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Preliminary material /Editors Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities -- Acknowledgements /Editors Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities -- Introduction /Paul Allatson and Jo McCormack -- Becoming and Unbecoming Tu: Nation, Nationality and Exilic Agency in the People's Republic of China /Susette Cooke -- Exile as Nationality: The Salar of Northwest China /David S. G. Goodman -- Language, Exile and the Burden of Undecidable Citizenship: Tenzin Tsundue and the Tibetan Experience /Obododimma Oha -- Returning from Exile: The Japanese Citizens from the Former Manchuria /Rowena Ward -- Memory and Exile: Contemporary France and the Algerian War (1954-1962) /Jo McCormack -- The Language of Exile: Haunting Desires in Djebar's La Disparition de la langue française /Ana de Medeiros -- Exile: Rupture and Continuity in Jean Vanmai's Chân Dang and Fils de Chân Dang /Tess Do -- Exiled in the Homeland: Heiner Müller's Medea /Yixu Lü -- Acceptance: on 1956: Desire and the Unknowable /Sue Hajdú -- Displacement and Shifting Geographies in the Noir Fiction of Cesare Battisti /Maja Mikula -- "En híbrida mezcolanza": Exile and Anxiety in Alirio Díaz Guerra's Lucas Guevara /Jeff Browitt -- Shame, Nostalgia and Cuban American Cultural Identity in Fiction: "la cubana arrepentida" /Olga Lorenzo -- Dying in the New Country /Marivic Wyndham -- Coda: Eleven Stars Over the Last Moments of Andalusia /Devleena Ghosh -- About the Contributors /Editors Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities -- Bibliography /Editors Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities -- Index /Editors Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities.

Introduction / Daniel M. Cobb and Loretta Fowler -- Witness to change : fifty years of Indian activism and tribal politics / Donald L. Fixico -- Missing the point : academic experts and American Indian politics / Frederick E. Hoxie -- The foundations of federal Indian law and its application in the twentieth century / Taiawagi Helton and Lindsay G. Robertson -- At the headwaters of a twentieth-century "Indian" political agenda : rethinking the origins of the Society of American Indians / D. Anthony Tyeeme Clark -- The citizenship of dance : politics of music among the Lakota, 1900-1924 / John Troutman -- "In a name of justice and fairness" : the Mississippi Choctaw Indian Federation versus the BIA, 1934 / Katherine M.B. Osburn -- Terminating the Choctaws / Clara Sue Kidwell -- Indians, the counterculture, and the new left / Sherry L. Smith -- Talking the language of the larger world : politics in Cold War (Native) America / Daniel M. Cobb -- In the arena : an expert witness view of the Indian Claims Commission / Helen Hornbeck Tanner -- Tribal sovereignty movements compared : the plains region / Loretta Fowler -- States of sovereignty : race shifting, recognition, and rights in Cherokee country / Circe Sturm -- Tribal courts and tribal states in the era of self-determination : an Ojibwe case study / Larry Nesper -- Florida Seminole gaming and local sovereign interdependency / Jessica Cattelino -- Miami Indian language and cultural research at Miami University / Daryl Baldwin and Julie Olds -- Conclusion: Education, art, and activism / Della Warrior

Over the past half century the language of human rights has gained such dominance in moral, civic, and ecclesiastical discourse that ethical and social questions are increasingly framed in terms of rights. Yet the vast literature dealing with human and civil rights focuses almost exclusively on the juridical and practical ramifications of rights, rather than the philosophical, moral, and foundational aspects. As a result, the proliferation of rights claims and catalogs has not been accompanied by a reasoned case for the existence of human rights or rational criteria for distinguishing true moral entitlement from spurious claims. Who Is My Neighbor? makes a case for human rights as moral entitlements grounded in the dignity of the human person. Drawing upon insights of Thomistic Personalism, Thomas D. Williams sets forth the anthropological, philosophical, and theological bases for asserting that the human person must always be loved as an end and never used as a mere means. Williams grants ample space to critics of rights theory and systematically answers their arguments by showing how, rightly understood, human rights dovetail with classical ethical theory and traditional formulations of justice and natural law. Williams suggests that rights language not only does no violence to classical ethics but serves to highlight certain fundamental truths about the human person essential to right human relations

