Suchergebnisse

El siguiente ensayo busca analizar la relación, durante los últimos quince años, entre: Estado, educación y política en Venezuela, bajo la consideración teórica de Maximiliano Weber y las perspectivas de la educación para el futuro de Edgar Morín. Ambos autores permiten hacer una revisión al ejercicio del poder entre las instituciones del Estado para la formación de ciudadanía y proyectar las deficiencias existentes dentro del sistema educativo venezolano que contravienen la consolidación de una educación para el fortalecimiento y desarrollo de los ciudadanos. En este sentido, se pretende develar los criterios que se manejan en la educación ciudadana y la responsabilidad del Estado en mantener y establecer la normativa de la relación entre las instituciones y los ciudadanos. ; The following essay analyzes the relationship during the past fifteen years, including: State, education and politics in Venezuela, under the theoretical consideration of Maximilian Weber and prospects of education for the future of Edgar Morin. Both authors allow to revise the exercise of power between state institutions for the formation of citizenship and project existing deficiencies within the Venezuelan educational system that contravene the consolidation of education for the strengthening and development of citizens. In this sense, it is intended to reveal the criteria that are used in public education and state responsibility to maintain and establish the rules of the relationship between institutions and citizens. ; 75-80 ; azurduy@yahoo.com, azurduyvon@gmail.com ; Semestral

En la actualidad se hablan casi 7 mil lenguas en el mundo, donde la interacción entre las sociedades es cada vez mayor, gracias al desarrollo tecnológico del transporte, la información y la comunicación; el fenómeno de las lenguas emergentes adquiere más vigor y presencia en el escenario geopolítico mundial y requiere más atención por parte de los gobiernos e interesados en estos temas. Es el caso de la lengua indonesia, mejor conocida como Bahasa Indonesia, la cual es la lengua ofi cial de la República de Indonesia, hablada por unos 280 millones de personas en el sudeste asiático, cuyas características lingüísticas, lucen bastante accesibles a los hispanohablantes. ; In a world like today, where almost 7000 languages are spoken, where the interaction between societies of diff erent countries is growing, driven by the development of transportation means, new information and communication technologies, the phenomenon of emerging languages, which are now gaining more strength and presence in the global geopolitical scenario are requiring more attention from governments and scholars. Th is is the case of the Indonesian language, known as Bahasa Indonesia, which is the offi cial language of the Republic of Indonesia, and which is spoken by about 280 million people in Southeastern Asia thanks to its linguistic features, seems quite accessible for Spanish speakers. ; 157-164 ; alportillo@ula.ve, alportillo12@gmail.com, alpor6@hotmail.com ; Semestral

ABSTRACTOne of the government's efforts through the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2010 in reducing the infantmortality rate in Indonesia is improving infants nutrition and promote exclusive breastfeeding early breastfeedinginitiation. Early initiation of breastfeeding has many benefits for both mother and baby. This study aimed to comparemeconium spending time and meconium color change and the incidence of physiologic jaundice in infants whoreceived and did not receive early breastfeeding initiation (IMD). This study was a cross sectional analytical studyconducted at the Achmad Mochtar Hospital Bukittinggi. Forty-two maternity patients divided into two groups thatprovide IMD and unprovide IMD group to her baby. In each group assessed first meconium spending time in minutes,the time change meconium original colour of dark green to yellow and counted since birth in hours and the incidenceof physiologic jaundice in infants. All babies kept getting breastfeeding. There were no significant differences in themean time the first meconium spending time in both groups (131.42 minutes and 163.33 minutes, p> 0.05). There aresignificant differences in the mean time meconium colour changes from dark green to yellow (50.14 hours and 94.36hours, p <0.05). Early initiation of breastfeeding also lowers the incidence of physiological jaundice were significantly(p <0.05). Early initiation of breastfeeding did not affect spending time first meconium but accelerate meconiumcolor changes from dark green to yellow. Early initiation of breastfeeding also lowers the incidence of neonataljaundice.Keywords : Early initiation of breastfeeding, meconium, neonatal jaundice

ABSTRACTOne of the government's efforts through the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2010 in reducing the infantmortality rate in Indonesia is improving infants nutrition and promote exclusive breastfeeding early breastfeedinginitiation. Early initiation of breastfeeding has many benefits for both mother and baby. This study aimed to comparemeconium spending time and meconium color change and the incidence of physiologic jaundice in infants whoreceived and did not receive early breastfeeding initiation (IMD). This study was a cross sectional analytical studyconducted at the Achmad Mochtar Hospital Bukittinggi. Forty-two maternity patients divided into two groups thatprovide IMD and unprovide IMD group to her baby. In each group assessed first meconium spending time in minutes,the time change meconium original colour of dark green to yellow and counted since birth in hours and the incidenceof physiologic jaundice in infants. All babies kept getting breastfeeding. There were no significant differences in themean time the first meconium spending time in both groups (131.42 minutes and 163.33 minutes, p> 0.05). There aresignificant differences in the mean time meconium colour changes from dark green to yellow (50.14 hours and 94.36hours, p <0.05). Early initiation of breastfeeding also lowers the incidence of physiological jaundice were significantly(p <0.05). Early initiation of breastfeeding did not affect spending time first meconium but accelerate meconiumcolor changes from dark green to yellow. Early initiation of breastfeeding also lowers the incidence of neonataljaundice.Keywords : Early initiation of breastfeeding, meconium, neonatal jaundice

