension; the mechanism by which alcohol consumption impact blood pressure (BP) regulation remains unknown. We hypothesized that a genome-wide association study accounting for gene-alcohol consumption interaction for BP might identify additional BP loci and contribute to the understanding of alcohol-related BP regulation. We conducted a large two-stage investigation incorporating joint testing of main genetic effects and single nucleotide variant (SNV)-alcohol consumption interactions. In Stage 1, genome-wide discovery meta-analyses in ≈131K individuals across several ancestry groups yielded 3,514 SNVs (245 loci) with suggestive evidence of association (P < 1.0 x 10-5). In Stage 2, these SNVs were tested for independent external replication in ≈440K individuals across multiple ancestries. We identified and replicated (at Bonferroni correction threshold) five novel BP loci (380 SNVs in 21 genes) and 49 previously reported BP loci (2,159 SNVs in 109 genes) in European ancestry, and in multi-ancestry meta-analyses (P < 5.0 x 10-8). For African ancestry samples, we detected 18 potentially novel BP loci (P < 5.0 x 10-8) in Stage 1 that warrant further replication. Additionally, correlated meta-analysis identified eight novel BP loci (11 genes). Several genes in these loci (e.g., PINX1, GATA4, BLK, FTO and GABBR2) have been previously reported to be associated with alcohol consumption. These findings provide insights into the role of alcohol consumption in the genetic architecture of hypertension.

The authors have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: Bruce M. Psaty (BMP) serves on the DSMB of a clinical trial funded by Zoll Lifecor and on the Steering Committee of the Yale Open Data Access Project funded by Johnson & Johnson. Barbara V. Howard (BVH) has a contract from National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Brenda W.J.H. Penninx (BWJHP) has received research funding (non-related to the work reported here) from Jansen Research and Boehringer Ingelheim. Mike A. Nalls (MAN) is supported by a consulting contract between Data Tecnica International LLC and the National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA. MAN also consults for Illumina Inc., the Michael J. Fox Foundation, and the University of California Healthcare. MAN also has commercial affiliation with Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA. Mark J. Caulfield (MJC) has commercial affiliation and is Chief Scientist for Genomics England, a UK government company. OHF is supported by grants from Metagenics (on women's health and epigenetics) and from Nestlé (on child health). Peter S. Sever (PSS) is financial supported from several pharmaceutical companies which manufacture either blood pressure lowering or lipid lowering agents, or both, and consultancy fees. Paul W. Franks (PWF) has been a paid consultant in the design of a personalized nutrition trial (PREDICT) as part of a private-public partnership at Kings College London, UK, and has received research support from several pharmaceutical companies as part of European Union Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) projects. Terho Lehtimäki (TL) is employed by Fimlab Ltd. Ozren Polašek (OP) is employed by Gen‐info Ltd. There are no patents, products in development, or marked products to declare. All the other authors have declared no competing interests exist. This does not alter the authors' adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. ; International audience ; Heavy alcohol consumption is an established risk factor for hypertension; the mechanism by which alcohol consumption impact blood pressure (BP) regulation remains unknown. We hypothesized that a genome-wide association study accounting for gene-alcohol consumption interaction for BP might identify additional BP loci and contribute to the understanding of alcohol-related BP regulation. We conducted a large two-stage investigation incorporating joint testing of main genetic effects and single nucleotide variant (SNV)-alcohol consumption interactions. In Stage 1, genome-wide discovery meta-analyses in ≈131K individuals across several ancestry groups yielded 3,514 SNVs (245 loci) with suggestive evidence of association (P < 1.0 x 10-5). In Stage 2, these SNVs were tested for independent external replication in ≈440K individuals across multiple ancestries. We identified and replicated (at Bonferroni correction threshold) five novel BP loci (380 SNVs in 21 genes) and 49 previously reported BP loci (2,159 SNVs in 109 genes) in European ancestry, and in multi-ancestry meta-analyses (P < 5.0 x 10-8). For African ancestry samples, we detected 18 potentially novel BP loci (P < 5.0 x 10-8) in Stage 1 that warrant further replication. Additionally, correlated meta-analysis identified eight novel BP loci (11 genes). Several genes in these loci (e.g., PINX1, GATA4, BLK, FTO and GABBR2) have been previously reported to be associated with alcohol consumption. These findings provide insights into the role of alcohol consumption in the genetic architecture of hypertension.