The children of the recent influx of immigrants compose a second generation far different from any this country has known before. Largely nonwhite and from the world's developing nations, these children struggle with complex problems of racial and ethnic relations in multicultural urban neighborhoods where good jobs are increasingly scarce. The New Second Generation chronicles the lives of second-generation youth in Miami, New York City, New Orleans, and Southern California. The contributors balance careful analysis with the voices of the youngsters themselves, focusing primarily on education, career expectations, language preference, ethnic pride, and the influence of their American-born peers. Demographic portraits reveal that although many immigrant youths are poor, this disadvantage is partially offset by the fact that their parents are typically married, self-employed, and off welfare. Historical analysis of language preferences among Miami's Hispanic youth also reveals their unequivocal preference for English. Still other essays explore the process of adaptation and self-definition among immigrant youth, especially the influences of neighborhood, ethnicity, and family. As immigration continues to change the face of the nation's cities, we cannot ignore the crucial issue of how well the children of immigrants will adapt. The New Second Generation provides valuable insight into issues that may spell the difference between regeneration and decay across urban America

List of Contents -- Introduction: -- Innovative Conceptual Perspectives for Adequately Modeling Complex Real Systems -- Problem Study 1 -- Realism in Hierarchical Modeling: A Fuzzy Systems Approach -- A Logical Approach to Simulation (TS - PROLOG) -- Modeling and Simulating Nets of Agencies with BORIS -- A Systems Specification Language -- An Exercise in Achieving Goals in Distributed Systems by Means of Interaction Systems -- Problem Study 2 -- Eliciting the Real Problem -- A Group Process Approach to Organizational Change -- The Problem of Model Adequacy Exemplified Using General Nets to Describe a Citizens' Services Department -- Real System Modeling: A Formal but Realistic Approach to Organizational Design -- A High Level Net Language for Stepwise Modeling Organizational Systems -- Some Mathematical Methods for Modeling the Performance of a Distributed Data Base System -- T3SD as a Modeling Methodology -- Problem Study 3 -- Quality Assurance of System Design and Model Management for Complex Problems -- Reversal Simulation with Place - Transactor Nets -- Conditions for Living Together of Social Groups -- A Balanced System of Social Groups in a New Suburb: How These Requirements Reflect on a Philosophy of Realistic Model-Building Architecture -- System for Interactive Modeling of Socio-Economic Development -- Real Structure Modeling: Towards a Valid Approach for Social Systems Analysis -- The Use of Structured Design Methodology to Improve Realism in National Economic Planning -- A Preliminary Framework for Urban Model-Building -- Authors' Index.

1 Augmentation of Machine Language Level -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Software and Hardware Functions -- 3. Relation between Source and Machine Languages -- 4. Hardware Interpretation of Expressions -- 5. Memory Organization -- 6. Program Information Structure -- 7. Subroutine Calls -- 8. Computers with Built-in Compilers -- 9. Conclusion -- References -- 2 On the Relation between Grammars and Automata -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Phrase-Structure Grammars -- 3. Finite Automata and Right Linear Grammars -- 4. Pushdown Automata and Context-Free Grammars -- 5. Deterministic Pushdown Automata and LR(k) Grammars… -- 6. Linear Bounded Automata and Context-Sensitive Grammars. . -- 7. Turing Machines and Phrase-Structure Grammars -- References -- 3 An Introduction to Information Structures and Paging Considerations for On-Line Text Editing Systems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basic Considerations for a Text Editor's Information Structure -- 3. Fixed-Length Context Editors -- 4. Variable-Length-Line and "Superline" Editors -- 5. Statement-Oriented Editors -- 6. String-Oriented Editors -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- 4 An Introduction to the Structure of Time-Shared Computers -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Computer Hardware -- 3. The Operating System Structure -- 4. The PDP-10 Time-Sharing System Structure -- 5. The Economics of Time-Sharing -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5 Error-Correcting Codes in Computer Arithmetic -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The General Theory of AN-Codes -- 3. Cyclic AN-Codes -- 4. Multiresidue Codes -- 5. Further Comments on Arithmetic Codes -- 6. Implementation of Arithmetic Codes -- 7. Conclusions -- References.

AbstractSchool engagement is a multidimensional concept describing how students behave, feel, and think. Previous meta‐analyses suggest that school engagement may be underpinned by specific aspects of teacher support. However, given that school engagement is also multifaceted, it is important to examine how each aspect of school engagement is related to different aspects of teacher support. Thus, a meta‐analysis was conducted to ascertain the magnitude of the association between different domains of teacher support and various dimensions of school engagement. We also considered the moderating roles of study (e.g., study design) and sample characteristics (e.g., school level). Of the 1249 studies identified from three databases, 141 studies (i.e., 525,129 students) met the inclusion criteria. Results indicated that teacher support was positively associated with school engagement, but the magnitude of this association differed depending on which aspects of teacher support and school engagement were examined. Significant moderating effects were evident for sample language discrepancy (i.e., discrepancy between the language spoken by the student at home and in school), school level, sex, study design, and informants. Current findings emphasize a need to adopt a comprehensive approach when examining teacher support and school engagement. Findings also suggest the importance of fostering an emotionally supportive school context to promote school engagement among students. Implications for educational research and practice are discussed.

