The article introduces a source of military pedagogics in the beginning of Independent Lithuanian State's formation. The article discloses problems of soldiers training in the beginning of the XX-th century in Lithuanian Army, a contribution of a colonel-lieutenant Vaclovas Biržiška and a colonel Konstantinas Žukas to the military science. There in the article is also analyzed the point of view of these two authors to the young Lihuanian Army, the psychological and pedagogical basis of the army's formation, a connection of military pedagogics with the common pedagogics and other sciences.
Moral principles and norms of the society have to be the orientation for the human - being to behave in the right way as well as they are the reflection of human behaviour, conscious and relations. The difference between the ideal and the reality is creating the issues of morality. Moral issues were and they still are very interesting for the society and for military forces in particular. In the period of 1918-1940 Lithuanian military forces were creating their traditions and customs. But they were forming only traditional rituals without understanding of their meanings. Lithuanian higher officers and commander were trying to form military conscious but it was too difficult task for Lithuanian Army in such short period of Lithuanian independency. Other way the most educated officers tried to describe the main principles of military ethics and to understand the meaning of real professional moral values and military honour.[.]
PurposeDecision speed, flexibility, and innovation have often been cited as key ingredients to business success on the turbulent twenty‐first century business landscape. Sets out to argue that the increasing emphasis on legal and regulatory compliance, the push for which can be attributed to the spectacular collapses of WorldCom and Enron, will burden management with decision‐making speed‐bumps as opposed to protecting shareholders' interests.Design/methodology/approachThe impact of legal and regulatory compliance is discussed within the business decision‐making context. Businesses succeed or fail in a dynamic environment where the smallest advantage can push one competitor ahead of another. Arguments in favour of increasing legal compliance are debated and the impacts of proposed regulatory compliance issues are discussed within the context of the competing business firm and its need for speed and flexibility.FindingsThe issue of increasing and stricter compliance for business is far‐reaching. Attempting to protect shareholder interests through further measures of compliance will only introduce further operating complexities for management while increasing costs and reducing decision speeds and flexibility. The impact on firms forced to compete under such conditions will be considerable, particularly if they find themselves on an international landscape competing against firms not burdened with the same regulatory requirements.Originality/valueThis paper is based on original work by the authors commencing with issues surrounding shareholders versus stakeholders, followed by a debate concerning corporate governance mechanisms and a discussion concerning the consequences and impacts of levying further regulatory burdens on business and managers.
, following commitments under Chapter 13 of Agenda 21 on the management of fragile ecosystems, various international policy texts were drawn up in the 1990s. However, mountain forests have not so far been the subject of specific intergovernmental proposals, criteria and indicators for the sustainable management of these forests, which justify a priori special political attention. This article presents the results of an analysis of three European texts dealing with mountain forests: resolution 54 of the First Ministerial Conference on Forest Protection in Europe (CMPFE) of 1990, the Mountain Forests Protocol to the Alpine Convention of 1991; and the White Paper on Mountain Forest (2000). On the basis of the Helsinki Process, we identified from this analysis a set of criteria and indicators specific to mountain forests, characterising the European legislative context. ; Suite aux engagements du chapitre 13 de l'Agenda 21 portant sur la gestion des écosystèmes fragiles, divers textes politiques de portée internationale ont été établis dans les années 1990. Cependant, les forêts de montagne, justifiant a priori d'une attention politique particulière, n'ont pas fait l'objet jusqu'à présent de propositions intergouvernementales spécifiques, de critères et indicateurs pour la gestion durable de ces forêts. Cet article présente les résultats d'une analyse qui a porté sur trois textes européens traitant des forêts de montagne : la résolution 54 de la première Conférence ministérielle sur la Protection des Forêts en Europe (CMPFE) de 1990 le protocole Forêts de montagne de la Convention alpine de 1991 ; et le Livre blanc de la Forêt de montagne (2000). Sur la base du Processus d'Helsinki, nous avons identifié à partir de cette analyse un ensemble de critères et indicateurs spécifiques aux forêts de montagne, caractérisant le contexte normatif européen.
Although Turkey has been knocking on the EU's gates for almost four decades, only the echo of that knock was being heard in Lithuania until 2004. After Lithuania joined the EU, the question of Turkish membership in the EU was by design added to the agenda of the Lithuanian government's foreign policy. High-ranking state officials rushed to assure both citizens and the world that Lithuania supports the objectives of Turkey, whereas opposition (rightist) parties expressed concern about the lack of debate on this issue in the Parliament, the government and society in general. The opinion of the society, to which the Lithuanian government had not yet appealed in any way, is not clear yet. Political analysts and journalists writing on this issue tend to demonize Turkey and practically frighten the general public. It seems that a passively negative mood is settling over ordinary citizens, which in the case of referendum can become potential "No's" to the Turkish membership in the Bloc.
This article aims to review the economic cooperation between two countries, with more attention devoted to the energy sector as seen in the light of positive economics that describes the world as it is - through statistical indicators, calculations, statements and examples (as opposite to normative economics). The intentions are to analyze the economic trends, events and facts in Russia and Lithuania between the years 2004-2005, focusing on the significance of the national energy system, explaining reasons of certain solutions, unveiling the strategists and executors as well as possible consequences affecting the economic development and the economic security of the population.
