Suchergebnisse

AbstractBackgroundIt is estimated that over 930 million people live in fragile and conflict-affected situations (FCAS) worldwide. These regions, characterized by violence, civil unrest, and war, are often governed by corrupt administrations who are unwilling to provide their citizens with basic human rights. Individuals living in FCAS face health inequities; however, women are disproportionally affected and face additional barriers to accessing sexual and reproductive services, including antenatal care (ANC). This systematic review aims to identify the factors that impact ANC usage in the 37 countries or regions classified as FCAS in 2020 by The World Bank.MethodsUsing the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search of five databases (SCOPUS, Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, and CINAHL) was conducted. Results were limited to human studies, written in English, and published between January 2002 and January 2022. Studies that identified factors affecting utilization of ANC or maternal health services were included for review and critically appraised using the National Institute of Health's Quality Assessment Tools. Findings were summarized using a narrative synthesis approach.ResultsThe database search yielded 26,527 studies. After title, abstract and full-text review, and exclusion of duplicate articles, 121 studies remained. Twenty-eight of the 37 FCAS were represented in the included studies. The studies highlighted that women in FCAS' are still not meeting the World Health Organization's 2002 recommendation of four ANC visits during pregnancy, a recommendation which has since been increased to eight visits. The most cited factors impacting ANC were socioeconomic status, education, and poor quality of ANC. Despite all studies being conducted in conflict-affected regions, only nine studies explicitly identified conflict as a direct barrier to accessing ANC.ConclusionThis review demonstrated that there is a paucity in the literature examining the direct and indirect impacts of conflict on ANC utilization. Specifically, research should be conducted in the nine FCAS that are not currently represented in the literature. To mitigate the barriers that prevent utilization of maternal health services identified in this review, policy makers, women utilizing ANC, and global organizations should attempt to collaborate to enact policy change at the local level.

Military and emergency response remain inherently dangerous occupations that require the ability to accurately assess threats and make critical decisions under significant time pressures. The cognitive processes associated with these abilities are complex and have been the subject of several significant, albeit service specific studies. Here, we present an attempt at finding the commonalities in threat assessment, sense making, and critical decision-making for emergency response across police, military, ambulance, and fire services. Relevant research is identified and critically appraised through a systematic literature review of English-language studies published from January 2000 through July 2020 on threat assessment and critical decision-making theory in dynamic emergency service and military environments. A total of 10,084 titles and abstracts were reviewed, with 94 identified as suitable for inclusion in the study. We then present our findings focused on six lines of enquiry: Bibliometrics, Language, Situation Awareness, Critical Decision Making, Actions, and Evaluation. We then thematically analyse these findings to reveal the commonalities between the four services. Despite existing single or dual service studies in the field, this research is significant in that it is the first examine decision making and threat assessment theory across all four contexts of military, police, fire and ambulance services, but it is also the first to assess the state of knowledge and explore the extent that commonality exists and models or practices can be applied across each discipline. The results demonstrate all military and emergency services personnel apply both intuitive and formal decision-making processes, depending on multiple situational and individual factors. Institutional restriction of decision-making to a single process at the expense of the consideration of others, or the inappropriate training and application of otherwise appropriate decision-making processes in certain circumstances is likely to increase the potential for adverse outcomes, or at the very least restrict peak performance being achieved. The applications of the findings of the study not only extend to facilitating improved practice in each of the individual services examined, but provide a basis to assist future research, and contribute to the literature exploring threat assessment and decision making in dynamic contexts.