This article argues that through the EU's technology regulation, technological concepts permeate legal language. Such concepts may function as transplants, even irritants, causing tensions and uncertainties. As technology regulation is increasingly horizontal, i.e. obligating private and public actors alike, these newfound legal concepts remain disconnected from established public law vocabulary and the power constellations it represents and embeds. We approach this evolution of legal language from public law perspective and concentrate on the concepts of 'user' and 'deployer' in the EU's upcoming Artificial Intelligence Act. We discuss these emerging legal concepts in relation to the rich theorizing on the concepts in human–computer interaction research. Our analysis demonstrates a discrepancy between legal and technology-oriented conceptualizations of the 'user-deployer'. We draw three conclusions. First, the digital revolution is taking place in conceptual-linguistic practices of law, and not only when translating law into code. Second, when external concepts are appropriated into law, they are uprooted from their established habitat, which may result in unpredictability in future legal interpretation. Third, in public law, adopting the 'user-deployer' may have some additional challenges, as it introduces a new agent into the relationship between public authority and private entities. Simultaneously, citizens seem to be mainly excluded from the legal conceptualizing, which risks blurring traditional power constellations.

ABSTRACT: The Arabic-derived French slang word wesh has fascinated linguists and bilingual French speakers seeking equivalents of the word in other languages. Because it appears in a variety of discourse contexts, its use and translation into English can be difficult to immediately discern. This study analyzes 84 occurrences of the word in natural language use in social media posts and during conversations from November 2022 to January 2023. We identify five distinct uses of wesh as a discourse marker in French, along with one substantive use. Finally, we propose an updated dictionary entry and provide pedagogical suggestions for instructors. Abstract: Le mot argot français d'origine arabe, wesh , fascine les linguistes et les locuteurs bilingues du français qui y cherchent un équivalent dans d'autres langues. En raison de sa présence dans divers contextes discursifs, l'utiliser et le traduire en anglais peuvent être difficiles. Cette étude analyse 84 occurrences du mot produites en langue naturelle sur les réseaux sociaux et lors de conversations pendant la période de novembre 2022 à janvier 2023. Nous identifions cinq utilisations distinctes de wesh en tant que marqueur de discours en français, ainsi qu'une utilisation comme substantif. Pour conclure, nous proposons une entrée de dictionnaire plus complète et fournissons des suggestions pédagogiques pour les instructeurs.

Despite the rekindled interest in emotions and individual differences in second language acquisition (SLA) under the influence of positive psychology, the interrelationships among regulatory focus, L2 grit and achievement emotions remain under-researched. Drawing on structural equation modeling (SEM) approach, this study aimed to examine the predictive effects of regulatory focus on L2 grit through the mediation of achievement emotions. A total of 1043 non-English major undergraduates from a comprehensive university in central China participated in the study. Data were collected with a questionnaire adapted from three published scales and analyzed using multiple regression and multiple mediation analysis with a 1000-bootstrap method. Results showed that all three psychological constructs under investigation were correlated with each other and regulatory focus had an indirect predictive effect on L2 grit, which was mediated by achievement emotions. As with the mediating effect of achievement emotions, enjoyment and boredom had a partial mediating effect on the relationship between promotion focus and L2 grit, whereas hope and anxiety had a full mediating effect on the relationship between prevention focus and L2 grit. The findings are discussed in relation to the identified mediating mechanism for regulatory focus and L2 grit in boosting L2 learning motivation among Chinese English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) learners.

AbstractThis paper offers a methodologically innovative two-stage approach for studying divisions amongst parliamentary representatives. Using the Parliamentary Labour Party (PLP) as our case study, we construct a dataset of all Labour MPs elected in the 2019 general election, along with their nominations in the 2020 Labour Party leadership and deputy leadership elections and their membership of, or affiliation with, various party-aligned organisations. We then conduct a cluster analysis based on this dataset, which reveals the existence of a two-cluster model—comprised of the Mainstream (N = 162) and the Left (N = 33)—and a five-cluster model—in which the Left exists alongside the Tribune Soft Left, the Labour Friends of Palestine and the Middle East Soft Left, the Unaligned Centrists, and the Right. Finally, we test the robustness of our clusters via a canonical correspondence analysis of the language used by MPs on social media (Twitter/X) and their contributions to parliamentary debates (Hansard). We show that the MPs from different clusters do use different languages to one another in both fora. We also find that the main divide within the PLP is between the left of the party and the rest of the party, and that the deputy leader, Angela Rayner, has a broader base of support amongst the PLP than its current leader Keir Starmer.