The authors have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: Bruce M. Psaty (BMP) serves on the DSMB of a clinical trial funded by Zoll Lifecor and on the Steering Committee of the Yale Open Data Access Project funded by Johnson & Johnson. Barbara V. Howard (BVH) has a contract from National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Brenda W.J.H. Penninx (BWJHP) has received research funding (non-related to the work reported here) from Jansen Research and Boehringer Ingelheim. Mike A. Nalls (MAN) is supported by a consulting contract between Data Tecnica International LLC and the National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA. MAN also consults for Illumina Inc., the Michael J. Fox Foundation, and the University of California Healthcare. MAN also has commercial affiliation with Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA. Mark J. Caulfield (MJC) has commercial affiliation and is Chief Scientist for Genomics England, a UK government company. OHF is supported by grants from Metagenics (on women's health and epigenetics) and from Nestlé (on child health). Peter S. Sever (PSS) is financial supported from several pharmaceutical companies which manufacture either blood pressure lowering or lipid lowering agents, or both, and consultancy fees. Paul W. Franks (PWF) has been a paid consultant in the design of a personalized nutrition trial (PREDICT) as part of a private-public partnership at Kings College London, UK, and has received research support from several pharmaceutical companies as part of European Union Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) projects. Terho Lehtimäki (TL) is employed by Fimlab Ltd. Ozren Polašek (OP) is employed by Gen‐info Ltd. There are no patents, products in development, or marked products to declare. All the other authors have declared no competing interests exist. This does not alter the authors' adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. ; International audience ; Heavy alcohol consumption is an established risk factor for hypertension; the mechanism by which alcohol consumption impact blood pressure (BP) regulation remains unknown. We hypothesized that a genome-wide association study accounting for gene-alcohol consumption interaction for BP might identify additional BP loci and contribute to the understanding of alcohol-related BP regulation. We conducted a large two-stage investigation incorporating joint testing of main genetic effects and single nucleotide variant (SNV)-alcohol consumption interactions. In Stage 1, genome-wide discovery meta-analyses in ≈131K individuals across several ancestry groups yielded 3,514 SNVs (245 loci) with suggestive evidence of association (P < 1.0 x 10-5). In Stage 2, these SNVs were tested for independent external replication in ≈440K individuals across multiple ancestries. We identified and replicated (at Bonferroni correction threshold) five novel BP loci (380 SNVs in 21 genes) and 49 previously reported BP loci (2,159 SNVs in 109 genes) in European ancestry, and in multi-ancestry meta-analyses (P < 5.0 x 10-8). For African ancestry samples, we detected 18 potentially novel BP loci (P < 5.0 x 10-8) in Stage 1 that warrant further replication. Additionally, correlated meta-analysis identified eight novel BP loci (11 genes). Several genes in these loci (e.g., PINX1, GATA4, BLK, FTO and GABBR2) have been previously reported to be associated with alcohol consumption. These findings provide insights into the role of alcohol consumption in the genetic architecture of hypertension.

