Suchergebnisse

Предмет. Предметом изучения в настоящей статье являются актуальные проблемы документов, как источников доказательств в производстве по делам об административных правоотношениях. Цель. Целью данной статьи является определение существенно важных признаков, которые присущи понятию документа, как источника доказательств в производстве по делам об административных правонарушениях; формулировка, специального понятия, применительно к производству по делам об административных правонарушениях; разработка предложений по корректировки действующего законодательства Российской Федерации; классификация видов документов, как источников доказательств в производстве по делам об административных правонарушениях, в зависимости от их правовой основы и периода их создания (получения). Методы. Исследование базируется на основных положениях диалектического метода научного познания; общенаучных методов, таких как формальная и диалектическая логика, системный, исторический, логический и компаративистский анализ, абстракция и аналогия и др.; конкретно-социологических методах; методах моделирования. Результаты. Сформулировано авторское определение документа, как источника доказательств в производстве по делам об административных правонарушениях, которое может быть положено в основу правовой нормы, предусмотренной п. 1 ст. 26.7 Кодекса Российской Федерации об административных правонарушениях, а также предложена классификация видов документов по делам об административных правонарушениях, в зависимости от их правовой основы и периода их создания (получения), а также предложено данную классификацию изложить в п. 2 ст. ст. 26.7 Кодекса Российской Федерации об административных правонарушениях. Научная новизна. В рамках статьи изучаются вопросы появления новых видов документов, в качестве источников доказательств в производстве по делам об административных правонарушениях, которые возникают на фоне увеличения объема фактических данных, выявляются проблемные аспекты новой категории «электронные документы». Предлагается авторское определение понятия документа, как источника доказательств в производстве по делам об административных правонарушениях, приводится авторская классификация документов, как источников доказательств в производстве по делам об административных правонарушениях. ; Subject. The subject of research in the article concerns topical issues of documents as sources of evidence on administrative offences proceedings. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to determine essentially important characteristic features which are inherent to the notion of a document as a source of evidence on administrative offences proceedings; formulation of a special notion in respect to administrative offences proceedings; development of proposals on amendments to the existing legislation of the Russian legislation; classification of documents as a source of evidence on administrative offences proceedings, according to their legal basis and period of their development (receiving). Methods. The research is based on the main statements of a dialectical method of scientific knowledge; general scientific methods, such as formal and dialectical logics, systematic, historical, logical and comparative analysis, abstraction and analogy, etc.; concrete-sociological methods; methods of simulation. Results. The author formulated own definition of a sentence as a source of evidence on administrative offences proceedings, which can be used as a basis of a juridical principle covered by clause 1 article 26.7 of RF Code on administrative offences; proposed a classification of types of documents on administrative offences proceedings according to their legal basis and period of their development (receiving), and also suggested spelling out the existing classification in clause 1 article 26.7 of the Code of the RF on administrative offences. Scientific novelty. Within the framework of the article the author studied the issues concerning the appearance of new documents as sources of evidence on administrative offences proceedings, which appear at a time of increasing of amount of real data, identified problematic aspects of a new category "edocuments". The author gives own definition to the notion of a document as a source of evidence on administrative offences proceedings, introduces author's classification of documents as sources of evidence on administrative offences proceedings.

Jalan Tanjungpura merupakan kawasan yang sudah ada sejak lama di Kota Pontianak sebagai koridor yang bersisi deretan pertokoan. Sebagai kawasan yang bergerak dibidang ekonomi dan jasa perdagangan, pertokoan pada kawasan ini telah melakukan pembaruan fasad mereka sebagai pendukung untuk melancarkan usaha mereka. Namun pembaruan fasad yang dirasakan tidak terarah dan cenderung menyimpang dari citra fasad lama pada masa lalu. Maka dari itu dilakukan sebuah penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mencari karakter visual dari kawasan jalan Tanjungpura yang kemudian berguna untuk sebuah rekomendasi pengolahan fasad untuk tetap menjaga karakter visual kawasan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif yang dimulai dengan acuan terhadap teori tentang karakter visual untuk kemudian di analisis dari fakta lapangan dalam mencari karakter visual kawasan yang menjadi tujuan penelitian ini. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh temuan karakter visual kawasan Jalan Tanjungpura Pontianak adalah setiap elemen fasad memiliki pola, kesegarisan bangunan, ukuran dan bentuk yang seirama, selaras dan seimbang. Selain itu, ditemukan juga beberapa bagian bangunan yang menyimpang dari karakter visual koridor tersebut sehingga muncul sebuah rekomendasi pengolahan fasad yang ditujukan kepada pemerintah, pemilik bangunan, serta pihak terkait lainnya untuk mengembalikan karakter visual pada pada beberapa bangunan sehingga dapat menjaga kualitas visual kawasan dengan baik Tanjungpura street is an area that since longtime ago exist in Pontianak as a corridor of shopping stores . As the region engaged in the aspects of economy and trade services, this corridor used to updated their facades to support their business activities. However, this modification of facade perceived as an unfocused sight and tend to deviate from the old facade images of the past. Therefore this research conducted to find the visual character on the area of the Tanjungpura street that can be useful for façade's recommendation to maintain the visual character of this corridor as the shopping stores. This research uses quantitative methods where the research begins with a reference to the theory of the visual character and after that the analysis is performed based on the facts of the survey datas to find the visual character of the area as the purpose of this research. Result of this research is found the visual character of the Tanjungpura street corridor derivated that each elements of the facade has a pattern, Buillding line, the size and shape with a rhythm, harmony and balance. Furthermore, there is also found some parts of the building that deviate from the visual character of it corridor that makes a recommendation of facade modification addressed to the city government, building owners and other stakeholders to redecorations visual character of several bulidings so that will maintain the quality of visual character of the areaREFERENCESBerry, Wendell. 1980. Good Neighbors, Building Next to History: Design Guidelines Handbook. State Historical of Colorado. ColoradoChing, Francis D.K. 1995. A Visual Dictionary of Architecture. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. New YorkFirzal, Yohanes. 2002. Arahan Rancangan Menjaga Karakter Visual Kawasan. Tesis Arsitektur S2 Universitas Gadjah Mada. YogyakartaGultom, Bontor Jumaylinda Br. 2006. Kualitas Visual Fasad Bangunan Komersial Di Kawasan Waterfront. Tesis Arsitektur S2 Universitas Gadjah Mada. YogyakartaLynch, Kevin. 1972. What Time Is This Place. The MIT Press. Cambridge, MAPoerwadi. Metode Analisis Kuantitatif Rasionalistik Dalam Menentukan Karakteristik Ruang Untuk Arahan Rancangan Kawasan Urban. Jurnal Penelitian Arsitektur Institut Teknologi Sepuluh November. SurabayaPunter, John; Matthew Carmona. 1997. The Design Dimension Of Planning. E & FN Spon. London Sudarwani, Maria. 1972. Karakter Visual Koridor dalam Pembentukan Image Kota. Penelitian Arsitektur Universitas Diponegoro. Semarang