The human experience of consciousness and the divine has long been a source of fascination and curiosity. In recent decades, two seemingly disparate fields have emerged one after the other to rethink our experiences in new contexts: postmodernism and neurotheology. It was already obvious to Aristotle that logic is a reflection of language. This immanent coherence and the status of "truth" have been well-rethought by the neurosciences. Neurotheology offers a new field of research on key problems related to paralogisms, the aetiology of belief, and social beliefs in the direction of generating a new field of solutions. It attempts a kind of technical revision of why thinking suffers from deficiencies with a rather Cartesian approach. The other line of reasoning also provides interesting perspectives - the consideration of consciousness as a function of the universe. If successfully tested - this thesis would fundamentally change the perspective of psychology in the direction of a complete transformation and fusion with neuroscience. The big winner in the duel of positions is ethics - it would have to rethink its basic definitions, with all the social implications that entails. The advent of brain implants and large language models (which, driven by intellectual inertia, we call "artificial intelligence"), and advances in medicine and pharmacology certainly contribute to the possible realization of some, if not all, of these scenarios.

The problem of an approximate solution to hydrodynamic problems is the consideration of pressure. To exclude it from the equations, the transition to "non-primitive variables" (vortex and velocity vector divergence) is made. In this case, there are difficulties in the algorithmization of new equations for solving the inverse problem of hydrodynamics and a lot of internal iterative calculations. The object of this study includes equations in "non-primitive" variables. The research methods are based on the transformation without simplifications and assumptions of hydrodynamic equations into a form containing "non-primitive" variables and the demonstration of the possibilities of solving the equations. The GAMS programming language was used for approximate solutions for the first time. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the possibility of solving the full equations in "non-primitive" variables for various conditions. The results showed the possibility of considering the compressibility of the medium when solving the inverse problem of hydrodynamics; the identity of solutions of the proposed system of equations and equations using the potential; and the possibility of using optimizing programming languages for hydrodynamics problems. The scientific novelty of this research consists of solving the full equations of hydrodynamics with the use of "non-primitive" variables but without the use of the current function. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2024-08-02-021 Full Text: PDF

Political parties can be crucial gatekeepers to the political participation of immigrants. This article analyzes the political selection strategies of political parties at the local level. The case study focuses on the multi-ethnic city of Bolzano in Northern Italy, which is home to a significant migrant population as well as three autochthonous language groups: Italian, German, and Ladin. First, the article gives an overview of the political lists presented at the last local elections in 2020. Second, it discusses party strategies to recruit candidates with an immigration background. The presented insights are drawn from seven "elite" interviews (i.e., with high-ranking party representatives). Overall, the findings indicate that diversity stemming from migration does not have a significant impact on the recruitment strategies of the province's political parties': Despite electoral lists containing an increasing number of immigrants, who have migrated to South Tyrol since the 1990s, neither newer nor traditional parties adopt significant strategies to recruit candidates with an immigration background. Overall, the diversity on political lists mostly reflects the existing language cleavages of the autochthonous population, while diversity stemming from immigration is still largely overlooked. However, the results also show that while neither of the parties is fully inclusive or exclusive in their selection methods, we identify a tendency toward selective inclusiveness of certain immigrant groups.

Abstract
Social group–based identities intersect. The meaning of "woman" is modulated by adding social class as in "rich woman" or "poor woman." How does such intersectionality operate at-scale in everyday language? Which intersections dominate (are most frequent)? What qualities (positivity, competence, warmth) are ascribed to each intersection? In this study, we make it possible to address such questions by developing a stepwise procedure, Flexible Intersectional Stereotype Extraction (FISE), applied to word embeddings (GloVe; BERT) trained on billions of words of English Internet text, revealing insights into intersectional stereotypes. First, applying FISE to occupation stereotypes across intersections of gender, race, and class showed alignment with ground-truth data on occupation demographics, providing initial validation. Second, applying FISE to trait adjectives showed strong androcentrism (Men) and ethnocentrism (White) in dominating everyday English language (e.g. White + Men are associated with 59% of traits; Black + Women with 5%). Associated traits also revealed intersectional differences: advantaged intersectional groups, especially intersections involving Rich, had more common, positive, warm, competent, and dominant trait associates. Together, the empirical insights from FISE illustrate its utility for transparently and efficiently quantifying intersectional stereotypes in existing large text corpora, with potential to expand intersectionality research across unprecedented time and place. This project further sets up the infrastructure necessary to pursue new research on the emergent properties of intersectional identities.