Full TextThe first law enacted in Canada to protect existing Aboriginal rights was section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982.2 The first law in Canada to recognize the rights of non-human animals as anything other than property has yet to be enacted. The first Supreme Court of Canada (hereafter referred to as the Court) case to interpret section 35 was R. v. Sparrow.3 The 1990 case confirmed an Aboriginal right of the Musqueam peoples of British Columbia to fish for food, social and ceremonial purposes. Since this precedent-setting case, many similar claims have been brought before the courts by way of the fluctuating legal space created by s.35. Many of these cases have been about establishing rights to fish4, hunt5, and trap non-human animals (hereafter referred to as animals). The Court has developed, and continues to develop tests to determine the existence and scope of Aboriginal rights. These tests primarily embody cultural, political and, to a surprisingly lesser degree, legal forces. One of the principal problems with these tests is that they privilege, through the western philosophical lens, the interests of humans. Animals are, at best, the resources over which ownership is being contested. The Euro-centric legal conceptualization of animals as 'resources' over which ownership can be exerted is problematic for at least two reasons. First, the relegation of animals solely to a utilitarian role is antithetical to Indigenous-animal relationships and therefore demonstrates one of the fundamental ways the Canadian legal system is ill equipped to give adequate consideration to Indigenous law. Second, failure to consider animals' inherent value and agency in this context reproduces the human-animal and culture-nature binaries that are at the root of many of western Euro-centric society's inequities. This paper argues that Aboriginal peoples' relationships with animals are a necessary, integral and distinctive part of their cultures6 and, therefore, these relationships and the actors within them are entitled to the aegis of s.35. Through the legal protection of these relationships, animals will gain significant protection as a corollary benefit. If the Court were to protect the cultural relationships between animals and Aboriginal groups, a precondition would be acceptance of Indigenous legal systems. Thus, this paper gives a brief answer to the question, what are Indigenous legal systems and why are animals integral to them? The Anishinabe (also known Ojibwe or Chippewa) are Indigenous peoples who have historically lived in the Great Lakes region. The Bruce Peninsula on Lake Huron is home to the Cape Croker Indian Reserve, where the Chippewas of Nawash First Nation live. The people of this First Nation identify as Anishinabe. The Anishinabek case of Nanabush v. Deer is a law among these people and is used throughout the paper as an example of Indigenous-animal relationships. Making the significant assumption that s.35 has the capacity to recognize Indigenous law, the subsequent section of the paper asks why we should protect these relationships and how that protection should be achieved. Finally, the paper concludes that both the ability of s.35 to recognize Indigenous-animal relationships, and the judicial and political will to grant such recognition, are unlikely. Indigenous-animal relationships are integral to the distinctive culture of the Anishinabek, however the courts would be hesitant to allow such an uncertain and potentially far-reaching right. This is not surprising given that such a claim by both Indigenous and animal groups would challenge the foundations upon which the Canadian legal system is based. There are many sensitive issues inherent in this topic. It should be noted the author is not of Indigenous ancestry, but is making every effort to learn about and respect the Indigenous legal systems discussed. While this paper focuses on a number of Anishinabek laws; it is neither a complete analysis of these practices, nor one that can be transferred, without adaptation, to other peoples. Finally, Indigenous peoples and animal rights and Indigenous law scholars, such as Tom Regan and Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond, respectively, may insist on an abolitionist approach to animal 'use' or reject the legitimacy of s.35 itself.7 These perspectives are worthy and necessary. This paper positions itself amongst these and other sources in order to reflect upon the timely and important issue of the legal status of Indigenous-animal relationships. I:WHAT ARE INDIGENOUS LEGAL SYSTEMS? The Law Commission of Canada defines a legal tradition as "a set of deeply rooted, historically conditioned attitudes about the nature of law, the role of law in the society and the polity, the proper organization and operation of a legal system, and the way law is or should be made, applied, studied, perfected and taught."8 Indigenous legal traditions fit this description. They are living systems of beliefs and practices, and have been recognized as such by the courts.9 Indigenous practices developed into systems of law that have guided communities in their governance, and in their relationships amongst their own and other cultures and with the Earth.10 These laws have developed through stories, historical events that may be viewed as 'cases,' and other lived experiences. Indigenous laws are generally non-prescriptive, non-adversarial and non-punitive and aim to promote respect and consensus, as well as close connection with the land, the Creator, and the community. Indigenous laws are a means through which vital knowledge of social order within the community is transmitted, revived and retained. After European 'settlement' the influence of Indigenous laws waned. This was due in part to the state's policies of assimilation, relocation and enfranchisement. 