The Venice Biennale, by its multinational exposure status, the benefits of which are international, represents an model of international relations (political, artistic and economic). Historically, the term "Venice Biennale" is commonly used to refer to the "International Exhibition of Contemporary Art Biennale of Venice". It is considered one of the most prestigious art events in Europe and even in the world. It is also one of the oldest Biennales since it was created in 1893 and stood for the first time in 1895 as "International Art Exhibition of the City of Venice". Its second edition took place two years later, and earning him the name "Biennale". The period from 1960-1970 was special for configuring movements, "blocks of influence" competitors on the Biennale structure which is completely transformed during the same period. Artistic issues have completely changed after the victory of young Rauschenberg in 1964; the United States began to establish their status and position of leader on the stage of contemporary art while France sought new solutions to actively participate in this fierce struggle. The presence of the USSR until 1976 remained the same until that date, when she was first shelved on a background of scandal "art Russian dissident". The evolution of artistic relations between the countries of Eastern Europe and the West culminated in 1970 with the setting before, by consensus, a young Hungarian sculptor who, critics say, should get the trophy "Grand Prize" if it still existed. So the Italians have found a new way to establish their superiority on the world stage of contemporary art thanks to the invention of thematic exhibitions, the development of commitment Biennale in political struggles. ; La Biennale de Venise, de par son statut d'exposition multinationale, dont les retombées sont internationales, représente un modèle in vitro des relations internationales (politiques, artistiques et économiques). Historiquement, le terme de "Biennale de Venise" est couramment utilisé pour désigner l'"Exposition Internationale d'Art Contemporain de la Biennale de Venise". Elle est considérée comme une des plus prestigieuses manifestations artistiques en Europe voire même dans le monde. C'est aussi une des plus anciennes Biennales puisqu'elle fut créée en 1893 et se tint pour la première fois en 1895 en tant que "Exposition Internationale d'Art de la Cité de Venise". Sa seconde édition eut lieu deux ans plus tard, lui valant ainsi le nom de "Biennale". La période des années 1960-1970 fut particulière pour la configuration de mouvements, "de blocs d'influence" concurrents sur la Biennale, structure qui s'est complètement transfigurée durant cette même période. Les enjeux artistiques ont entièrement changé après la victoire du jeune Rauschenberg en 1964 : les États-Unis commencent à établir leur statut et leur position de Leader sur la scène de l'art contemporain alors que la France cherchait de nouvelles solutions pour participer activement à cette lutte acharnée et se positionner en outsider. La présence de l'URSS, jusqu'à 1976, resta la même jusqu'à cette date où elle fut pour la première fois reléguée aux oubliettes sur un fond de scandale lié à l'"art dissident russe". L'évolution des relations artistiques des pays de l'Europe de l'Est et de l'Ouest a atteint son point culminant en 1970 avec la mise en avant, de façon consensuelle, d'un jeune sculpteur hongrois qui, aux dires des critiques, devait obtenir le trophée du "Grand prix" si celui-ci existait encore. Ainsi les Italiens ont trouvé une nouvelle façon d'établir leur supériorité sur la scène internationale de l'art contemporain grâce à l'invention d'expositions thématiques, du développement de l'engagement de la Mostra dans les luttes politiques.

Розвиток українського суспільства характеризується як період трансформаційних процесів, що обумовлений пошуком власного розвитку та зміни цінностей. Ціннісні орієнтації молоді є одним з найбільш актуальних питань, оскільки, з одного боку, вони через деякий час стануть характерними для цілого покоління дорослих людей, а з іншого, є відбиттям життєвих орієнтирів, які існують на даний момент. Промислове місто як соціокультурна та соціотериторіальна спільнота має відмінності, які сприяють загостренню соціальних проблем, та великою мірою впливає на побудову ієрархії ціннісних орієнтацій, визначає вектор спрямованості життєвих пріоритетів, культивує певну систему цінностей.У статті обґрунтовується актуальність вивчення соціальних умов формування ціннісних орієнтацій молоді, аналізується промислове місто як соціальне середовище, яке є складним за своєю структурою та має множину чинників, які впливають на соціокультурну ситуацію; висвітлюються особливості міського способу життя та його вплив на зміст соціалізації молоді; дається характеристика міської соціальної сфери як соцієтальної системи, яка має демографічні, екологічні, освітні особливості, а також специфічні риси місцевого самоврядування.У статті також визначаються тенденції у зміні ціннісних пріоритетів молоді промислового міста, орієнтованості молодіжної субкультури, змінах соціальної структури, появі нових прошарків населення та інших якісних перетвореннях соціального середовища, ву якому формуються ціннісні орієнтації молоді. ; Розвиток українського суспільства характеризується як період трансформаційних процесів, що обумовлений пошуком власного розвитку та зміни цінностей. Ціннісні орієнтації молоді є одним з найбільш актуальних питань, оскільки, з одного боку, вони через деякий час стануть характерними для цілого покоління дорослих людей, а з іншого, є відбиттям життєвих орієнтирів, які існують на даний момент. Промислове місто як соціокультурна та соціотериторіальна спільнота має відмінності, які сприяють загостренню соціальних проблем, та великою мірою впливає на побудову ієрархії ціннісних орієнтацій, визначає вектор спрямованості життєвих пріоритетів, культивує певну систему цінностей.У статті обґрунтовується актуальність вивчення соціальних умов формування ціннісних орієнтацій молоді, аналізується промислове місто як соціальне середовище, яке є складним за своєю структурою та має множину чинників, які впливають на соціокультурну ситуацію; висвітлюються особливості міського способу життя та його вплив на зміст соціалізації молоді; дається характеристика міської соціальної сфери як соцієтальної системи, яка має демографічні, екологічні, освітні особливості, а також специфічні риси місцевого самоврядування.У статті також визначаються тенденції у зміні ціннісних пріоритетів молоді промислового міста, орієнтованості молодіжної субкультури, змінах соціальної структури, появі нових прошарків населення та інших якісних перетвореннях соціального середовища, ву якому формуються ціннісні орієнтації молоді. ; The development of Ukrainian society is characterized as a period of transformation processes due to the search of their own development and change values. Values of Youth is one of the most pressing issues on the one hand, they take some time to become characteristic of a generation of adults, on the other, is a reflection of life guidelines that exist at the moment. Industrial city as a socio-cultural and community socioarea has differences that contribute to the aggravation of social problems, and greatly influences on the construction of the hierarchy values, defines the directional vector priorities in life, cultivating a system of values. In the article the relevance of studying the social conditions of the formation of value orientations of young people, analyzes industrial city as a social environment that is complex in its structure and has a set of factors that affect the socio-cultural situation; specific features of the urban lifestyle and its impact on the content of the socialization of young peoples; describes the city as a societal social system that has demographic, environmental, educational features, as well as the specific features of local government. The paper also identifies trends in the changing value priorities of young industrial city, oriented youth culture, social structure changes, the emergence of new population groups and other qualitative transformation of the social environment in which emerging value orientations of young peoples.