BACKGROUND: The rapid spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic demonstrates the value of regional cooperation in infectious disease prevention and control. We explored the literature on regional infectious disease control bodies, to identify lessons, barriers and enablers to inform operationalisation of a regional infectious disease control body or network in southeast Asia. METHODS: We conducted a scoping review to examine existing literature on regional infectious disease control bodies and networks, and to identify lessons that can be learned that will be useful for operationalisation of a regional infectious disease control body such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Center for Public Health Emergency and Emerging Diseases. RESULTS: Of the 57 articles included, 53 (93%) were in English, with two (3%) in Spanish and one (2%) each in Dutch and French. Most were commentaries or review articles describing programme initiatives. Sixteen (28%) publications focused on organisations in the Asian continent, with 14 (25%) focused on Africa, and 14 (25%) primarily focused on the European region. Key lessons focused on organisational factors, diagnosis and detection, human resources, communication, accreditation, funding, and sustainability. Enablers and constraints were consistent across regions/ organisations. A clear understanding of the regional context, budgets, cultural or language issues, staffing capacity and governmental priorities, is pivotal. An initial workshop inclusive of the various bodies involved in the design, implementation, monitoring or evaluation of programmes is essential. Clear governance structure, with individual responsibilities clear from the beginning, will reduce friction. Secure, long-term funding is also a key aspect of the success of any programme. CONCLUSION: Operationalisation of regional infectious disease bodies and networks is complicated, but with extensive groundwork, and focus on organisational factors, diagnosis and detection, human resources, communication, accreditation, funding, and sustainability, it is achievable. Ways to promote success are to include as many stakeholders as possible from the beginning, to ensure that context-specific factors are considered, and to encourage employees through capacity building and mentoring, to ensure they feel valued and reduce staff turnover.

Background: The evolution of information technology has continued to put pressure on healthcare systems to switch from manual to electronic systems. The electronic health record is a leading information technology system that has drawn considerable interest from governments and private health facilities. However, EHR implementation has proved to be a problematic endeavor, especially in developing countries. Objective: This review sought to determine the influence of EHR implementation on healthcare quality in hospitals and identifying applicable lessons for EHR implementers in hospital settings. Methods: Relevant literature was searched in the identified databases, including Scopus, PubMed, CINAHL, PsycInfo, and Cochrane Library. Websites such as the World Health Organization and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence were searched for policies and guidelines. The study used several terms and their variations to create a search strategy, including electronic health records, hospitals and, healthcare quality. The literature search was constrained to the English language and studies published between 2010 and 2020. The study carried out a narrative synthesis of results from the included studies. Results: Overall, the findings of the systematic review demonstrated that EHR has a significant positive influence on healthcare quality by enhancing patient safety and ensuring effective, efficient, timely, equitable, and patient-centered care. Some of the EHR functionalities that facilitate quality healthcare include, practice management, communication, documentation or data entry, and medication management, decision support functionality, computerized drug prescription, electronic nursing documentation, and electronic management records. EHR implementation is faced with several challenges, which can be grouped into institutional side factors, human resource factors, technological factors, and ethical issues. Conclusion: We established a significant effect of EHR implementation on several healthcare quality indicators, namely patient safety, effective care, efficient care, timely care, equitable and patient-centered care. EHR implementation is faced with challenges emanating from the healthcare institutions, healthcare professionals, technology, and ethical issues. There is a need to devise an effective mechanism that would minimize the challenges that prevent successful EHR implementation in hospitals.

Background: Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) experienced increasing rates of colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence in the last decade and lower 5-year survival rates compared to high-income countries (HICs) where the implementation of screening and treatment services have advanced. This review scoped and mapped the literature regarding the content, implementation and uptake of CRC screening interventions as well as opportunities and challenges for the implementation of CRC screening interventions in LMICs. Methods: We systematically followed a five-step scoping review framework to identify and review relevant literature about CRC screening in LMICs, written in the English language before February 2020. We searched Medline, Embase, Web of Science and Google Scholar for studies targeting the general, asymptomatic, at-risk adult population. The TIDieR tool and an implementation checklist were used to extract data from empirical studies; and we extracted data-informed insights from policy reviews and commentaries. Results: CRC screening interventions (n = 24 studies) were implemented in nine middle-income countries. Population-based screening programmes (n = 11) as well as small-scale screening interventions (n = 13) utilised various recruitment strategies. Interventions that recruited participants face-to-face (alone or in combination with other recruitment strategies) (10/15), opportunistic clinic-based screening interventions (5/6) and educational interventions combined with screening (3/4), seemed to be the strategies that consistently achieved an uptake of > 65% in LMICs. FOBT/FIT and colonoscopy uptake ranged between 14 and 100%. The most commonly reported implementation indicator was 'uptake/reach'. There was an absence of detail regarding implementation indicators and there is a need to improve reporting practice in order to disseminate learning about how to implement programmes. Conclusion: Opportunities and challenges for the implementation of CRC screening programmes were related to the reporting of CRC cases and screening, cost-effective screening methods, knowledge about CRC and screening, staff resources and training, infrastructure of the health care system, financial resources, public health campaigns, policy commitment from governments, patient navigation, planning of screening programmes and quality assurance.