11 Despite these assaults, Indigenous legal systems have persevered; they continue to provide guidance to many communities, and are being revived and re-learned in others. For example, the Nisga'a's legal code, Ayuuk, guides their communities and strongly informs legislation enacted under the Nisga'a Final Agreement, the first modern treaty in British Columbia.12 The land and jurisdiction claims of the Wet'suwet'en and Gitxsan Nations ultimately resulted in the Court's decision in Delgamuukw,13 a landmark case that established the existence of Aboriginal title. The (overturned) BC Supreme Court's statement in Delgamuukw14 reveals two of the many challenges in demonstrating the validity of Indigenous laws: "what the Gitxsan and Wet'suwet'en witnesses[es] describe as law is really a most uncertain and highly flexible set of customs which are frequently not followed by the Indians [sic] themselves." The first challenge is that many laws are not in full practice, and therefore not as visible as they could be and once were. What the courts fail to acknowledge, however, is that the ongoing colonial project has served to stifle, extinguish and alter these laws. The second challenge is that the kind of law held and practiced by Indigenous peoples is quite foreign to most non-Indigenous people. Many Indigenous laws have animals as central figures. In Anishinabek traditional law, often the animals are the lawmakers15: they develop the legal principles and have agency as law givers. For instance, the Anishinabek case Nanabush v. Deer, Wolf , as outlined by Burrows, is imbued with legal principles, lessons on conduct and community governance, as well as 'offenses' and penalties. It is not a case that was adjudicated by an appointed judge in a courtroom, but rather one that has developed over time as a result of peoples' relationships with the Earth and its inhabitants. An abbreviated summary of the case hints at these legal lessons: Nanabush plays a trick on a deer and deliberately puts the deer in a vulnerable position. In that moment of vulnerability, Nanabush kills the deer and then roasts its body for dinner. While he is sleeping and waiting for the deer to be cooked, the Wolf people come by and take the deer. Nanabush wakes up hungry, and out of desperation transforms into a snake and eats the brains out of the deer head. Once full, he is stuck inside the head and transforms back into his original shape, but with the deer head still stuck on. He is then chased and nearly killed by hunters who mistake him for a real deer. This case is set within the legal context of the Anishinabek's treaty with deer. In signing the treaty, the people were reminded to respect beings in life and death and that gifts come when beings respect each other in interrelationships.16 Nanabush violated the rights of the deer and his peoples' treaty with the deer. He violated the laws by taking things through trickery, and by causing harm to those he owed respect. Because his actions were not in accordance with Anishinabek legal principles, he was punished: Nanabush lost the thing he was so desperately searching for, and he ended up nearly being killed. This case establishes two lessons. The first is that, like statutory and common law, with which Canadians are familiar, Indigenous law does not exist in isolation. Principles are devised based on multiple teachings, pre- vious rules and the application of these rules to facts. That there are myriad sources of Indigenous law suggests that the learning of Indigenous law would require substantial effort on the part of Canadian law-makers.17 The second is that animals hold an important place in Indigenous law, and those relationships with animals – and the whole 'natural' world – strongly inform the way they relate to the Earth. II: CAN CANADIAN LAW ACCEPT INDIGENOUS LEGAL SYSTEMS? If there were a right recognized under s.35 concerning the Indigenous-animal relationship, what would it look like? Courts develop legal tests to which the facts of each case are applied, theoretically creating a degree of predictability as to how a matter will be judged. Introduced in Sparrow, and more fully developed in Van der Peet, a 'test' for how to assess a valid Aboriginal right has been set out by the Court. Summarized, the test is: "in order to be an Aboriginal right an activity must be an element of a practice, custom or tradition integral to the distinctive culture of the Aboriginal group claiming the right."18 There are ten, differently weighted factors that a court will consider in making this assessment. The right being 'tested' in this discussion is the one exemplified in Nanabush v. Deer: the ability of Indigenous peoples to recognize and practice their laws, which govern relationships, including death, with deer and other animals. The courts have agreed that a generous, large and liberal construction should be