The Venice Biennale, by its multinational exposure status, the benefits of which are international, represents an model of international relations (political, artistic and economic). Historically, the term "Venice Biennale" is commonly used to refer to the "International Exhibition of Contemporary Art Biennale of Venice". It is considered one of the most prestigious art events in Europe and even in the world. It is also one of the oldest Biennales since it was created in 1893 and stood for the first time in 1895 as "International Art Exhibition of the City of Venice". Its second edition took place two years later, and earning him the name "Biennale". The period from 1960-1970 was special for configuring movements, "blocks of influence" competitors on the Biennale structure which is completely transformed during the same period. Artistic issues have completely changed after the victory of young Rauschenberg in 1964; the United States began to establish their status and position of leader on the stage of contemporary art while France sought new solutions to actively participate in this fierce struggle. The presence of the USSR until 1976 remained the same until that date, when she was first shelved on a background of scandal "art Russian dissident". The evolution of artistic relations between the countries of Eastern Europe and the West culminated in 1970 with the setting before, by consensus, a young Hungarian sculptor who, critics say, should get the trophy "Grand Prize" if it still existed. So the Italians have found a new way to establish their superiority on the world stage of contemporary art thanks to the invention of thematic exhibitions, the development of commitment Biennale in political struggles. ; La Biennale de Venise, de par son statut d'exposition multinationale, dont les retombées sont internationales, représente un modèle in vitro des relations internationales (politiques, artistiques et économiques). Historiquement, le terme de "Biennale de Venise" est couramment utilisé pour désigner l'"Exposition Internationale d'Art Contemporain de la Biennale de Venise". Elle est considérée comme une des plus prestigieuses manifestations artistiques en Europe voire même dans le monde. C'est aussi une des plus anciennes Biennales puisqu'elle fut créée en 1893 et se tint pour la première fois en 1895 en tant que "Exposition Internationale d'Art de la Cité de Venise". Sa seconde édition eut lieu deux ans plus tard, lui valant ainsi le nom de "Biennale". La période des années 1960-1970 fut particulière pour la configuration de mouvements, "de blocs d'influence" concurrents sur la Biennale, structure qui s'est complètement transfigurée durant cette même période. Les enjeux artistiques ont entièrement changé après la victoire du jeune Rauschenberg en 1964 : les États-Unis commencent à établir leur statut et leur position de Leader sur la scène de l'art contemporain alors que la France cherchait de nouvelles solutions pour participer activement à cette lutte acharnée et se positionner en outsider. La présence de l'URSS, jusqu'à 1976, resta la même jusqu'à cette date où elle fut pour la première fois reléguée aux oubliettes sur un fond de scandale lié à l'"art dissident russe". L'évolution des relations artistiques des pays de l'Europe de l'Est et de l'Ouest a atteint son point culminant en 1970 avec la mise en avant, de façon consensuelle, d'un jeune sculpteur hongrois qui, aux dires des critiques, devait obtenir le trophée du "Grand prix" si celui-ci existait encore. Ainsi les Italiens ont trouvé une nouvelle façon d'établir leur supériorité sur la scène internationale de l'art contemporain grâce à l'invention d'expositions thématiques, du développement de l'engagement de la Mostra dans les luttes politiques.