This article was first published by Cogitatio in Urban Planning on June 21, 2016, available online: http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v1i2.627 . This article is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ; As more and more governments share open data, tech developers respond by creating apps using these data to generate content or provide services that citizens may find useful. More recently, there is an increase in popularity of the civic hackathon. These time-limited events gather tech enthusiasts, government workers and interested citizens, in a collaborative environment to apply government open data in developing software applications that address issues of shared civic importance. Building on the Johnson and Robinson (2014) framework for understanding the civic hackathon phenomenon, Canadian municipal staff with civic hackathon experience were interviewed about their motivations for and benefits derived from participation in these events. Two broad themes emerged from these interviews. First, through the development of prototypical apps using municipal open data and other data sets, civic hackathons help put open data into public use. Second, civic hackathons provide government staff with valuable feedback about municipal open data sets informing and evolving future open data releases. This paper concludes with reflections for urban planners about how civic hackathons might be used in their practice and with recommendations for municipal staff considering using civic hackathons to add value to municipal open data. ; Peer-reviewed

Global rise of composite material demand has led to major legacy problems of manufacturing and end of life waste. The heterogeneous nature of composite material is the main challenge for recycling. In the European Union, tighter legislation on landfill, increasing landfill tax and loss of valuable material are driving the need for development of composite recycling technology. However, the recycling environmental benefits may not be optimised due to lack of high integrity environmental datasets. This study considered mechanical, high voltage fragmentation (HVF) and chemical recycling methods. New carbon footprint models were developed for each process. Experimental modelling was used to provide detailed process data associated with the processes. The Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) of the processes were evaluated through life cycle assessment studies. This work identifies that the electrical energy demand dominates the overall resource footprint in mechanical and HVF recycling methods. For both processes, extended tool life and optimised processing rate could significantly reduce the carbon footprint per unit of weight of waste processed. Environmental impact of the chemical recycling method was highly dominated by acetone used as the solvent. The refined datasets generated in this study enable better resource analysis to minimise carbon footprint of composite recycling processes. This is hoped to help increase market value of the recyclates by highlighting the environmental benefits gained through potential reuse applications.

In a world order without a sole hegemon, the dialectic relationship between the main global players and emerging powers enables nation-states to strategically favor their national interests as well as mutually beneficial alliances, whilst the multipolar world becomes strengthened. This article draws on this context of 'interdependent hegemony' to explore the existing relationship between Venezuela, as a swing state, and China, as one of the Big Three global powers. Particularly, I focus on Venezuelan efforts to develop, at the domestic and regional level, a counterhegemonic political project against the US and how China is considered a valuable ally to acquire more independence. However, this situation of interdependence can paradoxically lead to a new kind of dependence, in this case on China. To analyze these relations, I propose a conceptual framework consisting of three dimensions: 1) the international positioning towards other Northern and Southern countries and whether the relationship is conceived in terms of conflict or cooperation; 2) the economic model and how it conditions the relationship between countries and whether relationships or dependence are generated; and 3) the development of a political and economic model which can inspire or be followed by other countries. Although China's influence and increasing power in Venezuela is unquestionable in economic terms, the Venezuelan government uses its agreements with China strategically to legitimate its policies, in the name of a South-socialist alternative, and to reaffirm its international positioning.

The article analyzes the relationship between real GDP (the main indicator of the macroeconomic dynamics) and the condition of the state budget. Carried brief overview of the theoretical propositions that characterize the nature and extent of this dependence. The empirical verification of theoretical positions on static data in UkraineareImplemented.The results of empirical research show that the deficit of consolidated budget is formed in Ukraine irrespective of the stage of economic cycle. Moreover, the free term of the obtained regression equation is statistically significant and has positive value; it means the budget deficit is formed in the conditions of economic growth too.An interpretation of the obtained results can be the formulation of rather logical, in modern terms, suggestion about the availability of high-level political populism in decision-making in the field of state finances as a long-term feature of Ukraine's development, which predetermines a high statistically significant positive value of the free term in the obtained regression equations. ; Проанализирована взаимосвязь между реальным ВВП (основным показателем, который характеризует макроэкономическую динамику) и состоянием государственного бюджета. Проведен короткий обзор основных теоретических положений, которые характеризуют характер и степень этой зависимости. Осуществлена эмпирическая проверка теоретических положений на статичных данных по Украине. ; Проаналізовано взаємозв'язок між реальним ВВП (основним показником, що характеризує макроекономічну динаміку) і станом державного бюджету. Проведено короткий огляд основних теоретичних положень, що характеризують характер і ступінь цієї залежності. Здійснено емпіричну перевірку теоретичних положень на статичних даних в Україні.