given to Indigenous rights in order to give full effect to the constitutional recognition of the distinctiveness of Aboriginal culture. Still, it is the courts that hold the power to define rights as they conceive them best aligning with Canadian society19; this is one way that the Canadian state reproduces its systems of power over Indigenous peoples.20 The application of the Aboriginal right exemplified in Nanbush v. Deer to the Sparrow and Van der Peet tests would likely conclude that the Anishinabek do have an integral and distinctive relationship with animals. However, due to the significant discretion of the Court on a number of very subjective and politically sensitive factors, it is uncertain that the Nanabush v. Deer case would 'pass' Van der Peet's required ten factors.21 This is indicative of the structural restraints that s.35 imposes. 22 The questions it asks impair its ability to capture and respect the interrelationships inherent in Indigenous peoples' interactions with animals. For example, the Court will characterize hunting or fishing as solely subsistence, perhaps with a cultural element. Shin Imai contends these activities mean much more: "To many…subsistence is a means of reaffirming Aboriginal identity by passing on traditional knowledge to future generations. Subsistence in this sense moves beyond mere economics, encompassing the cultural, social and spiritual aspects for the communities."23 Scholar Kent McNeil concludes that: "regardless of the strengths of legal arguments in favour of Indigenous peoples, there are limits to how far the courts […] are willing to go to correct the injustices caused by colonialism and dispossession."24 It is often not the legal principles that determine outcomes, but rather the extent to which Indigenous rights can be reconciled with the history of settlement without disturbing the current economic and political structure of the dominant culture. III:WHY PROTECT THE ANIMAL-INDIGENOUS RELATIONSHIP? Legally protecting animal-Indigenous relationships offers symbiotic, mutually respectful benefits for animals and for the scope of Aboriginal rights that can be practiced. For instance, a protected relationship would have indirect benefits for animals' habitat and right to life: it would necessitate protecting the means necessary, such as governance of the land, for realization of the right. This could include greater conservation measures, more contiguous habitat, enforcement of endangered species laws, and, ideally, a greater awareness and appreciation by humans of animals and their needs. Critical studies scholars have developed the argument that minority groups should not be subject to culturally biased laws of the mainstream polity.24 Law professor Maneesha Deckha points out that animals, despite the central role they play in a lot of 'cultural defences,' have been excluded from our ethical consideration. Certainly, the role of animals has been absent in judicial consideration of Aboriginal rights.26 Including animals, Deckha argues, allows for a complete analysis of these cultural issues and avoids many of the anthropocentric attitudes inherent in Euro-centric legal traditions. In Jack and Charlie27 two Coast Salish men were charged with hunting deer out of season. They argued that they needed to kill a deer in order to have raw meat for an Aboriginal religious ceremony. The Court found that killing the deer was not part of the ceremony and that there was insufficient evidence to establish that raw meat was required. This is a case where a more nuanced consideration of the laws and relationships with animals would have resulted in a more just application of the (Canadian) law and prevented the reproduction of imperialist attitudes. A criticism that could be lodged against practicing these relationships is that they conflict with the liberty and life interests of animals.28 Theoretically, if Indigenous laws are given the legal and political room to fully operate, a balance between the liberty of animals and the cultural and legal rights of Indigenous peoples can be struck.29 Indeed, Indigenous peoples' cultural and legal concern for Earth is at its most rudimentary a concern for the land, which is at the heart of the challenge to the Canadian colonial system. If a negotiated treaty was reached, or anti-cruelty and conservation laws were assured in the Indigenous peoples' self government system, then Canadian anti-cruelty30 and conservation laws,31 the effectiveness of which are already questionable, could be displaced in recognition of Indigenous governance.32 Indigenous peoples in Canada were – and are, subject to imposed limitations – close to the environment in ways that can seem foreign to non-Indigenous people.33 For example, some origin stories and oral histories explain how boundaries between humans and animals are at times absent: Animal-human beings like raven, coyote and rabbit created them [humans] and other beings. People …acted with respect toward many animals in expectation of reciprocity; or expressed kinship or alliance with them in narratives, songs, poems, parables, performances, rituals, and material objects. 