The Venice Biennale, by its multinational exposure status, the benefits of which are international, represents an model of international relations (political, artistic and economic). Historically, the term "Venice Biennale" is commonly used to refer to the "International Exhibition of Contemporary Art Biennale of Venice". It is considered one of the most prestigious art events in Europe and even in the world. It is also one of the oldest Biennales since it was created in 1893 and stood for the first time in 1895 as "International Art Exhibition of the City of Venice". Its second edition took place two years later, and earning him the name "Biennale". The period from 1960-1970 was special for configuring movements, "blocks of influence" competitors on the Biennale structure which is completely transformed during the same period. Artistic issues have completely changed after the victory of young Rauschenberg in 1964; the United States began to establish their status and position of leader on the stage of contemporary art while France sought new solutions to actively participate in this fierce struggle. The presence of the USSR until 1976 remained the same until that date, when she was first shelved on a background of scandal "art Russian dissident". The evolution of artistic relations between the countries of Eastern Europe and the West culminated in 1970 with the setting before, by consensus, a young Hungarian sculptor who, critics say, should get the trophy "Grand Prize" if it still existed. So the Italians have found a new way to establish their superiority on the world stage of contemporary art thanks to the invention of thematic exhibitions, the development of commitment Biennale in political struggles. ; La Biennale de Venise, de par son statut d'exposition multinationale, dont les retombées sont internationales, représente un modèle in vitro des relations internationales (politiques, artistiques et économiques). Historiquement, le terme de "Biennale de Venise" est couramment utilisé pour désigner l'"Exposition Internationale d'Art Contemporain de la Biennale de Venise". Elle est considérée comme une des plus prestigieuses manifestations artistiques en Europe voire même dans le monde. C'est aussi une des plus anciennes Biennales puisqu'elle fut créée en 1893 et se tint pour la première fois en 1895 en tant que "Exposition Internationale d'Art de la Cité de Venise". Sa seconde édition eut lieu deux ans plus tard, lui valant ainsi le nom de "Biennale". La période des années 1960-1970 fut particulière pour la configuration de mouvements, "de blocs d'influence" concurrents sur la Biennale, structure qui s'est complètement transfigurée durant cette même période. Les enjeux artistiques ont entièrement changé après la victoire du jeune Rauschenberg en 1964 : les États-Unis commencent à établir leur statut et leur position de Leader sur la scène de l'art contemporain alors que la France cherchait de nouvelles solutions pour participer activement à cette lutte acharnée et se positionner en outsider. La présence de l'URSS, jusqu'à 1976, resta la même jusqu'à cette date où elle fut pour la première fois reléguée aux oubliettes sur un fond de scandale lié à l'"art dissident russe". L'évolution des relations artistiques des pays de l'Europe de l'Est et de l'Ouest a atteint son point culminant en 1970 avec la mise en avant, de façon consensuelle, d'un jeune sculpteur hongrois qui, aux dires des critiques, devait obtenir le trophée du "Grand prix" si celui-ci existait encore. Ainsi les Italiens ont trouvé une nouvelle façon d'établir leur supériorité sur la scène internationale de l'art contemporain grâce à l'invention d'expositions thématiques, du développement de l'engagement de la Mostra dans les luttes politiques.

José Ramón Mélida (1856-1933), trained at the Higher School of Diplomatic (1873-1875), he joined the Board of Archivists, Librarians and Archaeologists in 1881. With 49 years, he had his chance with the start of excavations of Numantia in 1906, accounting for institutional field work not only to the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, to which he belonged since 1899, but also the Royal Academy of History, where he was a elected member only 5 months before, performing a wide public diffusion in the press of the excavations results that gave him great notoriety. This work allowed him access in 1912 to the Chair of Archaeology at the Central University of Madrid, by extraordinary promotion, without competitive examination, or Ph thesis dissertation, and with 55 years in 1913 as Antiquarian of the Royal Academy of History, and in 1916 to the Directorate of National Archaeological Museum, acquiring an institutional weight which had not previously while he was director of the Museum of Artistic Reproductions between 1901- 1916. Despite accumulating the three most important academic positions in Archaeology in Spain between 1916 and 1930, he not travel abroad or projected his research until 1928-29, although that period was the best years of his scientific production. Mélida took more direct control of the excavations in Numantia (1906-1923), which were made during his summer holidays in Soria between July and early September, while held remote control of the excavations in Merida (1910-1933), briefly visiting 2 or 3 times a year and which Maximilian Macias directed fieldwork. In his career he had the clear support of members of the Liberal Party in the government as the Count of Romanones. ; José Ramón Mélida (1856-1933), formado en la Escuela Superior de Diplomática (1873-75), se incorporó al Cuerpo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos en 1881. Con 49 años, tuvo su oportunidad con el inicio de las excavaciones de Numancia en 1906, representando en los trabajos de campo institucionalmente no sólo a la Real Academia de Bellas Artes, a la que pertenecía desde 1899, sino también a la Real Academia de Historia, donde acababa de ingresar como nuevo miembro electo sólo 5 meses antes, realizando una amplia divulgación pública de sus resultados de las excavaciones en la prensa que le otorgaron gran notoriedad. Esta labor le permitió acceder en 1912 a la Cátedra de Arqueología de la Universidad Central de Madrid por promoción extraordinaria, sin oposición, ni tesis doctoral, ya con 55 años, en 1913 al de Anticuario de la Real Academia de la Historia y en 1916 a la Dirección del Museo Arqueológico Nacional, adquiriendo un peso institucional que no había tenido previamente mientras había sido director del Museo de Reproducciones Artísticas entre 1901-16. Pese a acumular los tres puestos académicos más importantes de la arqueología en España entre 1916-30, no viajó ni proyectó su investigación al extranjero hasta 1928-29, aunque ese periodo fueron los años de su mejor producción científica. Mélida llevó un control más directo de las excavaciones en Numancia (1906-23), que se realizaban durante su estancia veraniega en Soria entre julio e inicios de septiembre, mientras mantuvo un control a distancia de las excavaciones en Mérida (1910-33), que visitaba brevemente 2 o 3 veces al año y cuyos trabajos de campo dirigía Maximiliano Macías. En su trayectoria contó con el claro apoyo de miembros del partido liberal en el gobierno como el Conde de Romanones.