Actuality of the article`s material is connected with the considerable social and ideological influence over the development of modern state campaign as for Presidential elections in 2010. During the period of these elections political actors – Victor Yanukovych – have demonstrated the variety of president election strategies based upon the exchange and convertation of different types of the capital. The analysis of the converting electoral strategies used to see the qualitative and descriptive characteristics of modern Ukrainian politics and estimate its efficiency and maturity. ; Актуальность материала, изложенного в статье, обусловлена значительным социальным и идеологическим влиянием, которое оказала кампания по выборам Президента Украины 2010 года. Ее политические игроки, в частности В.Ф. Янукович, продемонстрировали разноплановые предвыборные стратегии, которые являются отображением конвертации разнообразных видов капитала. Анализ примененных во время президентской кампании конвертационных избирательных стратегий позволяет взглянуть на сущностные характеристики современного украинского политикума, дать оценку степени его эффективности и зрелости, как в целом, так и отдельных политических актеров ; Актуальність матеріалу, викладеного у статті, зумовлена значним соціальним та ідеологічним впливом, який створила кампанія з виборів Президента України 2010 року. Її політичні гравці, зокрема В. Ф. Янукович, продемонстрували різнопланові передвиборчі стратегії, які є відображенням конвертації різноманітних видів капіталу. Аналіз застосованих під час президентської кампанії конвертаційних виборчих стратегій дозволяє поглянути на сутнісні характеристики сучасного українського політикуму, дати оцінку ступеню його ефективності та зрілості, як у цілому, так і окремих політичних акторів.

The increase in global warming, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions has gained attention in various regions. In Malaysia, the government announced a voluntary commitment to reduce 40% of CO2 emissions by 2020 and to refurbish 100 government buildings. Existing buildings make a large contribution to energy consumption and CO2 emissions, therefore refurbishing existing buildings is an essential strategy to achieve the commitment. There is no single assessment scheme for building refurbishment in Malaysia and hence, this study aims to develop a comprehensive list of assessment themes and sub-themes for building refurbishment purposes. It examines and compares ten assessment schemes from various countries: BREEAM, LEED, CASBEE, BEAM Plus, GBLS, Green Star, HQE, Green Mark, GBI and MyCrest. The findings revealed fourteen themes that were considered for assessment: Management, Sustainable Site, Transport, Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ), Water, Waste, Material, Energy, Pollution, Innovation, Economic, Social, Culture and Quality of Services. Energy and IEQ are dominant themes in all assessment schemes. Most of the schemes are considered relatively weak in evaluating economic and social aspects, in comparison to environmental aspects. The assessment of quality of services is overlooked in most of the schemes, including GBI and MyCrest in Malaysia. Outcomes from this paper will form the baseline for a new environmental assessment scheme that aimed at non-domestic building refurbishments in Malaysia. A new model is proposed for the development of an environmental assessment scheme in the further stage.

International audience ; In industrialized nations, local food networks have generally been analyzed through alternative food systems, in spite of the fact that they are much more diverse than this would imply. In France, 'short food chains' are both a continuation of a long tradition and a recent trend which now extends beyond activists, to consumers and producers as well. This paper will explore the conditions under which these chains can change the practices and knowledge of ordinary actors in urban food systems, from producers to urban consumers and policy-makers, in the area of agriculture and sustainability. It will consider the case study of the creation and development of an urban open-air market which has been analyzed using intervention research with input from economic sociology. We will highlight how personal relations, which are encouraged by a participatory context, support the evolution of practices and knowledge. We will also illustrate how a system of produce labelling has emerged as a mediation resource, and has increased changes as well as participation within the re-territorialization of the urban food system. By describing a concrete expression of food democracy which is spreading in France via a free collective trademark, and by showing its role in the transition of 'ordinary' actors towards a more sustainable agriculture, this paper will shine new light onto local food chains as well as traditional short food chains, and will call for more research on the subject.

