Suchergebnisse

With this study we aim to highlight the close relationship between foreign policy and domestic politics, that are, mutually dependent, and also the relationship between political regime, foreign policy and domestic politics. To support our hypothesis, we have done a case study: Portugal foreign policy between 1974 and 1985. This period corresponds to the transition and consolidation of the portuguese democracy, and so allows the study of two fundamental axes of the thesis: the relationship between domestic policy and foreign policy and the influence of political system in the definition of foreign policy. We done a literature review to establish a theoretical framework that allowed us to analyze the issue under consideration and we used the methodology of case study, which combines theoretical tools and the analysis of a particular case, we will define clearly and precisely both the theoretical framework that the factual underlying this research project. We cannot consider that there is a direct relationship between the political and foreign policy, although the nature of the political system can influence the modus operandi, set the mode of participation, and capacity of various internal stakeholders. Foreign policy because of its nature - linking element among the domestic and the external area of the state – can't dispose of international constraints or geostrategic context where the state is built. ; Avec cette étude, on a essayé mettre en évidence la relation étroite entre la politique étrangère et politique intérieure, qui sont, mutuellement dépendants, et aussi la relation entre le régime politique, la politique étrangère et politique intérieure. Pour soutenir notre hypothèse, on a fait un cas d'étude: la politique étrangère du Portugal entre 1974 et 1985. Période que correspond à la transition et de consolidation de la démocratie portugaise, et permet ainsi l'étude de deux axes fondamentaux de la thèse: la relation entre politique intérieure et politique étrangère et de l'influence du régime politique dans la définition de la politique étrangère. On a fait une révision de la littérature pour établir un cadre théorique qui nous a permis d'analyser la question étudiée et on a utilisé la méthodologie de cas d'étude, qui combine des outils théoriques et l'analyse d'un cas particulier, nous allons définir de façon claire et précise aussi bien le cadre théorique que le cadre factuel sous-jacent à ce projet de recherche On ne peut pas considérer qu'il y a une relation directe entre le régime politique et la politique étrangère, bien que la nature du régime politique puisse influer le modus operandi, définir le mode de participation, et la capacité des différentes parties prenantes internes. La politique étrangère à cause de sa nature – élément de liaison parmi le domaine interne et le domaine extérieure de l'État – ne peut s'aliéner des contraintes internationales ou du cadre géostratégique où l'État est intégré. ; (POL 3) -- UCL, 2012

In this article the author considers the issue of exploitation of Arctic region, especially of NSR. This transport corridor is very important from geopolitical point of view. The future of NSR will be thoroughly considered and the author will pay attention to the political horizons that opens as far as the interest of international community to Arctic rises and socio-economical processes are accelerating. The political institutions which regulate exploitation of NSR, legal framework, estimations of experts from different relevant fields and the problems of exploitation of Arctic region that have emerged on grounds of the current political situation in the world - all these aspects will be considered in the article. The special attention will be paid to the possible Russian self-determined exploitation of Arctic and NSR. Even though there are considerable reserves of natural resources in Arctic, its' capacity does not afford carry out its' active exploitation in short-term. Consequently, its' capacity does not permit exclusion of exploitation of NSR on account of transit route. Saving of the current relations with Western partners and development of opportunities to exploit Arctic region on our own - the main political goals of Russia. Recent events of this year demonstrate two important forces which have an impact on the exploitation of NSR. Firstly, an important role of Russia in international exploitation of Arctic, understanding of that at the international level and interest of foreign partners in cooperation with Russia in Arctic including over the question of NSR despite exacerbation of relation with the West. Secondly, present state of Arctic territories in terms of economics and socio-political aspect does not correspond to the boost of geopolitical power of Russia in Arctic. Western sanctions seriously harm sustainable development of Arctic in short-term. However, they will accelerate political processes in the region in case Russia wants exploit Arctic and take the lead among Arctic states. There is a necessity to overcome the technological and economical lag from the West, to create better infrastructure along the coast of the Arctic Ocean, to attract human resources in High North, to increase the government support of business in Arctic.

Historical essay on international economic relations of Brazil since the 1950s up to the end of military regime, in 1985. Important changes are observed in the main flows in trade & finance, within world economy. Brazil keeps its defensive stance, in order to adjust to serious exchange restrictions & financial fragilities, a recurring trend during that period. Adapted from the source document.