Bu çalışmada, 1960-1990 yılları arasında yayınlanan ve Avrupa'ya işçi göçünü konu edinen romanlar izleksel bağlamda incelenmiştir. Romanlardaki temel izlekler çerçevesinde göç süreci irdelenmiş, inceleme, göçmenlerin tanımlanmasında ve adlandırılmasında kullanılan Gastarbeiter (konuk işçi) Auslander (yabancı) kavramları ve Almanlar tarafından Türk kimliğine atfedilen çağrışımlar üzerinden yürütülmüştür. Göçmenlere yönelik politikalarda ve yaklaşımlarda onların nasıl tanımlandığının etkili olduğuna ve yazınsal süreçte de bu politika ve yaklaşımların belirleyici olduğu savından hareket edilmiştir. Bu noktada adlandırmaların, tanımlamaların göç olayı çerçevesinde biz ve öteki ilişkisi üzerindeki etkisine odaklanılmış; toplum ve yazın ilişkisi temelinde incelenen romanlar üzerinden göç ve göçmenlik meselesine dair çıkarımlar yapılmıştır. Bunlar arasında, ayrımcılık, kötü çalışma koşulları, hak ihlalleri, ırkçılık ve ötekileştirme gibi başat sorunların bu eserlerde merkezi konumda olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Böylece çalışmanın amacı olan göç yazınını oluşturan temel izleklere ulaşılmış; sosyolojik ve tarihsel gerçekliğin yazınsal gerçekliğe aktarılmasında etkili olan unsurlar ön plana çıkarılmıştır.
ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH
Main Patterns in Migration Novels
In this study, the novels published between 1960-1990 and dealing with the migration of workers to Europe were examined in a contextual context. The process of immigration has been examined within the framework of the basic lines in the novels, through the concepts of Gastarbeiter (guest worker), Auslander (foreigner) used in the identification and naming of immigrants and connotations attributed to Turkish identity was conducted. The argument is that how they are defined is effective in policies and approaches towards immigrants and that these policies and approaches are determinative in the literary process. At this point, the effect of naming definitions on us and the other relationship within the framework of migration has been focused; there are inferences about the issue of migration and immigration through the novels examined on the basis of the relationship between society and literature. Among these, it has been determined that dominant problems such as discrimination, poor working violations, racism and marginalization are central to these works. Thus, the basic themes that constitute the migration literature, which is the aim of the study have been reached and the factors that are effective in transferring the sociological and historical reality have been brought the fore.

AbstractIntroductionHeterogeneity of sociodemographics and risk behaviours across the HIV treatment cascade could influence the public health impact of universal ART in sub‐Saharan Africa if those not virologically suppressed are more likely to be part of a risk group contributing to onward infections. Sociodemographic and risk heterogeneity across the treatment cascade has not yet been comprehensively described or quantified and we seek to systematically review and synthesize research on this topic among adults in Africa.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of peer‐reviewed literature in Embase and MEDLINE databases as well as grey literature sources published in English between 2014 and 2018. We included studies that included people living with HIV (PLHIV) aged ≥15 years, and reported a 90‐90‐90 outcome: awareness of HIV‐positive status, ART use among those diagnosed or viral suppression among those on ART. We summarized measures of association between sociodemographics, within each outcome, and as a composite measure of population‐wide viral suppression.Results and discussionFrom 3533 screened titles, we extracted data from 92 studies (50 peer‐reviewed, 42 grey sources). Of included studies, 32 reported on awareness, 53 on ART use, 32 on viral suppression and 23 on population‐wide viral suppression. The majority of studies were conducted in South Africa, Uganda, and Malawi and reported data for age and gender. When stratified, PLHIV ages 15 to 24 years had lower median achievement of the treatment cascade (60‐49‐81), as compared to PLHIV ≥25 years (70‐63‐91). Men also had lower median achievement of the treatment cascade (66‐72‐85), compared to women (79‐76‐89). For population‐wide viral suppression, women aged ≥45 years had achieved the 73% target, while the lowest medians were among 15‐ to 24‐year‐old men (37%) and women (49%).ConclusionsConsiderable heterogeneity exists by age and gender for achieving the HIV 90‐90‐90 treatment goals. These results may inform delivery of HIV testing and treatment in sub‐Saharan Africa, as targeting youth and men could be a strategic way to maximize the population‐level impact of ART.

