Suchergebnisse

This article addresses data protection including the automatic processing of personal and business data as a result of the flows of information and the digital trade. Nowadays, data is being collected, exchanged and used in small or large amounts by governments, international organizations and companies for medical, educational, social, industrial and tax purposes amongst others. The increasingly collection, exchange and use of data by companies and governments, calls for attention to the legal protection in the collection, exchange, use, monitoring and processing of this data. Furthermore, the use of big data also raises questions regarding the protection of privacy and also the safeguards in place for the data controllers among others. The main question of this article is are the instruments in the era of digital trade, internet governance and taxation sufficient to guarantee the privacy and data protection of individuals and business?In order to answer this question, this article will address the challenges and the instruments for the protection of the use of data and big data in three areas: trade and internet governance and taxation.

AbstractThe article considers the temporary labour migration program in Canada, which catapults workers from the global South into work and wider relations in the global North, in the context of debates swirling around Anglo-American labour law. There is widespread consensus that labour law is experiencing a sustained moment of crisis in the face of neoliberal globalization. Not widely considered is how this crisis relates to temporary labour migration and the global South-North relationship and, in turn, how this relationship may impact emergent approaches tasked with transforming or transcending the field. Critical interventions seeking to confront the "southern question" within the socio-legal imaginary have gone largely unnoticed by labour law scholars. Transnational labour law may hold potential for an alternative account of the racialized production of unfree migrant labour. But only if its adherents can truly confront the dynamic unfolding through temporary labour migration—that of the "South of the North."

The European Court of Human Rights (the Court) has issued a judgment in the case of Othman (Abu Qatada) v. the United Kingdom. The Court ruled that the United Kingdom would violate the Applicant's Article 6 right to a fair trial if it were to deport him to Jordan, where he is sought on terrorism charges. The judgment is significant because it addresses the permissibility of expelling an individual to a third country to face a criminal prosecution, one in which evidence obtained through torture may be used in the case.

Maģistra darba tēmas "Elektroenerģijas ražošanas atbalsta juridiskais izvērtējums un aktualitātes Eiropas Savienībā" izvēle ir balstīta uz normatīvo aktu, Eiropas Komisijas ziņojumu, dokumentu un politikas plānošanas dokumentu pieņemšanu, kas turpmākos gados būtiski mainīs Eiropas Savienībā pastāvošo elektroenerģijas ražošanas atbalsta sistēmu. Atbalsta maiņa, pirmkārt, ir balstīta uz mērķi veicināt atjaunojamo energoresursu izmantošanu visā Eiropas savienībā, kā arī sasniegt ambiciozus mērķus klimata pārmaiņu politikas ietvaros. Maģistra darba ietvaros Autors aplūkos elektroenerģijas ražošanas atbalsta juridisko izvērtējumu Eiropas Savienības dokumentos, izvērtējot jautājumus saistībā ar elektroenerģijas jēdzienu kopumā, tās ražošanu, Eiropas Savienības kopējā elektroenerģijas tirgus mērķiem un principiem, politiku, to atbilstību un saistību ar elektroenerģijas regulējumu un politiku Latvijas Republikā, kā arī atbalsta sistēmu elektroenerģijas ražošanai no atjaunojamiem energoresursiem. Maģistra darba ietvaros Autos, izmantojot analītisko, deduktīvo un vēsturisko metodi, izvērtēs elektroenerģijas obligātā iepirkuma regulējumu un tā iespējamu kvalificēšanu kā valsts atbalstu Līguma par Eiropas Savienības darbību 107.panta izpratnē. Autors padziļināti pētīs elektroenerģijas ražošanas no atjaunojamiem energoresursiem atbalsta mehānisma izvērtējumu, vienlaikus salīdzinot ar citu Eiropas Savienības dalībvalstu praksi. ; The theme of the Master theses "The legal assessment of aid of energy production and its topicality in European Union" is based on adoption of regulations, reports and documents from European Comission and different policy planning documents that are going to change the currently system of granting the aid to energy production in whole European Union. The change of aid sistem is based on the aim to promote the production of electricity from the renewable energy sources as well as to reach the high and ambitious aims regarding the change of climate policy. The Master thesis will include and Author is going to contemplate the legal base of the European Union documents of the aid to the production of electricity, as well as as electricity market of European Union, its aim and principles, and energy policy of European Union. The Master theses also includes evaluation of national practice of energy policy and aid granting to electricity producers who uses renewable energy sources. Author, by using analytical, deductive and historical methods is going to make assessment of mandatory procurement and the possibility to qualify it as the state aid in the meaning of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and its Clause 107. As well as upper mentioned, Author is going to analize and explore the state aid mechanism to electricity production from renewable energy sources, compared to other Member states of the European Union.