Although Turkey has been knocking on the EU's gates for almost four decades, only the echo of that knock was being heard in Lithuania until 2004. After Lithuania joined the EU, the question of Turkish membership in the EU was by design added to the agenda of the Lithuanian government's foreign policy. High-ranking state officials rushed to assure both citizens and the world that Lithuania supports the objectives of Turkey, whereas opposition (rightist) parties expressed concern about the lack of debate on this issue in the Parliament, the government and society in general. The opinion of the society, to which the Lithuanian government had not yet appealed in any way, is not clear yet. Political analysts and journalists writing on this issue tend to demonize Turkey and practically frighten the general public. It seems that a passively negative mood is settling over ordinary citizens, which in the case of referendum can become potential "No's" to the Turkish membership in the Bloc.
Cet article raconte qu'en Lituanie Indépendante d'entre guerre (1918–1940) on formait le corps des officiers de Lituanie bien formé, qualifié et instruit. L'école militaire fonctionnait de 1919 au 1940, les Cours supérieures des officiers – de 1921 au 1940. Depuis 1931, une partie des étudiants de ces cours ont étudié d'après le programme de l'école militaire supérieure. En 1938, les Cours supérieures des officiers ont été réorganisés en École militaire supérieure de Vytautas Magnus. Les officiers, qui prétendent d'occuper les fonctions exigeant l'instruction supérieure, ont eu la possibilité d'étudier dans l'Université de Vytautas Magnus, faire des stages à l'étranger. En 1919, on a commencé à fonder des clubs des officiers (de Ramove) et, en 1923, l'Association des sciences militaires a été fondée – ces organisations s'occupaient du perfectionnement professionnel et l'éducation de la personnalité des officiers. Les problèmes de l'éducation de la personnalité, de la maîtrise de soi et l'activité professionnelle – une des thèmes principales de la presse des soldats de la Lituanie Indépendante de l'entre guerre. Le principal acteur de ces publications de presse est un officier idéal, exemplaire, patriote et avec une personnalité forte. Les auteurs n'évitaient pas à constater les défauts, à nommer ce qui nuit à l'autorité de l'officier et qui empêche à effectuer ses fonctions. En discutant les traits de la personnalité de l'officier dans la presse, les auteurs soulignent que. [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Moral principles and norms of the society have to be the orientation for the human - being to behave in the right way as well as they are the reflection of human behaviour, conscious and relations. The difference between the ideal and the reality is creating the issues of morality. Moral issues were and they still are very interesting for the society and for military forces in particular. In the period of 1918-1940 Lithuanian military forces were creating their traditions and customs. But they were forming only traditional rituals without understanding of their meanings. Lithuanian higher officers and commander were trying to form military conscious but it was too difficult task for Lithuanian Army in such short period of Lithuanian independency. Other way the most educated officers tried to describe the main principles of military ethics and to understand the meaning of real professional moral values and military honour.[.]
the Caravelle Natural Reserve, on the island of Martinique (France), has an exceptional biological wealth, linked to the tropical environment and the variety of vegetation stages between the savannas and dense forest. Many rare and endangered animal and plant species are represented there. The management plan for this reserve includes measures to protect species and biotopes and limit anthropogenic pressure, as well as a proactive policy of reintroducing missing tree species and strengthening populations of rare species. Plantations of climatic structuring species, resistant to cyclones, will ensure the stability of forest stands in the long term. The maintenance of savannas by controlled grazing simultaneously allows for the preservation of open and transitial media species. ; La Réserve naturelle de la Caravelle, sur l'île de la Martinique (France), présente une exceptionnelle richesse biologique, liée au milieu tropical et à la variété des stades d'évolution de la végétation entre les savanes pâturées et la forêt dense. De nombreuses espèces animales et végétales rares et menacées y sont représentées. Le plan de gestion de cette réserve prévoit des mesures de protection des espèces et des biotopes et de limitation de la pression anthropique, mais aussi une politique volontariste de réintroduction d'espèces arborées disparues et de renforcement des populations d'espèces rares. Des plantations d'espèces climaciques structurantes, résistantes aux cyclones, permettront à long terme d'assurer la stabilité des peuplements forestiers. L'entretien de savanes par le pâturage contrôlé permet simultanément la sauvegarde des espèces de milieux ouverts et transitiels.
the publication by the Office National des Forêts (ONF) of the 'Mémento de la flora protégée des Alpes-Maritimes' in the form of a removable file file is an original achievement for the protection of plant species. Its authors, a scientist and a manager, gathered all the data available on 249 taxa protected by legislation that are growing in the Alpes-Maritimes department. This awareness-raising tool, which can be updated, is widely used and has been very well received by elected representatives, managers and the State authorities. It provides support for training staff responsible for protecting plant species, informing project designers, monitoring stations and updating inventories. ; L'édition par l'Office national des Forêts (ONF) du "Mémento de la flore protégée des Alpes-Maritimes" sous la forme d'un classeur à fiches amovibles est une réalisation originale en faveur de la protection des espèces végétales. Ses auteurs, un scientifique et un gestionnaire, ont rassemblé toutes les données disponibles sur 249 taxons protégés par un texte réglementaire qui croissent sur le territoire du département des Alpes-Maritimes. Cet outil de sensibilisation, réactualisable, est très utilisé et a reçu un excellent accueil auprès des élus, des gestionnaires ainsi que des autorités de l'Etat. Il sert d'appui à la formation des personnels chargés de la protection des espèces végétales, à l'information des concepteurs de projet, au suivi des stations et à l'actualisation des inventaires.