Статтю присвячено аналізу художнього моделювання образу Криму в романі Л. Хайд «Омріяний край». Продемонстровано, що наведена художня версія образу Криму 90-х рр. ХХ ст. є важливою і з погляду формування етнообразу кримських татар у світовій літературі, і як чинник поглиблення міжкультурного діалогу народів, які проживають в Україні, формування мультикультурного художнього простору новітньої літератури. ; The article is dedicated to the novel «Dream Land» written by English writer and journalist L. Hyde and published in Ukrainian in 2014.The aim of our investigation is the analysis of the fictional modeling of Crimea reception in the novel. It is studied according to the imagological understanding of the reflection as a complex of ideas about the Other with using all possible cultural material.It's specially focused that there're two main ways of creating the reflection of Crimea – the conditionally modern one, where the main character is 12-yearsold Safinar Ismailova, and the retrospective one, where the girl's grandfather's memories become the source of narrative. Therefore, there's a double historical reflection of Crimea which consists of deportation in 1944 and repatriation of Crimean Tatars in 80-90' s of the XX ct. The reflection is modeled with crossing the national, cultural, religious features of its inhabitants. For example, Crimean Tatars' rootedness in own traditions, their hospitality, a deep honor to the eldest family members and society in general, the connection with ancestors' religion and other things are distinguished.The article is also focused on a traumatic experience of the XX century history of Crimean Tatars, when the national reflection of Crimea was damaged with a purposeful politics of the Soviet government. There were a false collaboration charge of the whole nation and the following deportation, the change of ethnic composition of the demiisland caused by mass relocations from different parts of USSR, ousting the Crimean Tatar language, the change of Crimean Tatar toponyms.In our opinion, the following aspect of investigation is important not only in context of forming the ethnic reflection of Crimean Tatars in the world literature, but as a factor of deepening the intercultural dialogue between nations, living in Ukraine, and creating a multicultural artistic space in the modern literature.

[Italiano]:Il volume offre al lettore italiano la traduzione di Rajatabla (Alla lettera), prima raccolta di racconti dello scrittore venezuelano Luis Britto García. Si tratta dell'opera più nota di uno degli scrittori attivi durante il cd. Boom della letteratura ispanoamericana, la cui traiettoria arriva fino ai giorni nostri. È, quindi, auspicio della curatrice del volume, offrire una dimensione alternativa ai romanzi più noti del periodo letterario in questione. Infatti, si tratta di microfinzioni nelle quali vengono presentate le problematiche e le strategie narrative del mondo ispanoamericano. Il volume si avvale di un'introduzione critica in cui si affrontano le tematiche salienti del volume: in primo luogo, la teoria e la pratica della microfinzione in America Latina; in secondo luogo, le questioni di matrice culturale che tale forma narrativa può includere; in terzo luogo, il rapporto tra finzione ultracorta e problematiche sociali e culturali in America Latina. Per quanto riguarda il primo punto, si valuta l'impatto delle forme brevissime nella critica letteraria del subcontinente, in particolare attraverso i lavori di Rosalba Campra; il secondo punto riporterà gli studi sul pensiero latinoamericano di matrice culturalista e formale; per il terzo punto, ci si avvale degli studi sulle questioni politiche e culturali riguardanti l'identità continentale ./[English]:The volume offers an Italian translation of Rajatabla (Alla lettera), the first short-stories collection by Luis Britto García, a Venezuelan author. Rajatabla can be considered the most famous work of one of the most active writers during the so called Spanish-American Literature Boom. The volume aims at offering an alternative dimension to the more famous novels written in Latin America during the same literary period. The critical introduction deals with the salient themes of the volume. First of all, the theory and practice of micro-fiction in Latin America; secondly, the cultural elements that this narrative form may include and finally, the relationship between ultra-short fiction and social-cultural issues in Latin America Literature. In particular, with regard to the first point, we have evaluated the impact of short forms in the Subcontinet Literary Studies especially through the works of Rosalba Campra.

