Suchergebnisse

1. Introduction : the puzzle of Spanish unions : a framework for analysis -- 2. Workers, the state, and labor relations under the Franco regime -- 3. Unions and the politics of institution building during the transition to democracy -- 4. Unions, parties, and industrial relations during the consolidation of democracy -- 5. The politics of economic adjustment under Gonzalez's socialist government -- 6. Socialist policies, union decline, and renewal strategies -- 7. Labor unions and Aznar's popular government : regaining a political voice? -- 8. Unions and Zapatero's socialist government : cooperation and confrontation -- 9. Conclusion : unions, industrial relations, and politics in Spain.

La Unión Europea tiene dos misiones, a saber, fortalecer el mercado interior y asegurar un alto nivel de protección de la salud humana en todos los Estados miembros. De hecho, la construcción progresiva de un espacio sin fronteras tuvo por consecuencia el desarrollo del principio de libre circulación de los pacientes. El presente trabajo pretende examinar el estado actual de la regulación de la asistencia sanitaria transfronteriza en el ámbito del Reglamento de Coordinación de los sistemas de seguridad social n°883/2004 y de la Directiva 2011/24/UE, sobre los derechos de los pacientes en la asistencia sanitaria transfronteriza. En particular, el análisis se centrará en ofrecer una comparación respecto de los cambios legislativos que se hayan producido y que a nuestro parecer resulten mas importantes.

Eva Julia Lohse befasst sich mit grundlegenden Fragen der Rechtsangleichung in der Europäischen Union. Nach welchen rechtlichen Mechanismen läuft diese ab? Lassen sich beim Vergleich verschiedener (historischer) Angleichungsprozesse in unterschiedlichen Mitgliedstaaten Muster der Rechtsangleichung erkennen? Lassen sich aus diesen Mustern wiederum Parameter erkennen, die zum Erfolg oder Misserfolg eines Angleichungsvorgangs beitragen können? Liegen diese auf unionaler oder auf mitgliedstaatlicher Ebene? Wie muss ein Angleichungsinstrument letztlich gestaltet werden, um erfolgreich zu sein? Ist es wichtiger, nationale Eigenheiten zu schützen oder von europäischer Ebene genaue Vorgaben zu machen und diese auch kontrollieren zu können? Betrachtet werden sowohl Richtlinien als auch primärrechtliche (»negative«) Harmonisierungsprozesse; der Schwerpunkt liegt bei Angleichungsvorgängen in Deutschland und England. Als Deutungsmuster wird zum einen das Paradigma der »legal transplants« verwendet, zum anderen rechtssoziologische Modelle der »Akzeptanz« und kulturtheoretische Überlegungen.

REGROUP Research Paper nº 2 (June 2023)A distinctive institutional configuration of multi-level emergency governance emerged in response to the pandemic. Member State democracies provided many of the coercive powers needed to deal with the immediate exigencies of a health emergency. The European Union developed novel and important coordinating roles in dealing with collective action problems. This paper proposes a framework for evaluating that institutional configuration. It assumes that legitimacy is the absence of domination and that, in emergencies, the main risks of domination come from executives.Here democracies – and groups of democracies – need to walk a tightrope. Individuals or whole democracies can be dominated either by the absence of executive powers able to solve the collective action problems that constitute emergencies or by executives that act with insufficient parliamentary, judicial or electoral oversight; or offend rights; or create externalities that produce democracy-on-democracy forms domination. We discuss how those risks are likely to vary across the levels of European emergency governance.Keywords: Covid-19 pandemic; emergency; European Union; executive dominance

After examining different liberal narratives and suggesting that liberalism is open to a range of legitimate methodologies, the fluidity of liberalism is offered as a basis for a study in comparative political thought. Ten propositions on liberalism's structural and semantic features are listed and brought to bear on its adaptations, appropriations and misappropriations in Europe. They are tested in relation to various combinations of liberal components within and outside the family of liberalisms. Different views about the role of the state in Eastern and Western Europe are considered, as is the distinction between constitutional and welfare liberalism in Western Europe. Individual development versions are contrasted with market versions, and the problematic role of civil society is discussed. Finally, some misappropriations are explored with a view to assessing their claims to represent liberal positions. European liberalism emerges as a loosely assembled yet durable ideology around a strong core of value-commitments.

It's not uncommon for the National Labor Relations Board to find that an employer interfered with employees' freedom of choice in a decertification vote. But it's rare for the NLRB to find that a union did. In a recent case, however, the NLRB regional director concluded that is what happened when the union tried to get the employer to fire the leader of the decertification effort, alleging that he had failed to pay his union dues and fees (Bio‐Medical Applications of New Jersey, Inc., Case 22‐RD‐114233 (2015)).