[Resumen] La tierra es un factor estratégico de suma importancia en el desarrollo de una determinada región. La tierra ha de ser considerada como un bien capaz de generar crecimiento económico y de la que hay que intentar sacar el máximo provecho. Esta tesis aplica las nuevas tecnologías a procesos de la Administración de Tierras que hasta ahora o bien no se hacían, o bien se hacían de forma rudimentaria. Uno de estos procesos es la ordenación territorial que, por su propia naturaleza, involucra gran cantidad de elementos con información geográfica (parcelas, edificaciones, entorno, .) con los que se realizan operaciones espaciales computacionalmente muy costosas. Para estas tareas se han desarrollado algoritmos de búsqueda heurística que hacen uso de técnicas de computación de altas prestaciones para reducir tiempos de ejecución. También se ha diseñado una arquitectura Web-SIG genérica pero fácilmente adaptable para la resolución de problemas concretos como pueden ser la dinamización de los mercado de tierras y la optimización de la gestión común de parcelas, dos aspectos importantes para el desarrollo rural. Las soluciones desarrolladas hacen uso de estándares y herramientas libres para favorecer la compatibilidad entre sistemas, abaratar costes, promover el e-Government y seguir las directivas de la Unión Europea en temas de información geoespacial. ; [Resumo] A terra é un factor estratéxico de suma importancia no desenvolvemento dunha determinada rexión. A terra ten que ser considerada como un ben capaz de xerar crecemento económico e da que se ten que sacar o máximo proveito. Nesta tese aplícanse as novas tecnoloxías a procesos da Administración de Terras que hasta agora ou ben non se facía, ou ben facíanse de forma rudimentaria. Un destes procesos é a ordenación territorial que, pola súa propia natureza, involucra gran cantidade de elementos con información xeográfica (parcelas, edificacións, entorno, .) cos que realízanse operacións espaciais computacionalmente moi custosas. Para estas tarefas desenvolvéronse algoritmos de busca heurística que fan uso de técnicas de computación de altas prestacións para reducir tempos de execución. Tamén foi deseñada unha arquitecturaWeb-SIX xenérica pero doadamente adaptadable para a resolución de problemas concretos coma a dinamización dos mercados de terras e a optimización da xestión común de parcelas, dous aspectos importantes para o desenvolvemento rural. As solucións desenvolvidas fan uso de estándares e ferramentas libres para favorecer a compatibilidade entre sistemas, abaratar custos, promover o e-Government e seguir as directivas da Unión Europea en temas de información xeoespacial ; [Abstract] Land is a very important strategic factor for the rural development. Land must be considered as a good able to generate economic growth and thus try to take the most of it. This master thesis applies new technologies to Land Administration processes which until now had been done in a rudimentary way or even not done at all. One of these processes is the spatial planning that, by its very nature, involves high number of elements with geographic information (plots, buildings, environment, .) and carry out computationally expensive spatial operations. Heuristic search algorithms have been developed for these issues and they use high performance computing techniques for reducing execution times. A generic architecture of an Web-GIS system has been also designed. It can be easily adapted to specific problems such as the invigoration of land markets and the optimization of common management of plots, two important issues for the rural development. The developed solutions use standards and license-free tools for encourage system compatibilities, reduce costs, support e-Government and follow the European Union directives in geospatial information issues.

La presente indagine mira ad esaminare, in chiave innovativa, i rapporti tra l'Europa ed un reato prettamente europeo: il negazionismo. Sviluppatosi in maniera assolutamente predominante nel nostro continente, le ragioni della sua diffusione sono molteplici. Al di là della lotta a razzismo ed antisemitismo, il motivo principale va identificato nel ruolo "fondativo" che riveste la memoria dell'Olocausto in Europa, collocata nel cuore dell'universo valoriale su cui si reggono i due principali attori europei, ovverosia l'Unione europea e la Corte europea dei diritti dell'uomo. La ricerca, dunque, ruota attorno a due poli tematici. Da un lato, sono state esaminate le politiche normative dell'Unione europea in materia di razzismo e xenofobia, entro cui spicca la promozione dell'incriminazione del negazionismo "allargato", cioè esteso alle condotte di negazione non solo dell'Olocausto, ma anche degli altri crimini internazionali. Dall'altro lato, l'analisi della trentennale giurisprudenza della Corte di Strasburgo in materia ha evidenziato come, con riguardo alle manifestazioni negazioniste, sia stato elaborato uno "statuto speciale", che si risolve nel perentorio diniego di tutela per questa categoria di opinioni, sottratte a monte all'ordinario giudizio di bilanciamento in quanto giudicate incompatibili con i valori sottesi alla CEDU. Lo scopo di questo lavoro riposa nel tentativo di individuare le interazioni tra questi due sistemi istituzionali, per interpretare una tendenza che converge con nettezza verso un incremento della repressione penale della parola. Da questo complesso intreccio di norme e principi, di hard law e soft law, sarà possibile enucleare la natura giuridica ed il contenuto delle richieste di incriminazione rivolte agli Stati membri. Una volta appurato che agli Stati è concesso di restringere il campo di applicazione del reato di negazionismo, adottando degli indici di pericolosità delle condotte, sarà analizzata la tenuta di questi "elementi opzionali del reato" alla luce dei principi penalistici di tassatività, materialità, offensività e laicità. ; The present study aims to analyse the legal treatment of the crime of denialism by the two main European actors, namely the European Union ('EU') and the European Court of Human Rights ('ECtHR'). These two systems find themselves in a delicate position that raises a need for deep investigation. They have to cherish and protect the memory of a historical event that is central to their own identity, whereas at the same time promoting the respect of fundamental rights such as freedom of speech. The first section seeks to identify the obligations stemming from the EU legal system, the institutional mandate of which is to harmonise criminal legislation of Member States by setting some basic common elements. Notably, the impact on domestic systems of the Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA on racism and xenophobia shall be assessed. The second part of the present research shall turn to the jurisprudence of the ECtHR to examine the relationship between Holocaust denial as a crime and the right to freedom of expression, with a view to deducing the principles with which States have to comply in the criminalisation of this kind of utterance. The overall goals shall be to identify: a) the interactions between these two systems; b) whether their policies on denialism may be better portrayed in terms of contrast or mutual support; c) the legal nature and content of the obligations originating for the Member States; d) whether a Europe-wide criminal prohibition on denialism appears likely to occur, whether it would be desirable and, if so, under which conditions.