In this new perspective, Iran's quest for nuclear power--in the context of the global energy challenge and the Cold War-era nuclear arms race--takes on new dimension. This study goes beyond current affairs and analyzes interactions between the complex evolution of U.S. policy toward Iran and events in modern Iranian history that shape the determinants of Tehran's foreign policy. Today, the shockwaves of the cataclysm that became known as the Islamic Revolution have irrevocably transcended Iran's frontiers. In the aftermath of the revolution, Afghanistan and Iraq were invaded, and the Republicans, who had gained power thanks to the hostage crisis, now had to shy away in light of the Iran-Contra scandal. The revolution was a byproduct of the great powers' array of geostrategic moves following World War II. This book explores the order that underlies Iran's chaotic dynamics that have potential to bring about unintended results. The best example of this is President Carter's human rights policy, which, unexpectedly, via strange attractor dynamics, led to the fall of the Shah that marked the end of the U.S. twin-pillar policy in the Persian Gulf. -- Provided by publisher

Global health diplomacy (GHD) has become an important field of investigation due to health concerns increasingly entering the foreign policy domain. Much of the existing academic writing focuses on North-South cooperation in global health, and emphasizes the role of security and economic interests by Northern countries as drivers of GHD. Chile presents a favourable environment for an expanded involvement in future GHD activities. However, there is little knowledge about what has been driving Chile's integration of health into foreign policy, and little effort to appropriate knowledge from international relations theories to better theoretically grasp the emergence of GHD.To fill this knowledge gap, we conducted a narrative literature review of the driving forces behind Chile's integration of health into foreign policy. Drawing on a popular analytical framework used in international relations scholarship, we identified driving forces of the integration of health into Chile foreign policy at three levels of analysis.At the international/global level of analysis, the main driving forces were related to national security concerns and compliance with regulations of international organizations. At the regional level, GHD was driven by a commitment to regional solidarity through mutually beneficial cooperation in response to neoliberal reforms; health coordination in emergencies; and protection of indigenous peoples. Finally, at the domestic level, drivers identified include economic interests of various productive sectors and how health regulations might impact those; the high degree of social inequity which impacts on access to healthcare; and management of natural disasters.Health actions in the context of international relations in Chile are still mainly motivated by more traditional foreign policy interests rather than by a desire to satisfy health needs per se. This seems to conform with findings of existing GHD scholarship that emphasize the importance of security and economic interests as driving forces of GHD, and how health is often appropriated instrumentally within foreign policy settings to achieve other goals. But the review also reveals that in the context of South-South cooperation (and regional health diplomacy), solidarity and normative considerations can be important driving forces as well. Finally, the review demonstrates that there has been an evolution from chiefly domestically focused health policies (e.g. maternal and child nutrition treatment) towards internationally inspired integrated policies (e.g. maternal and child nutrition promotion aligned with international guidelines).

This volume provides a comprehensive overview of the contemporary Maghreb. Made up of contributions from leading academics in the field, it highlights specific issues of importance, including international and security affairs. With profiles of individual countries and regional issues, such as migration, gender, integration, economics, and war in Western Sahara, as well as a section dealing with international relations and the Maghreb, including US and EU foreign policy and security issues, North Africa: Politics, Region, and the Limits of Transformation is a major resource f.

The main themes of the France-NATO relationship are still Europe/Atlantic & independence/solidarity. But the context has changed. What are the consequences for France? NATO together with whom, & to do what? Would rejoining the integrated military structure serve the interests of the European defence project or do the opposite? The general question of Franco-American relations is not the specific issue of NATO. Above all we have to maintain our independence, the basis of our foreign policy for the past half-century.

THE PRESENT CONDITIONS IN THE MACEDONIAN REGION ARE POTENTIALLY RIPE FOR AN EXPANDED CONFLICT BETWEEN BALKAN NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS. TO ILLUSTRATE THE DANGER OF THIS CONFLICT IGNITING INTO WAR, THIS ARTICLE COMPARES THE CURRENT MACEDONIAN QUESTION WITH THE HISTORICAL MODEL OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT PROPOSED BY MYRON WEINER. IT USES WEINER'S MODEL TO IDENTIFY AND EXPLAIN THE HYPERNATIONALIST QUANDRY IN THE SOUTHERN BALKANS, TO OUTLINE THE POSSIBLE FUTURE OF THESE MOVEMENTS, AND TO SUGGEST WAYS IN WHICH U.S. FOREIGN POLICY CAN HELP TO SOLVE THIS SPIRALING DILEMMA.

Introduction -- Australia's Approach to Security Cooperation -- France's Approach to Security Cooperation -- The United Kingdom's Approach to Security Cooperation -- Comparing the Case Studies -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Appendix A: Royal Australian Air Force Activities with Foreign Partners -- Appendix B: Brazilian Air Force Activities with Foreign Partners -- Appendix C: Chilean Air Force Activities with Foreign Partners -- Appendix D: Colombian Air Force Activities with Foreign Partners -- Appendix E: French Air Force Activities with Foreign Partners -- Appendix F: Indian Air Force Activities with Foreign Partners -- Appendix G: Israeli Air and Space Force Activities with Foreign Partners -- Appendix H: Japan Air Self-Defense Force Activities with Foreign Partners -- Appendix I: Pakistan Air Force Activities with Foreign Partners -- Appendix J: Republic of Korea Air Force Activities with Foreign Partners -- Appendix K: Singapore Air Force Activities with Foreign Partners -- Appendix L: South African Air Force Activities with Foreign Partners -- Appendix M: United Arab Emirates Air Force Activities with Foreign Partners -- Appendix N: Royal Air Force Activities with Foreign Partners

