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This paper discusses the basic constitutional problem of modern international law since the UN Charter: How can the power-oriented international legal system based on "sovereign equality of states" be reconciled with the universal recognition of "inalienable" human rights deriving from respect for human dignity and popular sovereignty? State representatives, intergovernmental organizations, international judges and non-governmental organizations often express different views on how far the universal recognition of human rights has changed the subjects, structures, general principles, interpretative methods and "object and purpose" of international law (e.g. by the emergence of erga omnes obligations and jus cogens limiting state sovereignty to renounce human rights treaties, to refuse diplomatic protection of individuals abroad, or domestic implementation of international obligations for the benefit of domestic citizens). The paper explains why effective protection of human rights at home and abroad requires multilevel constitutional protection of individual rights as well as multilevel constitutional restraints of national, regional and worldwide governance powers and procedures. While all European states have accepted that the European Convention on Human Rights and EC law have evolved into international constitutional law, the prevailing paradigm for most states outside Europe remains "constitutional nationalism" rather than "multilevel constitutional pluralism." Consequently, European proposals for reforms of international economic law often aim at "constitutional reforms" (e.g. of worldwide governance institutions) rather than only "administrative reforms", as they are frequently favoured by non-European governments defending state sovereignty and popular sovereignty within a more power-oriented "international law among states."

Randall Peerenboom has become one of the most prolific specialists writing in English about the legal system of post-Mao China. In his latest book, Peerenboom provides a summary overview of the development of the post-Mao legal system, drawing on a number of his previously published works on issues such as lawyers, globalization, human rights, and legal theory.

"Printed and published under Government authority." ; Mode of access: Internet.

For gay, queer and bisexual men, and men who have sex with men (MSM), the presence of apps such as Grindr, Scruff, Tinder, Recon, and others have long represented a complex online ecosystem in which identities are formed and constructed in a space intensely governed by social, contractual, and–increasingly–criminal law backed regulation and norms. The publication of the UK Government's Online Safety Bill in late 2020 and revised Bill in March 2022 marked a further legal and policy intervention in regulating online harms to improve safety. It follows other interventions, notably the Criminal Justice and Court Act 2015, which criminalises intimate image sharing in cases where it is done without consent and intends to cause distress. This article draws on original focus group data to examine the navigation of these "Dating" Apps and Networks by their users from a novel perspective arguing that the current legal approach risks both over and under-legislating what is a complex and subtle online ecosystem. It focuses on the construction of identities–the characteristic proxies deployed, management of location-aware features, visuality, and images (re)shared. We seek to provide an essential counterpoint to existing and dominant narratives relating to online safety and identity regulation.

In the scientific article in general form the main provisions of the contract system of procurement of goods, works and services under the Law No. 44-FZ are considered. The conclusion is made that the contract system has a positive effect on the activities of unitary enterprises in Russia, whose transactions have become open and transparent, while business entities are placed in equal conditions for carrying out entrepreneurial activities, which positively affects the development of competition in the country. It was also concluded that it is necessary to improve the norms of the current legislation on contract purchases in terms of participation in them of large branches of unitary enterprises and other organizations that have a network of branches.

The legal recognition of the gender identity that regulates the change of the "sex" field by the "gender" field in the Identity Document, is recognized for the first time in the legislative history of Ecuador in the Ley Orgánica de Gestión de la Identidad y Datos Civiles. Because of it, this Law has been considered an important milestone for the assertion of the rights of trans people. However, due to the hetero-normative, cisnormative and binary system rooted in Ecuadorian legislation, this law establishes restrictive and invasive regulations that pathologize identities that differ from what is considered traditionally "normal", thus violating the rights of these people. Therefore, these regulations must be analyzed in regard to the international human rights treaties and the Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador. ; El reconocimiento legal de la identidad de género que regula el cambio del campo "sexo" por el de "género" en la Cédula de Identidad, se reconoce por primera vez en la historia legislativa del Ecuador en la en la Ley Orgánica de Gestión de la Identidad y Datos Civiles. Motivo por el cual esta ley ha sido considerada un hito importante para la reivindicación de los derechos de los trans. No obstante, debido al sistema heteronormativo, cisnormativo y binario arraigado en la legislación ecuatoriana, esta ley establece regulaciones restrictivas e invasivas que patologizan a las identidades que difieren de lo considerado tradicionalmente "normal", vulnerando así, los derechos de estas personas. Por ello, estas regulaciones deben ser analizadas a la luz de lo establecido por los Tratados Internacionales de Derechos Humanos y por la Constitución de la República del Ecuador.

Resumen El presente trabajo, con base en el análisis o enfoque de redes sustentado metodológicamente en la revisión de Literatura académica generada en torno de la temática, intenta desarrollar la tesis según la cual la sociedad civil y la economía informal representan fuerzas o movimientos complejos en la red social, de acercamiento y alejamiento a la gestión de lo público y al Estado.Palabras clave: Estado, Economía Informal, Sociedad Civil, Redes.

Children are often the victims of armed conflict. One way in which international law seeks to protect them is by prohibiting their recruitment as child soldiers. Once recruited, however, the question arises as to whether they may or should be targeted and killed in the same manner as an adult in the same position. In this respect, there is relatively little discussion as to what the law is, and – aside from a 2013 think-piece by Frédéric Mégret – even less about what the law should be. This article attempts to kick-start that debate. A survey of international law confirms that child combatants and participants in hostilities may be targeted in the same manner as adults. Mégret's proposed reform, whereby child soldiers would only be targetable while participating in hostilities, is problematic, but child soldiers should arguably be entitled to some form of additional protection. As such, this article proposes that child soldiers under the age of 12 only be targetable in self-defence, a reform which would better balance the competing considerations of humanity and military necessity.