Introduction: The prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are one of the main challenges of healthcare systems around the world. In addition to the technical level, it requires political negotiations and solutions, such as global health diplomacy (GHD), which involves the participation of a wide range of actors and stakeholders and innovative international health partnerships. This review aimed to draw lessons for strengthening linkages with a wide range of actors and stakeholders from the GHD literature for NCDs, and how policymakers and political leaders can effectively use international health partnerships to beat NCDs. Methods: This research was a systematic review of the literature on GHD for NCDs. All relevant articles published in English were identified by searching PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases, Google and Google Scholar search engines, and the reference lists of identified articles as well as a number of special journals. 30 articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed using content analysis in MAXQDA 10. The Global Health Diplomacy Pyramid and Blouin and Dubé's (2010) analytical framework for examining negotiations were used to classify the data. Findings: 30 articles have been published on GHD for NCDs. Five key themes, i.e. the specific problem requiring global collective action, key actors, their interests in the problem, potential negotiation process, and potential scenarios for collective action and 46 sub-themes were identified. Moreover, given the importance of collaboration on NCDs in the international arena, actors were categorized into three groups based on the GHD Pyramid: (1) core diplomacy, (2) multi-stakeholder diplomacy, and (3) informal diplomacy. Conclusion: Development and adoption of a global policy to tackle the rise in NCDs in developed and developing countries require policymakers and political leaders that participate in GHD. Successful developments in global health policy depend on the performance of and respectful relationships among the stakeholders, and global health diplomats need to understand the complexities of the institutional structures and functional relationships of the international institutions involved in health. © 2020 The Author(s).

Postmortem IVF is a technique by semen is extracted from the deceased man to fertilize the egg of his wife. The objective of this review of the literature is to know and compare the different options of postmortem IVF in several countries. Methodology: literature review in different databases that return a search in English or Spanish with high relevance with the subject to be treated and available in full text as inclusion criteria, being the absence of any of the above exclusion criteria. Outcome: Currently in Spain it is allowed to perform this technique with a number of requirements and under legal conditions, however in other countries there is a lot of discrepancy, some are not allowed to use this technique under any concept, while in others access She is free for every widow woman who wants it within the first hours of the man's death. Discussion: Few countries have a current legislation on postmortem IVF, and very few countries allow the technique to be performed, even with the authorization of the male prior to death. Conclusions: There is a lot of controversy about the legislation in the different countries, so a deeper investigation on this topic would be necessary. ; La fecundación in vitro postmortem (FIV postmortem) es una técnica mediante la cual se extrae semen del hombre ya fallecido para fecundar el óvulo de su esposa viva. El objetivo de esta revisión de la literatura es conocer y comparar las distintas opciones de la FIV postmortem en varios países. Metodología: revisión de la literatura en diferentes bases de datos que nos devuelva una búsqueda en inglés o español con alta relevancia con el tema a tratar y disponible en texto completo como criterios de inclusión. Resultado: Actualmente en España se permite realizar esta técnica con una serie de requisitos y bajo unas condiciones legales, sin embargo existen muchas diferencias entre distintos países, en algunos no se permite el uso de esta técnica bajo ningún concepto, mientras que en otros el acceso a ella es libre para toda mujer viuda que ...