The Arctic as a territory of strategic presence is in the field of close attention of many players in the geopolitical and international economic arena. The Arctic tourism development over the past 15 years is due not only to the influence of business, social and cultural factors, as well as the growing interest of consumers to get a unique experience of travel to northern tourism destinations but is also associated with the development of global economic processes and diplomatic relations, which determine successful bilateral cooperation in interdepartmental and intergovernmental level. Multilateral cooperation and the implementation of jointly adopted tourism development programs within the framework of the activities of international organizations are also of great importance. With the restrictions on international and domestic travel in two recent years, the global tourism market entered a crisis state, which affected the dynamics of tourist arrivals in the Arctic and slowed down this development. The author, drawing attention to the current bilateral and intergovernmental agreements on cooperation in tourism between Russia and the Nordic countries and the Plan of significant events in connection with Russia's chairmanship in the Arctic Council in 2021–2023 proposes to support a peaceful and friendly policy of good-neighbourliness and cooperation in matters of sustainable tourism development in the Arctic, despite the claims of the European Union for interference in Arctic affairs, which were reflected in the European Commission's Joint Communication dated October 13, 2021.

Since the initiation of the Erasmus programme in 1987, intra-European student exchanges in higher education are expected to promote a sense of European identity and citizenship among European exchange students. Panel studies grasping students' identification before and after participating in an exchange programme, however, remain remarkably scarce today. Moreover, the few existing studies report conflicting results. This paper adds to this debate, presenting the results of a survey conducted in 2009 and 2010 among non-exchange and exchange students from thirteen European countries, based on a pretest – posttest nonequivalent groups design (n = 400). My analyses did not find any statistically significant differences over time within and between the groups of exchange and non-exchange students, and neither between students with similar identification scores at wave 1. Finally, an analysis of the relationship between social network types and identification patterns did also not yield any significant results. Altogether, these findings suggest the impact of European exchange programmes on European citizenship and a sense of European identity is relatively limited.

The European Union is one of the more important actors in the building and development of the Public International Law and of the International Law of Treaties. This last one is especially important for the Union whose fundamental rules are international treaties. In addition, the European Union concludes many treaties in one of the more important manifestations of its external competence. On the other hand, the Union makes a creative utilization of the Law of the Treaties, turning to it in emergency situations in which the conclusion of international treaties, with a complex definition in some cases, is more feasible than the revision of the European Union Primary Law. Moreover, the Union uses creatively the institutions of the Law of Treaties, standing out the provisional application that allows avoiding temporarily the difficulties and the slowness characteristic of the European Union's international treaties conclusion procedure, especially in the cases of the mixed agreements. ; La Unión Europea es uno de los actores más importantes en la construcción del Derecho internacional público y, dentro de este, del Derecho de los tratados. Este último tiene una importancia esencial para la Unión, cuyas normas fundacionales son tratados internacionales, concretamente tratados constitutivos. Además, la Unión Europea celebra multitud de tratados internacionales en una de las manifestaciones más importantes de su competencia exterior. Por otra parte, la Unión realiza una utilización creativa del Derecho de los tratados, recurriendo al mismo en situaciones de urgencia en las que la conclusión de tratados internacionales, cuya calificación en determinados casos resulta compleja, se muestra como una solución más factible que proceder a la reforma del derecho originario de la Unión. Igualmente, la Unión realiza una utilización creativa de las instituciones del Derecho de los tratados, entre las que destaca la aplicación provisional que permite salvar, temporalmente, las dificultades y la lentitud que caracterizan el procedimiento de celebración de tratados internacionales de la Unión Europea, especialmente en el caso de los acuerdos mixtos.

Reducing diffuse pollution is a perpetuating problem for environmental regulators. This paper will consider novel ways to regulate its impacts on the aquatic environment, with particular reference to rural landuse. It will look at the relationship between science, policy and law, and the contributions of integrated water resources management and governance at regional, national and river basin scales. Regulatory frameworks for water in the European Union will be explored, along with their implementation nationally in Scotland and at catchment scale in the Tweed river basin. It will conclude that regulation has a role to play, but that it is necessary to take a visionary holistic and integrated approach, nesting regulation within a governance framework that involves all stakeholders and takes full account of developing science and socio-economic drivers to meet environmental objectives.

Background Risk assessment is central to primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but there remains a need to better understand the use of evidence-based interventions in practice. This study examines: (i) the policies and guidelines for risk assessment in Europe, (ii) the use of risk assessment tools in clinical practice and (iii) the barriers to, and facilitators of, risk assessment. Methods Data were collected from academics, clinicians and policymakers in an online questionnaire targeted at experts from all European Union member states, and in 8 in-depth country case studies that were developed from a targeted literature review and 36 interviews. Results The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) produces European guidelines for CVD risk assessment and recommends the Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation tool, which is the most widely used risk assessment tool in Europe. The use of risk assessment tools is variable. Lack of time and resources are important barriers. Integrating risk assessment tools into clinical systems and providing financial incentives to carry out risk assessments could increase implementation. Novel biomarkers would need to be supported by evidence of their clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness to be introduced in clinical practice. These findings were consistent across Europe. Conclusions Efforts to improve the assessment of CVD risk in clinical practice should be carried out by or in collaboration with, the ESC. Increasing the use of existing risk assessment tools is likely to offer greater gains in primary prevention than the development of novel biomarkers.