Punagaya village through the village fund allocation (ADD) will allocate a budget for community development in the areas of sugar production business, the study aims to look at the implementation of the allocation of funds in the rural community empowerment programs and the factors that affect the implementation of the implementation of the allocation of funds within the village community empowerment program in the Village Punagaya sub Bangkala Jeneponto district. This research is descriptive qualitative research sampling technique used was purposive sampling. This study uses data analysis techniques interviews and observations, after which the data collected are then analyzed using frequency tables later be described qualitatively. Number of samples 33 people consisting of 1 person village head, village secretary 1 person, a member of the Committee seminar 5 people, local people 7 people, 4 people Ibu PKK, brown sugar 6 people Makers, Executive Team Live Help ADD 3orang, public figures 6 people. Penelitaian showed that 52% of people believe that the implementation of the Village punagaya village fund allocation in the village punagaya poorly this happens because people do not see the program conducted by the local government to improve the empowerment and increased repair services performed by local governments to use allocation of village funds. Based on the research I did it, it can be concluded that the public has not been empowered by optimal utilization of ADD in the Village District Punagaya Bangkala Jeneponto. It is caused due to problems such as the allocation of funds provided inadequate to meningatkan empowerment, besides the allocation of funds is often given too late and village officials rendahmya influence on the development and management of the allocation of funds is a factor inhibiting village program implementation in the village of village fund allocation Punagaya Sub Bangkala Jeneponto but from the village fund allocation is expected to increase creativity, prosperity and jobs for the community. Desa Punagaya melalui Alokasi dana desa (ADD) akan mengalokasikan anggaran untuk pemberdayaan masyarakat di bidang usaha produksi gula merah,penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat implementasi alokasi dana dalam program pemberdayaan masyarakat desa dan faktor yang mempengaruhi pelaksanaan implementasi alokasi dana desa dalam program pemberdayaan masyarakat di Desa Punagaya kecamatan Bangkala kabupaten Jeneponto. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik penarikan sampel yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik analisis data hasil wawancara dan observasi , dimana setelah data dikumpulkan selanjutnya dianalisis dengan menggunakan tabel frekwensi kemudian di deskripsikan secara kualitatif. Jumlah sampel 33 orang terdiri dari Kepala desa 1 orang, Sekretaris desa 1 orang, anggota Panitia seminar 5 orang , Masyarakat setempat 7 orang, Ibu PKK 4 orang , Pembuat gula merah 6 orang, Tim Pelaksana Bantuan Langsung ADD 3orang, Tokoh masyarakat 6 orang. Penelitaian ini menunjukkan bahwa sebesar 52% masyarakat Desa punagaya beranggapan bahwa implementasi alokasi dana desa di Desa punagaya kurang baik hal ini terjadi karena masyarakat tidak melihat adanya program yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah setempat guna meningkatkan pemberdayaan masyarakat dan peningkatan perbaikan pelayanan yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah setempat dengan menggunakan alokasi dana desa. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah penulis lakukan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa masyarakat belum diberdayakan secara optimal dalam pemanfaatan DD di Desa Punagaya Kecamatan Bangkala Kabupaten Jeneponto. Hal ini disebabkan karena adanya masalah seperti alokasi dana yang diberikan belum memadai untuk meningatkan pemberdayaan masyarakat , selain itu alokasi dana ini sering terlambat diberikan dan rendahmya pengaruh aparatur desa terhadap pengembangan dan pengelolaan alokasi dana desa ini menjadi faktor penghambat implementasi program alokasi dana desa di Desa Punagaya Kecamatan Bangkala Kabupaten Jeneponto padahal dari alokasi dana desa ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kreatifitas, kesejahteraan dan lapangan kerja bagi masyarakat.

En el presente artículo buscamos analizar las principales reformas que la última dictadura militar en Argentina (1976-1983) llevó a cabo en el nivel medio. En particular, indagamos sobre tres aspectos. En primer término, las transformaciones operadas en el currículum. En ese sentido, intentaremos ver qué tipo de hombre se buscaba formar así como sus principales atributos. En este punto, observaremos cómo la orientación, la capacitación laboral y la adquisición de determinadas pericias de la fuerza de trabajo aparecían como tareas que el nivel medio debía asumir. Intentamos analizar, también, cómo el ciclo básico se estructuró a modo de enlace entre la escuela primaria y la fase superior del secundario. Forma parte de nuestras hipótesis de trabajo que los experimentos desarrollados durante la dictadura conformaron los insumos de la Ley Federal -Nº 24.195- que se implementaría durante la década del noventa, si bien su validación excede el presente análisis. En ese sentido, consideramos que la última dictadura militar constituyó un momento de síntesis de una serie de tendencias de la educación argentina que perdurarían en el tiempo. En segundo lugar, observaremos las transformaciones en el régimen de disciplina, preguntándonos por qué no fue reformado el código disciplinar en un contexto político represivo. Por último, intentaremos dar cuenta de los cambios en el régimen de evaluación que, como veremos, serán realizados en pos de la restauración de un "orden" perdido. Desde nuestra perspectiva, en conjunto, las tres facetas bajo análisis permiten dar cuenta de una de las tareas centrales asumidas por el régimen castrense para el nivel medio de enseñanza: disciplinar y proyectar una transformación de conjunto. Para dar cuenta de nuestro objetivo de estudio, utilizaremos fuentes documentales tales como planes y programas de estudio, reglamentos, leyes y normas educativas, entre otras, durante el período de referencia. ; In this paper we analyze the main reforms that the last military dictatorship in Argentina (1976-1983) put in place at the high school level. In particular, we investigate three aspects. First, regarding the transformation of the curriculum, we try to identify what kind of man was sought to be formed and its main attributes. We discuss how the orientation, job training and the acquisition of certain skills of the workforce appeared as the tasks that high school should take. Also we try to analyze how the basic cycle was structured as an interface between primary and secondary upper phase. Although validation exceeds the present analysis, it is part of our working hypothesis that the experiments conducted during the dictatorship would be the inputs of the Federal Law No. 24.195, which would be implemented in the nineties. In that sense, we believe that the military dictatorship was a moment of synthesis of a number of trends of education in Argentina that would endure in time. In second place, we observe the changes in the disciplinary system, wondering why it was not reformed the disciplinary code in a repressive political context. Finally, we investigate the changes in the evaluation regime, that as we will see, they would be made with the objective of the restoration of the "order" lost. From our perspective, the three aspects under analysis allow to see one of the main tasks undertaken by the military regime to the middle level of education: discipline and project an overall transformation. To realize our objective of study, we will use documentary sources such as plans and programs of study, regulations, laws and educational norms among others, during the reference period. ; Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales

The current investigative work was focused in the analysis of the legal consequencesderived from the commercial obligations that are carried by enterprises affected by theOrganic Law that reserves goods and services linked to primary Hydrocarbons to thestate, limiting its study to the merchant legislation in Venezuela. The study is inscribed asa documentary or bibliographic investigation, so the process was mostly centered in thesystemization and analysis of printed sources, which allowed the revision of concepts,definitions, national or international doctrine, investigations, interviews, publications,forums that review the national applicable, applied laws or those that could apply to thestated problematic. Some of the most important findings from this work are that throughthe approval of the aforementioned law, the moment when a specific property isexpropriated, this suppresses the economy and damages the private initiative, which thenbrings sanctions for damages and harms, from something that's not of its own interest, butof the State's. It's concluded then, that the acquired obligations by the companiesgenerated a sort of link of right, creating a type of legal relationship between the persons,having a certain benefit as an end, which by means of the aforementioned law, at themoment of being applied, doesn't allow the adhered contracts to the suppliers to forcecompliance, because such companies have been previously expropriated, not having torespond to each of the suppliers to whom a contract was previously acquired. A thoroughrevision of the current law is recommended, in such a manner that an impact of the revisedconsequences in this work can be avoided, and at the same time, to ensure a legalsecurity of property, conceiving success in companies, taking certain risks to makepositive changes of attitude, product of a daily and constant effort by the people. ; El presente artículo de investigación se enfocó en analizar las consecuencias jurídicasderivadas de las obligaciones mercantiles contraídas por las empresas comercialesafectadas por la Ley Orgánica que reserva al Estado bienes y servicios conexos a lasactividades primarias de Hidrocarburos, delimitando su estudio a la legislación mercantilen Venezuela. El estudio se inscribe como una investigación documental o bibliográficapor cuanto, el proceso estuvo centrado en la sistematización y análisis de fuentesimpresas, que permitió la revisión de los conceptos, definiciones, doctrina patria ointernacional, investigaciones, entrevistas, publicaciones, foros, los cuales reseñan lasnormas nacionales aplicables o que pudiesen aplicar o se han aplicado a la problemáticaplanteada. Entre los hallazgos más importantes destacan que a través de la entrada envigencia de la ley antes citada, una vez que se realiza la expropiación de las empresas, sesuprime la economía y se acaba así con la iniciativa privada, lo que trae sanciones pordaños y perjuicios, producto según lo establecido por el Estado. En conclusión, lasobligaciones adquiridas por las empresas generan un vínculo de derecho, originándoseasí una relación jurídica entre las personas que tiene como fin una prestación, que al seraplicada la ley, no permite que los contratos adheridos con los proveedores se tengan laobligación de cumplirlos, debido a que han sido expropiadas dichas empresas, por lo quea su vez no tienen como responder a cada uno de los proveedores con quien se adquirióel contrato. Se recomienda, por dicha problemática la revisión de la normativa vigente, alos fines de evitar el impacto de las consecuencias revisadas en el artículo, y así aseguraruna seguridad jurídica de la propiedad, concibiendo el éxito en las empresas,arriesgándose a generar cambios positivos, de actitud, producto de un esfuerzo diario yconstante por las personas.

Nel presente lavoro vengono esaminate le forme impiegate dalla contrattazione collettiva per rendere aleatorio il trattamento economico dei lavoratori subordinati. Dapprima ci si occupa del limite alla "flessibilizzazione" della retribuzione dei lavoratori subordinati che viene individuato nella "retribuzione sufficiente" di cui all'art. 36 Cost., qualificata come elemento essenziale del contratto. Di seguito si sofferma l'attenzione sulla retribuzione di produttività e di redditività dei lavoratori del settore privato e sul trattamento accessorio dei dipendenti pubblici privatizzati. Nonostante a queste quote della retribuzione sia astrattamente conferita una funzione incentivante, in concreto non la svolgono: nel lavoro privato a causa della politica egualitaria del sindacato e della "modalità" di determinazione degli obiettivi, nel lavoro pubblico perché questa parte della retribuzione è stata tradizionalmente erogata "a pioggia". Nel terzo capitolo si prendono in considerazione le liti che possono sorgere se, nel periodo di tempo che va dalla fissazione degli obiettivi a quando si deve verificare il loro conseguimento, il datore di lavoro apporti modifiche organizzative in grado di ripercuotersi sulla capacità dei prestatori di raggiungere i risultati. Al fine di risolvere tale questione, in chiusura del secondo capitolo, la clausola in tema di retribuzione flessibile è stata classificata come condizione sospensiva in quanto una parte del trattamento economico, aggiuntiva alla retribuzione "base", viene subordinata al conseguimento di obiettivi di produttività e redditività qualificabili come eventi futuri ed incerti. Tale qualificazione è volta a consentire l'applicazione dell'art. 1359 c.c. nelle controversie sopra descritte: se i lavoratori non conseguono gli obiettivi a causa di modifiche che il datore di lavoro ha apportato all'organizzazione, si può fingere che l'evento (che non si è verificato per una condotta imputabile al datore di lavoro) si sia verificato e, di conseguenza, erogare la retribuzione di risultato ai prestatori. ; In the present paper are examinated the forms used by the collective agreement to make uncertain the economic treatment of employees. First we deal with the limit of the wage's "flexibility" that is identified in the "sufficient compensation" (art. 36 of the Constitution), qualified as an essential element of the contract. Second we focus attention on the remuneration of productivity and profitability of private sector workers and the treatment of accessory privatized public employees. Abstractly these forms of remuneration have an incentive function, specifically they are unable to have this function: in the private work because of the egalitarian political followed by union and the way of setting goals; in the public sector because this part of the salary has been traditionally delivered "to rain". In the third chapter we consider the disputes that may arise if, during the period of time ranging from setting goals as you should verify their achievement, the employer introduce organizational changes that can affect the worker's ability to achieve the results. In order to answer that question, at the close of the second chapter, the clause regarding variable pay has been classified as a condition because it is subjected to the achievement of productivity and profitability targets which are uncertain and future events. This qualification is designed to enable the application of article. 1359 of the Civil Code disputes: if the workers do not achieve their results because of changes that the employer has introduced in the organization, the workers can pretend that the event (which did not occur for conduct attributable to the employer) has occurred and, therefore, received the salary of results.