Resumen: Acaso uno de los ejercicios más complejos que puede ofrecernos la literatura fantástica es el extrañamiento de nuestro propio presente. Esta singular experiencia de recepción de la historia es la base de la ucronía, la utopía en el tiempo, vertiente del fantasy que opera alterando total o parcialmente un acontecimiento histórico para evaluar las consecuencias de este cambio. Frecuente en el mundo anglosajón (como las novelas The man in the High Castle, de Philip Dick, o la más reciente The plot against America, de Philip Roth), la ucronía ha tenido también algunos representantes en Italia. De este modo, la ciencia ficción italiana, tan rica en imaginación como poco conocida y muchas veces subestimada, ha producido una serie de ucronías singulares, caracterizadas por problematizar la continuidad del fascismo proyectándolo mucho más allá del fin de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Dentro de este marco, es nuestro propósito analizar la novela Dea del caos, de Giampietro Stocco, en donde este ejercicio histórico y fantástico se entrecruza con el contexto político del tiempo de su enunciación. ; Abstract: Perhaps one of the most complex exercises that can offer fantastic literature is the estrangement of our own present. This unique experience of receipt of the History is the basis of uchrony, utopy in time, subbranch of altering fantasy operating wholly or partly a historical event to assess the consequences of this change. Frecuent in the English and American literature (as Philip Dick's The Man in the High Castle, or the more recent Philip Roth's The Plot Against America), has also had some representatives in Italy. Thus, italian science fiction, so rich in imagination as little known and often underestimated, has produced a series of unique uchronies characterized by problematize the continuity of fascism projecting well beyond the end of the Second World War. Within this framework, it is our purpose to analyze Giampietro Stocco's Dea del caos, a novel where this historic and fantastic exercise it intersects with the political context of the time of its utterance.

BACKGROUND: De-escalation is the recommended first-line response to potential violence and aggression in healthcare settings. Related scholarly activity has increased exponentially since the 1980s, but there is scant research about its efficacy and no guidance on what constitutes the gold standard for practice. OBJECTIVES: To clarify the concept of de-escalation of violence and aggression as described within the healthcare literature. DESIGN: Concept analysis guided by Rodgers' evolutionary approach. DATA SOURCES: Multiple nursing and healthcare databases were searched using relevant terms. REVIEW METHODS: High quality and/or highly cited, or otherwise relevant published empirical or theoretical English language literature was included. Information about surrogate terms, antecedents, attributes, consequences, and the temporal, environmental, disciplinary, and theoretical contexts of use were extracted and synthesised. Information about the specific attributes of de-escalation were subject to thematic analysis. Proposed theories or models of de-escalation were assessed against quality criteria. RESULTS: N =79 studies were included. Mental health settings were the most commonly reported environment in which de-escalation occurs, and nursing the disciplinary group most commonly discussed. Five theories of de-escalation were proposed; while each was adequate in some respects, all lacked empirical support. Based on our analysis the resulting theoretical definition of de-escalation in healthcare is "a collective term for a range of interwoven staff-delivered components comprising communication, self-regulation, assessment, actions, and safety maintenance which aims to extinguish or reduce patient aggression/agitation irrespective of its cause, and improve staff-patient relationships while eliminating or minimising coercion or restriction". CONCLUSIONS: While a number of theoretical models have been proposed, the lack of advances made in developing a robust evidence-base for the efficacy of de-escalation is striking and must, at least in part, be credited to the lack of a clear conceptualisation of the term. This concept analysis provides a framework for researchers to identify the theoretical model that they purport to use, the antecedents that their de-escalation intervention is targeting, its key attributes, and the key negative and positive consequences that are to be avoided or encouraged.