"The recent wave of mass protests sweeping the Arab world has caught the EU by surprise. In a bid to adapt its policies to a rapidly changing situation and regain some credibility, the European Commission has launched a proposal for a "partnership for democracy and shared prosperity". This partnership, however, represents little more than a re-branding of existing EU policies. In order to open a new chapter in its relations with the Arab world, the EU will need to learn from its past mistakes and adopt a more humble approach that is based on the emerging political realities of the region." [author's abstract]

Israel and China have quietly developed a significant arms trade since the 1970s. This article examines the history of the development of the Israel-China arms trade, its ramifications for wider international relations including those between the US and Israel, the US and China, and also foreign policy implications for China and the Middle-East. (Asian Aff/GIGA)

"China's rise is altering global power relations, reshaping economic debates, and commanding tremendous public attention. Despite extensive media and academic scrutiny, the conventional wisdom about China's economy is often wrong. Cracking the China Conundrum provides a holistic and contrarian view of China's major economic, political, and foreign policy issues. Yukon Huang trenchantly addresses widely accepted yet misguided views in the analysis of China's economy. He examines arguments about the causes and effects of China's possible debt and property market bubbles, trade and investment relations with the Western world, the links between corruption and political liberalization in a growing economy and Beijing's more assertive foreign policies. Huang explains that such misconceptions arise in part because China's economic system is unprecedented in many ways-namely because it's driven by both the market and state- which complicates the task of designing accurate and adaptable analysis and research. Further, China's size, regional diversity, and uniquely decentralized administrative system poses difficulties for making generalizations and comparisons from micro to macro levels when trying to interpret China's economic state accurately. This book not only interprets the ideologies that experts continue building misguided theories upon, but also examines the contributing factors to this puzzle. Cracking the China Conundrum provides an enlightening and corrective viewpoint on several major economic and political foreign policy concerns currently shaping China's economic environment. "--

'This highly original text makes an important contribution. Well-structured and with clear arguments, it is both authoritative and readable. Strongly recommended.' -Dr Christopher M. Davidson, Reader in Middle East Politics in the School of Government and International Affairs, Durham University, UK 'The U.S. security relationship with Europe is an issue of considerable importance for European order. This book provides a cogent analysis of the American commitment to the NATO alliance over the last quarter of a century, from the end of the Cold War to the Ukraine crisis. Yanan Song provides a systematic and thorough study of the wellsprings of U.S. thinking towards NATO and its European allies.' -Professor Adrian Hyde-Price, Department of Political Science, University of Gothenburg, Sweden This book examines the continuing US commitments to NATO in the post-Cold War era. The initial focus is on the recommitment decisions of the Clinton administration. It also extensively explores the US operations in Kosovo, Afghanistan and, in particular, Libya. The case study on Libya is especially important in exploring the Obama administration's understanding of the purpose of NATO in the context of current economic pressures, domestic US debates about post-War on Terror interventions, and of increasing American preoccupation with Pacific rather than European security. The author utilises substantial archival research and interviews with policymakers and academics, including Ambassador Kethleen Stephens, former Special Assistant to the President Stephen J. Flanagan, and former Director for Non-proliferation at National Security Council Robert S. Litwak. This book is ideal for postgraduate researchers and academics in US foreign policy, foreign policy decision-making, transatlantic relations and NATO, as well as a great use to undergraduate students. Yanan Song received her PhD from the School of Government and International Affairs at Durham University, UK

Economists have argued that outsourcing is another form of international trade. However, based on a representative national survey of Americans conducted in 2007 and 2009, the distribution of preferences on these two issues appears to be quite different. This article examines the origins of attitudes toward outsourcing, focusing on the extent to which it reflects (1) the economic vulnerabilities of individuals; (2) the information they receive about outsourcing, including their subjective understanding of what constitutes outsourcing; and (3) noneconomic attitudes toward foreign people and foreign countries. The findings emphasize the importance of variations in understandings of the term, as well as the highly symbolic nature of attitudes toward this issue. Individuals who believe the US should distance itself from international affairs more generally, who are nationalistic, or who feel that members of other ethnic and racial groups within the US are less praiseworthy than their own group tend to have particularly hostile reactions to outsourcing. The informational cues people receive are also important influences on their understanding of and attitudes toward outsourcing. Experimental results further emphasize the symbolic nature of attitudes toward outsourcing. Taken together, the results strongly suggest that attitudes are shaped less by the economic consequences of outsourcing than by a sense of "us" versus "them."