This thesis focuses on the composition of tax revenue in developing countries and analyses its determinants and consequences. The first part examines the political economy factors shaping tax revenue composition, by considering the impact of elections and democratization, while the second part deals with the consequences of specific tax revenue compositions in terms of tax revenue stabilization and social welfare. Several results emerge. Elections have a significant influence on tax revenue composition since indirect tax revenues are decreased in election times (Chapter 1). These electoral manipulations are less strong in countries where democracy is well-established. Moreover, Chapter 2 found that a more democratic political regime, with strong constraints on the executive, helps to enhance domestic tax revenues that are necessary to replace the lost revenues from trade liberalization. The second part of the thesis reveals interesting results on the effects of tax revenue composition on the stabilization of tax revenue and on its social incidence. Chapter 3 highlighted the importance of finding remedies to tax revenue instability since it induces public spending instability which in turn decreases the level of public investment. A higher reliance on domestic indirect taxes in total tax revenues has been found to lead to the stabilization of tax revenue. In addition, the results of Chapter 4 showed that the value-added tax significantly reduces tax revenue instability in the developing countries where it was adopted. The social incidence of domestic indirect taxes was compared to the social incidence of tariffs in Chapter 5 and it was established that tariffs are more regressive than taxes on consumption in Burkina Faso. ; Cette thèse s'intéresse à la composition des recettes fiscales dans les pays en développement et étudie ses déterminants et ses conséquences. La première partie analyse les facteurs d'économie politique qui influent sur la composition des recettes fiscales, en considérant l'impact de la multiplication des élections et de la démocratisation, tandis que la deuxième partie examine les conséquences des choix de composition des recettes fiscales en termes de stabilisation des recettes fiscales et de bien-être social. Plusieurs résultats émergent. Les élections ont une influence significative sur la composition des recettes fiscales puisque les recettes issues des taxes indirectes connaissent une baisse juste avant les élections (Chapitre 1). Ces manipulations visant à favoriser les réélections apparaissent plus modérées dans les pays où la démocratie est établie de plus longue date. De plus, le Chapitre 2 a établit que l'existence d'un régime politique plus démocratique, avec des contraintes sur l'exécutif fortes, permet d'accroître les recettes de fiscalité intérieure qui sont nécessaires pour pallier la baisse des recettes tarifaires. La seconde partie de la thèse révèle des résultats intéressants sur les effets de la composition des recettes fiscales sur la stabilisation des recettes fiscales et sur ses conséquences sociales. Le Chapitre 3 a souligné l'importance de la lutte contre l'instabilité des recettes fiscales dans la mesure où elle induit de l'instabilité des dépenses publiques ce qui affaiblit le niveau de l'investissement public. La contribution plus accrue des taxes sur la consommation aux recettes fiscales a été identifiée comme stabilisant les recettes fiscales. En outre, le chapitre 4 a démontré que la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée permet de réduire significativement l'instabilité des recettes fiscales dans les pays en développement l'ayant adoptée. L'incidence sociale des taxes sur la consommation a été comparée à celle des tarifs douaniers dans le Chapitre 5 et il apparaît que les tarifs douaniers sont plus régressifs que les taxes sur la consommation au Burkina Faso.

This thesis focuses on the composition of tax revenue in developing countries and analyses its determinants and consequences. The first part examines the political economy factors shaping tax revenue composition, by considering the impact of elections and democratization, while the second part deals with the consequences of specific tax revenue compositions in terms of tax revenue stabilization and social welfare. Several results emerge. Elections have a significant influence on tax revenue composition since indirect tax revenues are decreased in election times (Chapter 1). These electoral manipulations are less strong in countries where democracy is well-Established. Moreover, Chapter 2 found that a more democratic political regime, with strong constraints on the executive, helps to enhance domestic tax revenues that are necessary to replace the lost revenues from trade liberalization. The second part of the thesis reveals interesting results on the effects of tax revenue composition on the stabilization of tax revenue and on its social incidence. Chapter 3 highlighted the importance of finding remedies to tax revenue instability since it induces public spending instability which in turn decreases the level of public investment. A higher reliance on domestic indirect taxes in total tax revenues has been found to lead to the stabilization of tax revenue. In addition, the results of Chapter 4 showed that the value-Added tax significantly reduces tax revenue instability in the developing countries where it was adopted. The social incidence of domestic indirect taxes was compared to the social incidence of tariffs in Chapter 5 and it was established that tariffs are more regressive than taxes on consumption in Burkina Faso. ; Cette thèse s'intéresse à la composition des recettes fiscales dans les pays en développement et étudie ses déterminants et ses conséquences. La première partie analyse les facteurs d'économie politique qui influent sur la composition des recettes fiscales, en considérant l'impact de la multiplication des élections et de la démocratisation, tandis que la deuxième partie examine les conséquences des choix de composition des recettes fiscales en termes de stabilisation des recettes fiscales et de bien-Être social. Plusieurs résultats émergent. Les élections ont une influence significative sur la composition des recettes fiscales puisque les recettes issues des taxes indirectes connaissent une baisse juste avant les élections (Chapitre 1). Ces manipulations visant à favoriser les réélections apparaissent plus modérées dans les pays où la démocratie est établie de plus longue date. De plus, le Chapitre 2 a établit que l'existence d'un régime politique plus démocratique, avec des contraintes sur l'exécutif fortes, permet d'accroître les recettes de fiscalité intérieure qui sont nécessaires pour pallier la baisse des recettes tarifaires. La seconde partie de la thèse révèle des résultats intéressants sur les effets de la composition des recettes fiscales sur la stabilisation des recettes fiscales et sur ses conséquences sociales. Le Chapitre 3 a souligné l'importance de la lutte contre l'instabilité des recettes fiscales dans la mesure où elle induit de l'instabilité des dépenses publiques ce qui affaiblit le niveau de l'investissement public. La contribution plus accrue des taxes sur la consommation aux recettes fiscales a été identifiée comme stabilisant les recettes fiscales. En outre, le chapitre 4 a démontré que la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée permet de réduire significativement l'instabilité des recettes fiscales dans les pays en développement l'ayant adoptée. L'incidence sociale des taxes sur la consommation a été comparée à celle des tarifs douaniers dans le Chapitre 5 et il apparaît que les tarifs douaniers sont plus régressifs que les taxes sur la consommation au Burkina Faso.