34 Furthering or reviving these relationships can advance the understanding of both Indigenous legal systems and animal rights theory. Some animal rights theorists struggle with how to explain the cultural construction of species difference: Indigenous relationships with animals are long standing, lived examples of a different cultural conception of how to relate to animals and also of an arguably healthy, minimally problematic way to approach the debate concerning the species divide.35 A key tenet of animal-Indigenous relationships is respect. Shepard Krech posits that Indigenous peoples are motivated to obtain the necessary resources and goals in 'proper' ways: many believe that animals return to the Earth to be killed, provided that hunters demonstrate proper respect.36 This demonstrates a spiritual connection, but there is also a concrete connection between Indigenous peoples and animals. In providing themselves with food and security, they 'manage' what Canadian law calls 'resources.'37 Because of the physical nature of these activities, and their practical similarity with modern 'resource management,' offering this as 'proof' of physical connection with animals and their habitat may be more successful than 'proving' a spiritual relationship. Finally, there are health reasons that make the Indigenous-animal relationship is important. Many cultures have come to depend on the nutrients they derive from particular hunted or fished animals. For example, nutrition and physical activity transitions related to hunting cycles have had negative impacts on individual and community health.38 This shows the multidimensionality of hunting, the significance of health, and, by extension, the need for animal 'resources' to be protected. IV: HOW SHOULD WE PROTECT THESE ABORIGINAL RIGHTS? If the Anishinabek and the deer 'win' the constitutional legal test ('against' the state) and establish a right to protect their relationships with animals, what, other than common law remedies,39 would follow? Below are ideas for legal measures that could be taken from the human or the animal perspective, or both, where benefits accrue to both parties. If animals had greater agency and legal status, their needs as species and as individuals could have a meaningful place in Canadian common and statutory law. In Nanabush v. Deer, this would mean that the deer would be given representation and that legal tests would need to be developed to determine the animals' rights and interests. Currently the courts support the view that animals can be treated under the law as any other inanimate item of property. Such a legal stance is inconsistent with a rational, common-sense view of animals,40 and certainly with Anishinabek legal principles discussed herein.41 There are ongoing theoretical debates that inform the practical questions of how animal equality would be achieved: none of these in isolation offers a complete solution, but combined they contribute to the long term goal. Barsh and James Sákéj Youngblood Henderson advocate an adoption of the reasoning in the Australian case Mabo v. Queensland,42 where whole Aboriginal legal systems were imported intact into the common law. Some principles that Canada should be following can also be drawn from international treaties that Canada has or should have signed on to.43 Another way to seek protection from the human perspective is through the freedom of religion and conscience section of the Charter. Professor John Borrows constructs a full argument for this, and cites its challenges, in Living Law on a Living Earth: Aboriginal Religion, Law and the Constitution.44 The strongest, but perhaps most legally improbable, way to protect the animal- Indigenous relationship is for Canada to recognize a third, Indigenous order of government (in addition to provincial and federal), where all three orders are equal and inform one another's laws. This way, Indigenous laws would have the legal space to fully function and be revived. Endowing Indigenous peoples with the right to govern their relationships would require a great acquiescence of power by governments and a commitment to the establishment and maintenance of healthy self-government in Indigenous communities. Louise Mandell offers some reasons why Canada should treat Aboriginal people in new ways, at least one of which is salient to the third order of government argument: To mend the [E]arth, which must be done, governments must reassess the information which the dominant culture has dismissed. Some of that valuable information is located in the oral histories of Aboriginal Peoples. This knowledge will become incorporated into decisions affecting the [E]arth's landscape when Aboriginal Peoples are equal partners in decisions affecting their territories.45 V: CONCLUSION A legal system that does not have to justify its existence or defend its worth is less vulnerable to challenges.46 While it can be concluded that s.35 has offered some legal space for Indigenous laws and practices, it is too deeply couched in Euro-centric legal traditions and the anthropocentric cultural assumptions that they carry. The most effective strategy for advancing Indigenous laws and culture, that would also endow many animals with greater agency, and relax the culture-nature, human-animal binaries, is the formal recognition of a third order of government. Lisa Chartrand explains that recognition of legal pluralism would be a mere affirmation of legal systems that exist, but which are stifled: "…this country is a multijuridical state, where the distinct laws and rules of three systems come together within the geographic boundaries of one political territory." 