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International Relations scholars have long neglected the question of leadership in international organizations. The structural turn in International Relations led to an aversion to analysing or theorizing the impact of individuals. Yet, empirical studies suggest that different leaders affect the extent to which international organizations facilitate cooperation among states and/or the capacity of a global agency to deliver public goods. It is difficult to study how and under what conditions leaders have an impact due to the challenges of attributing outcomes to a particular leader and great variation in their powers and operating context. We offer a starting point for overcoming these challenges. We identify three different types of constraints that executive heads face: legal-political, resource and bureaucratic. We argue that leaders can navigate and push back on each of these constraints and provide illustrations of this, drawing on existing literature and interviews with executive heads and senior management of international organizations. Executive heads of international organizations may operate in a constrained environment but this should not stop scholars from studying their impact.

The harmonization of private international law in Europe has, to a very large extent, been the result of both legislation adopted at EU level and the subsequent case law arising from the interpretation of that legislation. This fourth edition of Peter Stone's authoritative work has been thoroughly revised and updated to take account of the most recent developments at both EU and national levels, including the recast Brussels I regulation on civil jurisdiction and the recast Insolvency regulation, and numerous decisions of the European and English courts. Key features include: ; comprehensive and in-depth coverage of key legislative developments within the EU in relation to private international law ; addresses key questions and identifies weaknesses in the current law, following up with suggestions for improvements ; combines perspectives from both civil law and common law traditions ; extensive tables of cases and legislation. This timely work will be an invaluable point of reference for practising lawyers, the judiciary, legislators and policy-makers throughout the EU. Academics and public officials interested in conflicts of laws will also find this a vital resource

Historians and scholars of international relations examine the past and present of the intersection between History and IR, as well as looking to the future by laying out new questions and directions for research. The volume's four parts present a diverse array of methodological, philosophical, and historical insights.

Theoretical reflections are offered on participation in organizations, including the definition of participation & its significance. These guide an interpretation of the seven major international research ventures on participation. The studies examined focus on cultural consequences, hierarchy in organizations, competence & power in managerial decision making, models of industrial democracy, industrial democracy in Europe, asocietal differences in organizing manufacturing units, & the resurgence of class conflict in Western Europe since 1968. 5 Illustrations, 21 References. W. H. Stoddard.

An information processing model must be sensitive to the following variables: (1) with what (resource)--ie, in what field should research be conducted, what price can the user pay, what type of material does the user want? (2) for whom (intended users)? (3) to do what? & (4) transmitted how--spoken or written word, or via remote access to a computer? Although the information system itself cannot control accuracy, compatibility, etc of the data, it should be able to indicate to users how the statistical series are constructed & what kind of data (provisional, revised, current or constant monetary units) are supplied. A world statistical center should be created to gather all available statistical material, make series homogeneous, explain divergences, & indicate the degree of reliability. But a distinction must be made between categories of data, especially between data--eg, unemployment statistics--coming from traditional (lesser developed) & modern (developed) sectors or nations. The introduction of a dual system of statistics in all developing countries is proposed, ie using GDP for measuring standard of living in the modern sector, & using other such indicators as the nutritional situation & housing conditions for the traditional sector. 2 Figures. AA Tr & Modified by D. Wurzel.

Der Aufsatz analysiert den Einfluß der trans- und internationalen Monopole auf die internationalen Wirtschaftsbeziehungen und die Ost-West-Beziehungen. Die internationalen Monopole operieren nicht nur im Rahmen gegebener Bedingungen, sondern versuchen sie auch nach ihren Interessen zu ändern. Ergebnis sind internationale staatsmonopolistische Institutionen wie etwa die EG oder der Weltwährungsfonds. In Ost-West-Beziehungen treten vor allem internationale Monopole mit Zivilproduktion ein, während die Rüstungsmonopole gegen Entspannung und Abrüstung sind und im Rahmen des militärisch-industriellen Komplexes reaktionäre und imperialistische Interessen vertreten. Die sozialistischen Staaten bemühen sich um verstärkte Wirtschaftsbeziehungen mit den kapitalistischen Ländern. Dabei sind Erfolge erzielt worden. Es gibt aber nach wie vor Hindernisse auf seiten der kapitalistischen Staaten und staatsmonopolistischen Wirtschaftsgruppierungen, z.B. protektionistische Handelsbeschränkungen oder Versuche, Warenlieferungen mit imperialistischen Kontrollrechten zu verbinden. (MH)