This article considers the mutually constitutive relationship between law and geography and relates this back to the issue of minority protection and cultural recognition. Introducing a new method of inquiry, spatio-historical analysis, this article argues that a historical study of a legal and political geography can fundamentally enhance a sociolegal analysis of contemporary structures and processes of governance vested with the aim of protecting and promoting cultural diversity. Using the tribal areas of Pakistan as a case study, this article examines how the colonial history of the tribal areas brings into question its contemporary status in Pakistani constitutional law. It further problematizes the idea that the tribal areas' unique legal position can be attributed to the state's recognition and promotion of the Pakhtun community's right of normative autonomy. This article demonstrates how a spatio-historical model of analysis can reveal previously less visible sites of power and forms of domination that bring into question the historical linking of race and space and the significance of this relationship to questions about appropriate forms and expressions of normative autonomy within liberal societies.

This article explores citizens' use of administrative hearings to appeal adverse government decisions about their welfare benefits. It draws on interviews with 79 welfare participants and observations of hearings and interviews with administrative law judges in a state in the United States to understand what hearings, and the act of appealing, mean to citizens. I find that beyond individual redress, participants view appealing as an opportunity to expose and repair social injuries and to renegotiate social relationships, social identities and their status as citizens. Their ability to rehabilitate strained social identities and establish their deservingness as citizens is contingent and variable, with hearings sometimes reproducing appellants' powerlessness and other times allowing for a more positive enactment of citizenship and social status. Over time, participants experience an increase in legal consciousness, using the knowledge of the law and bureaucratic practices they glean from hearings to better navigate the welfare bureaucracy. While this transformation of legal consciousness emphasizes individual gains rather than collective or systemic change, it cultivates a culture of complaining, rather than acquiescing, within the welfare bureaucracy.

This unit was published in "International Cooperation of Competition Authorities in Europe: from Bilateral Agreements to Transgovernmental Networks" Błachucki, M., ed., (2020). The ECN+ Directive aims to create a 'homogeneous' plane for the operation of antitrust authorities in the EU. Therefore, it is intended above all to harmonise the functioning of the national competition authorities in all the Member States, so that they can exercise the same powers and apply identical legal instruments when enforcing EU competition law. This article describes how to implement the ECN+ Directive into Polish antitrust law. Ensuring objective standards for the appointment of the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection is the basic way to achieve this goal.

This unit was published in "International Cooperation of Competition Authorities in Europe: from Bilateral Agreements to Transgovernmental Networks" Błachucki, M., ed., (2020). The ECN+ Directive aims to create a 'homogeneous' plane for the operation of antitrust authorities in the EU. Therefore, it is intended above all to harmonise the functioning of the national competition authorities in all the Member States, so that they can exercise the same powers and apply identical legal instruments when enforcing EU competition law. This article describes how to implement the ECN+ Directive into Polish antitrust law. Ensuring objective standards for the appointment of the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection is the basic way to achieve this goal.

Book reviewed in this article:Control Without Custody? Non‐Custodial Control of Juvenile Offenders P. Ely, A. Swift and A. SutherlandUnderstanding Juvenile Justice A. Morris and H. GillerRape and the Legal Process Jennifer TemkinProblems of Long‐Term Imprisonment A. E. Bottoms and R. Light (Eds.)The Reform of Prisoners 1830–1900 William J. ForsytheThe Lust to Kill: A Feminist Investigation of Sexual Murder Deborah Cameron and Elizabeth FrazerThe Psychology of Sentencing: Approaches to Consistency and Disparity D. C. Pennington and S. Lloyd‐Bostock (Eds.)Abolitionism: Towards a Non‐repressive Approach to Crime H. Bianchi and R. van Swaaningen (Eds.)Crime, Space and Society S. J. SmithCommunities and Crime: Crime and Justice (vol. 8) A. J. Reiss and M. Tonry (Eds.)A Land Fit for Heroin? Drug Policies, Prevention and Practice N. Dorn and N. South (Eds.)The Sentencing Commission and its Guidelines Andrew von Hirsch, Kay A. Knapp and Michael TonryCriminal Law and Psychiatry D. J. Power and D. H. D. SelwoodLoving Boys: A Multidisciplinary Study of Sexual Relations between Adult and Minor Males Volume 1 E. BrongersmaBoys on their Contacts with Men: A Study of Sexually Expressed Friendships T. SandfortRegulating Custodial Interviews: The Effects of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984: Volume 1 B. L. Irving and I. K. McKenzieRecession, Crime and Punishment Steven Box

Separating children traveling accompanied by a nonfamily adult is a current practice serving the general purpose of fighting against sexual exploitation, minor trafficking, or general crime prevention. However, such a routine response could violate a minor's right to family life or preclude an attempted migration to reunification. Although no specific normative framework exists for this migratory category, we will draw our analysis of the conflicting interests by resorting to human rights case law. On the one hand, the expansion of the legally recognized concept of family must help protect interpersonal bonds not based on biological relationships, according to the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union. On the other hand, restrictions to the right to family life can be taken for fighting against crime, although a goal of general prevention may not comply with human rights standards on the limitation of rights. The required balance between conflicting interests can be established by resorting to the best interests of the minor. To conclude, we argue that this category could certainly benefit from a concerted, common legislative action at the level of the European Union when revisiting the migration legal regime, alongside operational measures at national, regional, and local levels.
Received: 31 July 2022Accepted: 05 October 2022

In this article authors suggest to consider features of hybrid reality, both in psychology, and in law. Authors investigate opportunities and dangers of the virtual world. Reveal the main psychological aspects provoking the person to plunge into Internet space. Also in article the main tendencies and the directions of transformation of the modern legislation connected with need to provide a condition of information security for the individual, societies, and the states in general are shown, difficulties of implementation of legal regulation and administrative control in digital space are analyzed, and the appeal of the virtual world to inhabitants, including, and in connection with his weak accountability from is at the same time proved out of. ; En este artículo, los autores sugieren considerar las características de la realidad híbrida, tanto en psicología como en derecho. Los autores investigan las oportunidades y los peligros del mundo virtual. Revele los principales aspectos psicológicos que provocan que la persona se sumerja en elespacio de Internet. También en el artículo se muestran las principales tendencias y las direcciones de transformación de la legislación moderna relacionada con la necesidad de proporcionar una condición de seguridad de la información para el individuo, las sociedades y los estados en general, las dificultades de implementación de la regulación legal y el control administrativo en digital se analizan los espacios, y se demuestra al mismo tiempo el atractivo del mundo virtual para los habitantes, incluidos y en relación con su débil rendición de cuentas.

In this article, authors suggest considering features of hybrid reality, both in psychology and in law. Authors investigate the opportunities and dangers of the virtual world. Reveal the main psychological aspects provoking the person to plunge into Internet space. Also in article the main tendencies and the directions of transformation of the modern legislation connected with need to provide a condition of information security for the individual, societies, and the states, in general, are shown, difficulties of implementation of legal regulation and administrative control in digital space are analyzed, and the appeal of the virtual world to inhabitants, including, and in connection with his weak accountability from is at the same time proved out of. ; En este artículo, los autores sugieren considerar las características de la realidad híbrida, tanto en psicología como en derecho. Los autores investigan las oportunidades y los peligros del mundo virtual. Revele los principales aspectos psicológicos que provocan que la persona se sumerja en el espacio de Internet. También en el artículo se muestran las principales tendencias y las direcciones de transformación de la legislación moderna relacionada con la necesidad de proporcionar una condición de seguridad de la información para el individuo, las sociedades y los estados, en general, las dificultades de implementación de la regulación legal y el control administrativo en el espacio digital se analizan, y el atractivo del mundo virtual para los habitantes, incluidos, y en relación con su débil rendición de cuentas, se demuestra al mismo tiempo.