47 Revitalizing Indigenous legal systems is and will be a challenging undertaking. Indigenous communities must reclaim, define and understand their own traditions: "The loss of culture and traditions caused by the historic treatment of Aboriginal communities makes this a formidable challenge for some communities. Equally significant is the challenge for the Canadian state to create political and legal space to accommodate revitalized Indigenous legal traditions and Aboriginal law-making."48 The project of revitalizing Indigenous legal traditions requires the commitment of resources sufficient for the task, and transformative change to procedural and substantive law. The operation of these laws within, or in addition to, Canadian law would of course cause widespread, but worthwhile controversy. In Animal Bodies, Cultural Justice49 Deckha argues that an ethical relationship with the animal Other must be established in order realize cultural and animal rights. This paper explores and demonstrates the value in finding legal space where cultural pluralism and respect for animals can give rise to the practice of Indigenous laws and the revitalization of animal-Indigenous relationships. As Borrows writes: "Anishinabek law provides guidance about how to theorize, practice and order our association with the [E]arth, and could do so in a way that produces answers that are very different from those found in other sources."50 (see PDF for references)

Publisher's version (útgefin grein). ; Heavy alcohol consumption is an established risk factor for hypertension; the mechanism by which alcohol consumption impact blood pressure (BP) regulation remains unknown. We hypothesized that a genome-wide association study accounting for gene-alcohol consumption interaction for BP might identify additional BP loci and contribute to the understanding of alcohol-related BP regulation. We conducted a large two-stage investigation incorporating joint testing of main genetic effects and single nucleotide variant (SNV)-alcohol consumption interactions. In Stage 1, genome-wide discovery meta-analyses in ≈131K individuals across several ancestry groups yielded 3, 514 SNVs (245 loci) with suggestive evidence of association (P < 1.0 × 10-5). In Stage 2, these SNVs were tested for independent external replication in ≈440K individuals across multiple ancestries. We identified and replicated (at Bonferroni correction threshold) five novel BP loci (380 SNVs in 21 genes) and 49 previously reported BP loci (2, 159 SNVs in 109 genes) in European ancestry, and in multi-ancestry meta-analyses (P < 5.0 × 10-8). For African ancestry samples, we detected 18 potentially novel BP loci (P < 5.0 × 10-8) in Stage 1 that warrant further replication. Additionally, correlated meta-analysis identified eight novel BP loci (11 genes). Several genes in these loci (e.g., PINX1, GATA4, BLK, FTO and GABBR2) have been previously reported to be associated with alcohol consumption. These findings provide insights into the role of alcohol consumption in the genetic architecture of hypertension. ; The following authors declare commercial private and/or governmental affiliations: Bruce M. Psaty (BMP) serves on the DSMB of a clinical trial funded by Zoll Lifecor and on the Steering Committee of the Yale Open Data Access Project funded by Johnson & Johnson. Barbara V. Howard (BVH) has a contract from National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Brenda W.J.H. Penninx (BWJHP) has received research funding (non-related to the work reported here) from Jansen Research and Boehringer Ingelheim. Mike A. Nalls (MAN) is supported by a consulting contract between Data Tecnica International LLC and the National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA. MAN also consults for Illumina Inc., the Michael J. Fox Foundation, and the University of California Healthcare. MAN also has commercial affiliation with Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA. Mark J. Caulfield (MJC) has commercial affiliation and is Chief Scientist for Genomics England, a UK government company. Oscar H Franco (OHF) is supported by grants from Metagenics (on women's health and epigenetics) and from Nestlé (on child health). Peter S. Sever (PSS) is financial supported from several pharmaceutical companies which manufacture either blood pressure lowering or lipid lowering agents, or both, and consultancy fees. Paul W. Franks (PWF) has been a paid consultant in the design of a personalized nutrition trial (PREDICT) as part of a private-public partnership at Kings College London, UK, and has received research support from several pharmaceutical companies as part of European Union Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) projects. Fimlab LTD provided support in the form of salaries for author Terho Lehtimäki (TL) but did not have any additional role in the study design to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Gen‐info Ltd provided support in the form of salaries for author Ozren Polašek (OP) but did not have any additional role in the study design to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the 'author contributions' section. There are no patents, products in development, or marked products to declare. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. ; Peer Reviewed