In the new world order, societies have begun to pursue a policy aimed at achieving individuals' appreciating their leisure time, enjoying it, and succeeding in increasing business productivity. Individuals who use their leisure time effectively are regarded healthy emotionally, spiritually, mentally, socially, professionally and physically. It is aimed to examine recreation and leisure time activities in different cultures by considering the similarity or differences between the Turkish society and the leisure time activities of the societies living in different regions of the world. In this study, domestic and international recreation activities were examined and information was obtained by literature screening method. Countries where leisure time activities are studied in different cultures; Turkey, America, Germany, England, China, Australia. As a result, it is noteworthy that in Turkish, American and British society, the rate of watching television, which is regarded as passive recreation activity, is higher than other leisure time activities. In the German and Australian communities, outdoor recreational activities and sport recreational activities are more likely to participate while Chinese society has more participation in traditional sports and cultural activities.Extended English abstract is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file.ÖzetYenidünya düzeninde toplumlar, serbest zamanlarını iyi değerlendiren, haz ve keyif alan, iş verimliliğini artırmayı başaran bireyler elde etmeyi hedefleyen bir politika izlemeye başlamışlardır. Serbest zamanlarını etkili ve verimli kullanan bireylerin duygusal, ruhsal, zihinsel, toplumsal, mesleki ve fiziksel olarak sağlıklı olma hali söz konusudur. Türk toplumu ve dünyanın farklı bölgelerinde yaşayan toplumların serbest zaman aktiviteleri arasında benzerlik veya farklılıklar olup olmadığı düşüncesinden yola çıkılarak, farklı kültürlerde rekreasyon, serbest zaman aktivitelerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, yurt içi ve yurtdışı rekreasyon çalışmaları incelenmiş ve literatür tarama yöntemi ile bilgiler elde edilmiştir. Farklı kültürlerde serbest zaman aktivitelerinin incelendiği ülkeler; Türkiye, Amerika, Almanya, İngiltere, Çin, Avustralya. Sonuç olarak, Türk, Amerikan ve İngiliz toplumunda, pasif rekreasyon faaliyeti olan televizyon seyretme oranının diğer serbest zaman aktivitelerine göre yüksek değerlerde olması dikkat çekicidir. Almanya ve Avustralya toplumunda açık hava rekreasyon faaliyetleri ile sportif rekreasyon aktivitelerine katılımın fazla olduğu, Çin toplumunda geleneksel sporlara ve kültürel faaliyetlere daha fazla katılım olduğu görülmektedir.

Un hito de la cultura argentina del siglo XX es la revista Nosotros: revista mensual de letras, arte, historia, filosoffa y ciencias sociales (1907-1942). Creada y dirigida por Alfredo Bianchi y Roberto Giusti, ofrece datos inestimables para conocer la vida artística y cultural de esas primeras decadas en Argentina. Surgida en el contexto de la celebración del primer centenario de las Invasiones Inglesas y de la revolución de Mayo, declara constantemente su preocupación por contribuir a la formación de una cultura nacional e hispanoamericana. Siguiendo la propuesta de Adela Pinedo-Franco, aceptamos que la revista cultural es un exponente de procesos culturales complejos entre los que se incluye el de la recepción de la literatura extranjera. Entonces, el examen de los modos y formas de recepción y circulación de la literatura francesa en nosotros permitirá fundamentar la importancia que se Ie atribuye como "meridiano" cultural en función del programa de la revista, en particular de su propósito de democratizar la cultura y de configurar una literatura nacional. ; A milestone of the Argentine culture of the 20th century is the magazine Nosotros: monthly magazine of letters, art, history, philosophy and social sciences (1907-1942). Created and directed by Alfredo Bianchi and Roberto Giusti, it offers inestimable information to know the artistic and cultural life of these first decades in Argentina. Arisen in the context of the celebration of the first centenary of the English Invasions and May's Revolution, she declares constant her worry for contributing to the formation of a national and Spanish-American culture. Following the offers of Adela Pineda-Franco we accept that the cultural magazine is an exponent of cultural complex processes among which there is included the reception of foreign literatura. Then the examination of manners and forms of reception and traffic of the French literature on Nosotros would allow to base the importance that assumes her as cultural "meridian" depending on the magazine's program, especially of her intention of democratizing the culture and forming anational literature. ; Fil: Burlot, Maria Lorena. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo