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The author reminds us that history may repeat itself many times. Today's conflict at the UNAM isn't new, only a new version of old problems: arguments about the accessibility of education, free higher leaming, democratic university, etc. The author tells us about the previous conflict, almost fifteen years ago. He then shows us how the UNAM was paralyzed, before and after the University's Congress, how problematic the design of an electoral formula representing the interests of the various involved in the process was, and how reforms, in spite of their benefits, may end in nothing more than emotional words. That conflict started astod ay's- with an attempt at reforms by the rectorate and more than three years went by before a University Congress could be installed. In spite of al1 this, says theauthor, the main thought we must reclaim is if the longprocess was at all useful. When we look back into the past, and think about the present, it would seem this was not so. ; En este artículo, el autor nos recuerda que una Iiistoria puede repetirse muchas veces. El actual conflicto en la UNAM no es nuevo, sino una versión nueva de viejos problemas: discusiones sobre acceso a la educación, educación superior gratuita, universidad democrática, etcétera. El autor nos habla sobre el conflicto precedente. hace casi quince años. Entonces, nos muestra cómo se paralizó la UNAM, antes y después del Congreso Universitario, cómo fue problemático el diseño de una fórmula electoral que representara los intereses de los distintos actores involucrados en el proceso, y cómo las reformas pueden, independientemente de su bondad, detenerse en palabras emotivas. Aquel conflicto empezó - como ahora- con una tentativa de reformas de Rectoría y se perdió más de tres aiíos antes de que el Congreso Universitario pudiera instalarse. A pesar de eso, afirma el autor, la principal reflexión que tenemos que rescatar es si aquel prolongado proceso fue verdaderamente útil. Cuando miramos retrospectivamente y pensamos sobre el presente, pareciera no haber sido así.

La promulgación de la normativa estatal sobre mediación en asuntos civiles y mercantiles ha significado un hito relevante en la legislación española al regular, por primera vez, en el ámbito estatal los aspectos generales de este medio de autocomposición de controversias que es la mediación, así como al conectarla con los tribunales, introduciendo modificaciones en las normas de la jurisdicción ordinaria civil. Hasta la fecha, la regulación se hallaba en las normas promulgadas por las comunidades autónomas y con alguna mención en la legislación civil y procesal, mas sin régimen jurídico estatal. En la nueva legislación, motivada por el mandato europeo de transponer la Directiva 52/2008/CE, se establece un concepto de mediación y sus principios informadores; se fija el ámbito objetivo de la norma, no sólo transfronteriza, según la citada Directiva, sino también la interna, instaurando el estatuto del mediador así como un procedimiento básico, del que se prevé, como gran innovación, el carácter ejecutivo a los acuerdos resultantes del procedimiento que son elevados a escritura pública notarial. ; The promulgation of state regulations on mediation in civil and mercantile affairs has been an important milestone in Spanish legislation, regulating in the ambit of the state, for the first time, some general aspects of this means of dispute settlement by the parties involved, and connecting it to the courts, introducing modifications into the rules of the ordinary civil legal system. Up to now, regulation has been embodied in the regulations promulgated by autonomous communities, with some mention in civil and procedural legislation, but with no state legal regime. The new legislation, motivated by the European mandate to transpose Directive 52/2008/CE, establishes a concept of mediation and the principles informing it; it sets the target scope of the regulation, not just trans-border, as required by the Directive, but also internal, introducing the person of the mediator by statute, as well as a basic procedure. An important innovation is that the latter indicates the executive nature of agreements resulting from the procedure when converted into a notarised public deed.

In times of highly volatile commodity markets, governments often try to protect their populations from rapidly-rising food prices, which can be particularly harsh for the poor. A potential solution for food-deficit countries is to hold strategic reserves, which can be called on when international prices spike. But how large should strategic stockpiles be? This paper develops a dynamic storage model for wheat in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, where imported wheat dominates the average diet. The paper uses the model to analyze a strategy that sets aside wheat stockpiles, which can be used when needed to keep domestic prices below a targeted price. This paper shows that if the target is set high and reserves are adequate, the strategy can be effective and robust. Contrary to most interventions, strategic storage policies are counter-cyclical and, when the importing region is sufficiently large, a regional policy can smooth global prices. This paper shows that this is the case for the MENA region. Nevertheless, the policy is more costly than the pro-cyclical policy of a targeted intervention that directly offsets high prices with a subsidy similar to food stamps. ; Lorsque les prix des matières premières sont très volatiles, les gouvernements essayent généralement de protéger leur population d'une augmentation rapide des prix agricoles. Une solution potentielle pour des pays importateurs nets de produits agricoles est de maintenir des stocks de réserve, qui peuvent être utilisés lorsque les prix mondiaux augmentent fortement. Mais quelle doit être la taille de telles réserves? Cet article développe un modèle dynamique de stockage pour le marché du blé dans la région Moyen Orient et Afrique du Nord, où le blé importé représente une part prépondérante de l'alimentation. Ce modèle est utilisé pour analyser une stratégie dans laquelle des stocks servent à maintenir les prix domestiques en dessous d'une cible. Nous montrons que si la cible est choisie suffisamment haute et les réserves sont adéquates, la ...

In Romania there is no academic program dedicated entirely to the study of the Viking period in Scandinavia and Europe, but Romanian historiography can still boast with a decent number of monographs, translations and studies relating to early medieval Northern Europe. The concern of the present study is that of offering a general view on the language variations used by Romanian historians or translators when referring to certain Viking historical characters, rituals, artefacts or any other aspects regarding the history of the Norsemen. One of the first terms that ought to be considered by this study is the Old Norse word "viking" (used in runic inscriptions in contexts such as the verbal group "fara í víking" – meaning "to go on a raid", "to go a-viking"). The complexity of translating this verbal structure into Romanian comes from the difficulty of turning the borrowed ethnonym "Viking" into a verbal phrase. Thus, it has been rendered as "a merge in expediţie vikingă"/"going on a Viking [+fem. desinence] expedition". The only downside of using this phrase is that it might imply pleonasm since the Romanian noun "viking" already refers to raids and seafaring activities. Other authors have instead proposed the translation of "cineva care face un înconjur"/"somebody who goes on an expedition", or simply "care e departe de casă"/"someone away from home". But a royal saga also tells us about a noble who was "stundum í kaupferdum en stundum í víkingu" which is translated into Romanian as "în acelaşi timp în călătorie de afaceri şi în expediţie vikingă [at the same time in business trip and in viking expedition]". The translation of í víking as "a merge în expediţie viking [going on a viking expedition]" also appears. In the translation of Frans G. Bengtsson's well know The Long Ships, going a-viking is translated into Romanian as "seceriş [reaping], incursiune de jaf [raid for plundering]", which is interestingly the only identifiable metaphor for this activity. Vikings also rarely appear as "wikingi" instead of the very common "vikingi" in Romanian translations.

O texto colige três pequenos textos do pensador norueguês das relações internacionais Johan Galtung, que abordam seus recidivos temas da paz, da pesquisa sobre a paz e dos direitos humanos. O primeiro texto trata de uma homenagem pelos 20 anos da morte do estadista social-democrata alemão Willy Brandt (1913-1992), por cuja política para com o Leste Europeu no final dos anos 1960 (Ostpolitik), que levara à distensão com aqueles países, e futuramente à unificação alemã, recebera o prêmio Nobel da Paz em 1971. O segundo texto apresenta o projeto Hexágono TRANSCEND, cujo objetivo é estudar a geopolítica hexagonal contemporânea, considerando que os grandes polos geopolíticos do mundo atual seriam os EUA, a UE, a Rússia, a China, a Índia e a OMC, todos os quais possuidores de aspectos negativos e positivos, cujo estudo deverá se basear no método triádico diagnóstico-prognóstico-terapia. O terceiro texto foi escrito para o 6º Fórum Social, dedicado à discussão dos 10 artigos da Declaração das Nações Unidas sobre o Direito ao Desenvolvimento (1986), focado no tema dos direitos humanos. Abstract: This paper group three short texts wrote by the Norwegian international relations thinker Johan Galtung, who brought up the peace theme, researching peace and human rights. The first text is about a tribute to the 20th death anniversary of Willy Brandt (1913-1992), German social-democrat statesman, whose policy for the east Europe in the end of 60s (Ostopolitik), which brought dissention to east European countries, and, in time to come, the German unification, received the Nobel prize in 1971. The second text presents the hexagon project TRANSCEND, whose objective is study the contemporary hexagonal geopolitics, considering that the world's great geopolitics core would be USA, UE, Russia, China, India and the WTO, all bearers of positive and negative aspects, based on diagnoses-prognoses-therapy triadic method. The third text was written to the 6th Social Forum, meeting dedicated to discuss the 10 articles of the United Nations Declaration on the right to development (1986), focusing the human rights theme

Environmental impact assessment methods are now widely used in order to measure environmental impacts associated with human activities (for products, services, and systems). Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is without doubt the foremost assessment method. LCA is also often thought of as the more advanced one, despite serious limitations (e.g. LCA does not include properly economical or social dimensions). In this PhD report, I explore more specifically the issue of integrating time in both inventory models and impact assessments along the life-cycle. In the case of climate change, I offer an evolution of traditional LCA towards a framework that includes dynamic and cumulative aspects as expressed directly in CO2-equivalent. This approach, which is oriented towards reporting practices and/or public policies, is afterwards applied to three different case studies of growing complexity. The central hypothesis of this work is that switching from traditional to so-called "dynamic" LCA would allow for better results with regards to one reality of environmental processes ; Les méthodes d'évaluation environnementale sont de plus en plus utilisées pour mieux apprécier les impacts environnementaux générés par les activités humaines (produits, services, systèmes). L'analyse de cycle de vie (ACV) est sans doute la méthode d'évaluation la plus répandue. Elle est aussi souvent considérée comme la plus avancée, bien qu'elle comporte de sérieuses limites (elle n'intègre pas de réels indicateurs économiques ou sociaux, par exemple). Dans cette thèse de doctorat, j'examine plus particulièrement la problématique de l'intégration du temps dans les modèles d'inventaire et les calculs d'impact tout au long du cycle de vie. J'y présente une évolution de la méthodologie d'ACV traditionnelle pour le cas du réchauffement climatique, qui incorpore des aspects dynamiques et cumulatifs exprimés directement en équivalent-CO2. Cette perspective orientée vers une meilleure prise en compte dans les pratiques de reporting et/ou les politiques publiques est ensuite déclinée sur trois cas d'application de complexité croissante pour l'analyse. L'hypothèse centrale de ce travail est que le passage d'une ACV traditionnelle à une ACV dite « dynamique » permettrait d'obtenir des résultats d'évaluation d'impacts plus proches de la réalité des phénomènes environnementaux

En Colombia, la pobreza y el conflicto están estrechamente relacionados. Este estudio usa medidas de disuasión del gobierno como instrumentos de varias variables específicas de conflicto para estimar el impacto del conflicto sobre la pobreza en Colombia. Usando datos del censo a nivel municipal para el año 2005, evalúo el efecto sobre la incidencia urbana y rural del recientemente-desarrollado Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional. Los resultados sugieren que el conflicto aumenta significativamente la pobreza rural. Esto es consistente con el hecho que la mayor parte del conflicto en Colombia ocurre en las áreas rurales. También evalúo el efecto rezagado del conflicto en la pobreza para concluir que éste dura por al menos tres años pero que decae en el tiempo. Finalmente, pruebo que mis resultados son robustos a una batería de especificaciones adicionales, incluyendo una versión modificada de mi variable dependiente y el uso de una base alternativa de conflicto. ; The study of the relationship between conflict and poverty is very relevant in a country like Colombia, suffering one of the longest internal conflicts still present in the world today and being the second country in South America with the highest percentage of people below the poverty line. This study uses government deterrence measures as instruments of several conflict-specific variables to estimate the impact of conflict on poverty in Colombia. Using census-level data at the municipality level for 2005, I assess the effect on both the urban and rural incidence of the newly developed Multidimensional Poverty Index. The findings show that the incidence of conflict significantly increases rural poverty. This is consistent with the fact that most of the conflict in Colombia takes place in rural areas. I also explore the lagged effect of conflict on poverty to conclude that it lasts for at least three years, but decreases over time. Finally, I show that the results are robust to a battery of additional specifications, including the use of alternative conflict data and a modified version of the dependent variable.

El trabajo que se presenta está extraído de una tesis doctoral defendida en abril de 2003 por el mismo autor. En ella se ha elaborado una capa vectorial sobre la base de la Digital Chart of the World a la que se han añadido las principales líneas marítimas. Al tratarse de una red intercontinental con cerca de 100.000 arcos, la escala presentó problemas de proyección y una gran carga de trabajo para conseguir la actualización de los atributos, así como la garantía de su conectividad. En estos atributos se reflejó el tiempo de estiba en los puertos, la diferente impedancia en los medios (barco-camión-ferrocarril) y la rectificación de las distancias cuya traducción en valores métricos quedaba distorsionada al progresar en latitud. El modelo ha permitido explicar las razones del alejamiento de los flujos entre Marruecos y la Unión Europea a través de puertos alternativos a los del Estrecho de Gibraltar. Mediante el módulo Network de Esri ha podido ponerse de manifiesto la dudosa competitividad de un enlace fijo en el Estrecho de Gibraltar, las ventajas comparativas del Arco Mediterráneo, la identificación de centros estratégicos en la red, etc. De este modo se han aportado nuevas bases para considerar el papel de los corredores de transporte en los planes de infraestructuras. Este modelo fue empleado también en dos estudios de competitividad para dos nuevos puertos en proyecto: Plan de Orde- nación Territorial para el nuevo puerto Tánger-Med y Estudio de Sostenibilidad Socioeconómica del Puerto de Granadilla de Abona (Tenerife). ; This paper presents a model for analyzing and evaluating intermodal networks using a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. Shipping segments and terminals, such as harbours, stations and container depots have been added including dwelling time. This dynamic system covers Europe and North of Africa. Because of its arch only topology, all elements are included in the same database, making tasks updating easier. Distortions due to cartographic projections of a continental scale ...

En los últimos meses de ocupación paraguaya a la provincia de Corrientes, en el marco de la guerra de la Triple Alianza (1865-1870), y durante su retirada, la actitud de los paraguayos hacia loscorrentinos fue diferente de cuando comenzó el conflicto. En un inicio el ocupante intentó generar alguna atracción hacia los correntinos para que simpatizasen con su causa pero, con el transcurrir del tiempo y debido a las adversidades militares, el proceder se transformó violento y en ocasiones despiadado. Si bien en todos los departamentos correntinos ocupados se produjeron daños y perjuicios a la población civil, en algunos fue más intenso que en otros. El caso del poblado de Bella Vista adquirió dimensiones extremas y en el presente artículo se estudia el origen, desarrollo y consecuencias de los actos de violencia que soportaron los pobladores de aquel Departamento. Las principales fuentes utilizadas para este estudio provienen de los fondos documentales del Archivo Nacional de Asunción, el Archivo General de la Nación y el Archivo General de la Provincia de Corrientes. ; During the last months of the Paraguayan occupation to the province of Corrientes, as part of the Triple Aliance war (1865-1870), the Paraguayans attitude towards the people from Corrientes changed. Initially the occupants tried to generate some attraction over the people from Corrientes in order to make them sympathize with their cause. Nevertheless, over time and due to military adversities, the procedure turned violent and sometimes merciless. While all the peoples from the Departments of Corrientes suffered damages, some were more affected than others. The case of the town of Bella Vista acquired extreme dimensions. In this paper, we study the origin, development and consequences of the violence suffered by the people from that Department. The main sources used in this study are the documentary collections of the National Archives of Asuncion, the General Archive of the Nation and the General Archive of the Province of Corrientes.

Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales. Maestría en Derecho de la Información ; The subject 's right of cancellation of personal data held by individuals in Mexico, has been chosen because today with the advancement of information technology and communication, individuals, whether individuals or corporations, they can store, manage and transfer a lot of personal, same data as in several cases are provided by the owners, but in others they are obtained in different ways. Examples of personal information are: name, age, date and place of birth, phone number, postal address, email address, academic history, health status, religious and political beliefs, sexual orientation, among many others which constitute essential information through which you can reach directly or indirectly identify the owner of the personal data. So personal data are required for any activity we do in our daily life, personal data are provided by the owner when a bank loan is requested, you join an association, we entered a university, an airline ticket is purchased, among other common situations in which we can mention several personal data is delivered. On the contrary a clear example of the collection of personal data when the owner does not provide them, comes the time when a business sells to other a personal database that were provided to the company that the collection for a particular purpose, but the holder of such data did not authorize the transfer of your information to another company. ; El tema el derecho de cancelación de datos personales en posesión de particulares en México, se ha elegido porque actualmente con el avance de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, los particulares, ya sean personas físicas o morales, pueden almacenar, manejar y transferir una gran cantidad de datos personales, mismos que en varios casos son proporcionados por sus titulares, pero en otros son obtenidos de formas diferentes. Ejemplos de datos personales son: el nombre, apellidos, edad, fecha y lugar de nacimiento, número ...

Granada's Town Council did not become fully established until almost nine years after the Castilian conquest of the city and shortly after the conversion forced by the monarchs immediately after their crushing of the Moorish revolt in 1499. Since the fall of 1500, the municipal institution became the crucible for the encounter between the "cristianoviejos" (old Christians) and the Moorish elites. The merger of these two sectors took place, nevertheless, in the context of interoligarchic rivalries which became particularly tense from 1508 onwards. This context was marked by a división into factions and the strong political patronage led by the second count of Tendilla and the Gran Capitán until 1515. The study of these clashes is addressed in the last three sections of this paper. The first two are devoted to the analysis of the social profiles of the early municipal leaders of Granada together with the material bases that enabled their access to power at the time. ; El Ayuntamiento de Granada no se constituyó de manera definitiva hasta casi nueve años después de que se produjera la conquista castellana de la ciudad y al poco de la conversión forzosa que fue dictada por los reyes tras sofocar la revuelta mudéjar de 1499. A partir del otoño de 1500, la institución municipal fue el crisol en el que se fundieron las élites morisca y cristianovieja. Pero esa fusión se produjo en un contexto de rivalidades intraoligár-quicas, que fueron especialmente tensas a partir de 1508, en un contexto dominado por la actuación de bandos y clientelas políticas que, hasta 1515, estuvieron capitaneadas por el segundo conde de Tendilla y el Gran Capitán. El estudio de esos enfrentamientos se aborda en el último de los tres apartados de este trabajo. Los dos primeros se dedican al conocimiento de los perfiles sociales, las bases materiales y las formas en que accedieron al poder los primeros dirigentes municipales granadinos.

International audience ; BACKGROUND: Many studies have been published over the past decade on patients' views about the provision of health care. Though there is a high level of migration within the European Union, there are no studies on migrants' views about the provision of care in the country to which they moved. Given the wide spectrum of primary care in Europe, we hypothesised, without prejudging the outcome, that patients' confidence in the system they left, used as a proxy of 'the experience of care', may influence their preferences regarding specific aspects of care in the host country. The objective of the study was to analyse British migrants' views on general practice care in France. METHODS: A telephone survey was conducted with a random sample of the adult population of British people residing in France. Participants were 437 women and 423 men, aged 18 and over, who had consulted a general practitioner at least once during the past 12 months. The main outcome measures were the responses to the 23-item Europep questionnaire evaluating different aspects of general practice care, using a five-point answering scale with the extremes labelled as "poor" and "excellent". RESULTS: Participants were generally satisfied with the GP care provided. The aspects that were rated the highest were related to the doctor-patient relationship which over 80% of the respondents judged as excellent or very good. Some aspects of the organisation of services received relatively negative evaluations. For instance, "waiting time in the waiting room" was evaluated as excellent or very good by only 40% of the respondents. Twenty seven percent of the respondents were not confident in the National Health Service (NHS) when they were still living in UK. After adjusting for age, sex and number of years of residence in France, the respondents who were not confident in the NHS provided a score of "excellent" significantly more frequently (on 11 out of the 23 aspects of care) than did the patients who were confident in the NHS. Most ...

International audience ; BACKGROUND: Many studies have been published over the past decade on patients' views about the provision of health care. Though there is a high level of migration within the European Union, there are no studies on migrants' views about the provision of care in the country to which they moved. Given the wide spectrum of primary care in Europe, we hypothesised, without prejudging the outcome, that patients' confidence in the system they left, used as a proxy of 'the experience of care', may influence their preferences regarding specific aspects of care in the host country. The objective of the study was to analyse British migrants' views on general practice care in France. METHODS: A telephone survey was conducted with a random sample of the adult population of British people residing in France. Participants were 437 women and 423 men, aged 18 and over, who had consulted a general practitioner at least once during the past 12 months. The main outcome measures were the responses to the 23-item Europep questionnaire evaluating different aspects of general practice care, using a five-point answering scale with the extremes labelled as "poor" and "excellent". RESULTS: Participants were generally satisfied with the GP care provided. The aspects that were rated the highest were related to the doctor-patient relationship which over 80% of the respondents judged as excellent or very good. Some aspects of the organisation of services received relatively negative evaluations. For instance, "waiting time in the waiting room" was evaluated as excellent or very good by only 40% of the respondents. Twenty seven percent of the respondents were not confident in the National Health Service (NHS) when they were still living in UK. After adjusting for age, sex and number of years of residence in France, the respondents who were not confident in the NHS provided a score of "excellent" significantly more frequently (on 11 out of the 23 aspects of care) than did the patients who were confident in the NHS. Most ...

Background: The main aim of China's Health Care System Reform was to help the decision maker find the optimal solution to China's institutional problem of health care provider selection. A pilot health care provider research system was recently organized in China's health care system, and it could efficiently collect the data for determining the optimal solution to China's institutional problem of health care provider selection from various experts, then the purpose of this study was to apply the optimal implementation methodology to help the decision maker effectively promote various experts' views into various optimal solutions to this problem under the support of this pilot system. Methods: After the general framework of China's institutional problem of health care provider selection was established, this study collaborated with the National Bureau of Statistics of China to commission a large-scale 2009 to 2010 national expert survey (n = 3,914) through the organization of a pilot health care provider research system for the first time in China, and the analytic network process (ANP) implementation methodology was adopted to analyze the dataset from this survey. Results: The market-oriented health care provider approach was the optimal solution to China's institutional problem of health care provider selection from the doctors' point of view; the traditional government's regulation-oriented health care provider approach was the optimal solution to China's institutional problem of health care provider selection from the pharmacists' point of view, the hospital administrators' point of view, and the point of view of health officials in health administration departments; the public private partnership (PPP) approach was the optimal solution to China's institutional problem of health care provider selection from the nurses' point of view, the point of view of officials in medical insurance agencies, and the health care researchers' point of view. Conclusions: The data collected through a pilot health care provider research system in the 2009 to 2010 national expert survey could help the decision maker effectively promote various experts' views into various optimal solutions to China's institutional problem of health care provider selection.

Недооценка возможностей использования гендерного ресурса развития, в том числе социального потенциала женщин, дорого обходится национальной экономике. Существует прямая связь между уровнем человеческого развития и уровнем гендерного неравенства в обществе. Глобальные доклады ПРООН убедительно это подтверждают. В России в последние годы не наблюдается прогресса в отношении сокращения гендерного неравенства, и в то же время существуют гендерные проблемы, ведущие к стагнации социального развития. Это: разрыв в заработной плате женщин и мужчин, который составляет более 1/3, неоплачиваемый труд в домашнем хозяйстве, феминизация бедности, миграция, в том числе нелегальная, оказывающая заметное влияние на социальное воспроизводство в регионах, проституция, порнография и др. Все это требует пересмотра традиционных подходов в государственном управлении. Одним из путей повышения внимания государства к гендерным проблемам выступает использование концепции гендерно ориентированного государственного управления. Ее внедрение в управленческую практику государственных органов следует считать социальной инновацией, поскольку это требует не только использования новых методов и средств управления, но и, в первую очередь, изменения ценностных ориентаций чиновников, повышения их гендерной компетентности. ; Underestimation of the gender resource of development, including social potential of women, inhibits the development of national economy. There is a direct relationship between the level of human development and the level of gender inequality in society. Global reports of UNDP convincingly confirm it. In Russia in recent years, there is no progress in reducing gender inequality, and at the same time, there are gender issues that lead to the stagnation of social development. These are: the wage gap between women and men, which is more than one third, unpaid work in the household, the feminization of poverty, migration, including illegal, prostitution, pornography, etc. All of this requires revision of the traditional approaches to the public administration. One of the ways to draw the government's attention to gender issues is the using of the concept of gender-based public administration. Its applying into the practices of public authorities should be regarded as social innovation, as it requires not only the using of new methods and means of management, but, first of all, changing of the value orientations of official s, increasi ng of the ir gend er competence.