The paper aims to provide a historical context for understanding the transition of China's development strategies from the "keeping a low profile" approach (Chinese: Tao Guang Yang Hui) during the past three decades to the current "striving for achievement" approach (Chinese: You Suo Zuo Wei) in recent years. The former lays a foundation for China's peaceful environment and economic success, while the latter represents a shift toward a more proactive foreign policy. The paper examines the two strategies from historical, regional and global perspectives and analyses the motivation behind China's current strategic repositioning. The author proposes an analytical lens of combining both Neo-Gramscian IR theory and the world system theory in order to comprehend the nexus between the accumulation and consolidation of China's internal hegemony and its inevitable outward expansion. What are the implications of China's outward expansion of its global strategy? The author argues that Beijing's capital and hegemonic outward expansion represents a world system's new round of capital and production relocation, which will dialectically enlarge or reduce "room for maneuver" and increase or decrease "upward mobility" for developing regions including Latin America. The paper concludes that it is in the political and economic interest of Latin America to seize the chance of this external "promotion by invitation" and to increase its upward mobility by finding the strategic convergence with China's global strategy.

In a world order without a sole hegemon, the dialectic relationship between the main global players and emerging powers enables nation-states to strategically favor their national interests as well as mutually beneficial alliances, whilst the multipolar world becomes strengthened. This article draws on this context of 'interdependent hegemony' to explore the existing relationship between Venezuela, as a swing state, and China, as one of the Big Three global powers. Particularly, I focus on Venezuelan efforts to develop, at the domestic and regional level, a counterhegemonic political project against the US and how China is considered a valuable ally to acquire more independence. However, this situation of interdependence can paradoxically lead to a new kind of dependence, in this case on China. To analyze these relations, I propose a conceptual framework consisting of three dimensions: 1) the international positioning towards other Northern and Southern countries and whether the relationship is conceived in terms of conflict or cooperation; 2) the economic model and how it conditions the relationship between countries and whether relationships or dependence are generated; and 3) the development of a political and economic model which can inspire or be followed by other countries. Although China's influence and increasing power in Venezuela is unquestionable in economic terms, the Venezuelan government uses its agreements with China strategically to legitimate its policies, in the name of a South-socialist alternative, and to reaffirm its international positioning.

Bu çalışma, Japonya'nın insani güvenlik çerçevesindeki gündem oluşturma konusundaki diskurlarını ve uygulamalarını ele almayı hedeflemektedir. Buna göre çalışma Japonya'nın İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası dönemde olumlu ve militarizm karşıtı bir imaj çizmek adına Doğu Asya devletleri ile ilişkilerinde bir güven mekanizması oluşturmaya çalıştığını iddia etmektedir. Japonya bu mekanizmayı, özellikle 1990larla beraber, Resmi Kalkınma Yardımları politikasına entegre ettiği insani güvenlik gündemi ile yürütmeye çalışmaktadır. Tokyo bu gündemi, hem kendi politikalarında hem de Doğu Asya'nın geri kalanında yeni ve bir kapsamlı anlayış olarak geliştirmektedir. Bu süreç, zaman içinde bölgede artı toplamlı bir oyun paradigması oluşturmuştur. Söz konusu paradigma hem Tokyo ile ortaklaşa girişimlerde Japonya kadar diğer ortakların da kazançlarını arttırmakta hem de bölgenin bilişsel ve fiziksel ikliminin istikrarına katkı sağlamaktadır. ; This study aims to investigate the main discourses and practices on Japan's approaches for agenda setting on human security. It argues that as a way of endorsing its positive and anti-militaristic image and reinforcing the basic trust mechanism created in the post-war years among East Asian countries, Japanese policy makers in the 1990s have elaborated a human security agenda centered on the country's Official Development Assistance policy. Tokyo promoted this agenda as a new and comprehensive outlook for both itself and the rest of the region. This process then created a context, a positive sum gain paradigm, which is mutually beneficial for the participants of the relationship, promoting a more stable cognitive and physical regional environment.

International audience ; BackgroundMalaria is endemic in French Guiana, an overseas territory of France on the Guiana Shield. Since 2005, notified malaria cases are decreasing. However, new data show that malaria affects many Brazilian gold miners working illegally in French Guiana, the majority of whom are not counted in official data. In addition, one major concern is the usual practice of improper self-treatment in this mining population, raising fear of the development of antimalarial resistance. This prospective study, conducted in 2015, aimed to estimate the prevalence of Plasmodium spp. in illegal gold miners working in French Guiana. MethodsThe recruitment of gold miners was carried out in resting sites along the French Guiana-Suriname border, where they go for supplies, medical care or leisure. After recording agreement, three malaria diagnostic methods were performed: rapid diagnostic test, microscopy and PCR,ResultsAmong 421 persons recruited in the study, malaria prevalence, detected by nested-PCR, was 22.3% (CI=[18.3-26.3], n=94/421) of which 84% were asymptomatic. ConclusionThis significant malaria reservoir in a mobile and illegal population with difficult access to a health care system raises the threat of artemisinin resistance and puts the population of the Guiana Shield at risk of new transmission foci while countries of the region aim at malaria elimination. Even though French legislation may hamper dealing with this population, France must face the reality of malaria in illegal gold miners in order to meet its commitment to malaria elimination.