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Driven by unrelenting technological and market forces, telecommunications is today one of the world's dynamic economic sector. Until not long ago a relatively obscure territory of interest mainly to engineers, telecommunications today seem to be everybody's proper playing field. Large and small businesses, user groups, investment banks, policy makers, development organizations, legislators, economists, political scientists, consumers, students and lawyers, among others, are now also actively and visibly involved in telecommunications. Traditionally, telecommunications was regarded as a relatively straightforward public utility. Economies of scale, political and military sensitivities, and large externalities made telecommunications a typical public service believed to be a natural monopoly. In this environment, telecommunications development focused mainly on extending standard service, building basic networks, and improving the performance of the operating entities. The main issues were technological, and management of telecommunications enterprises was largely oriented toward engineering.Research in the 1960s and 1970s documented the importance of telecommunications as infrastructure for economic and social development. It was shown that telecommunication services are used in connection with a wide range of economic production and distribution activities, delivery of social services and government administration.They also contribute to the quality of life and social, political and security objectives. Where available, telecommunications benefit a broad cross-section of the urban and rural population by income, education and occupation. These features result in high social and private returns from telecommunications investment, as well as in a considerable financial resource mobilization capacity.Information is regarded today as a fundamental factor of production, alongside capital and labor. The information economy accounted one-third to one half of gross domestic product (GDP) and of employment in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries in the 1980s and is expected to reach 60 % for the European Union (EU) in the year 2000. Information also accounts for substantial proportion of GDP in the newly industrialized economies and the modern sectors of developing countries.This increasing information intensity of economic activity, coupled with the globalization of capital flows, trade, manufacturing and other activities, resulted in strong demand for better, more varied, and less costly communication and information services. Demand growth has been challenged with rapid changes in telecommunications technology fueled by advances in microelectronics, software and optics. These changes have greatly reduced the cost of information transmission and processing. It changed the cost structures of telecommunications and many other industries, made possible new ways of meeting a wider range of communication needs at lower cost, reduced user dependence on established operating entities and increasingly integrated information and telecommunications technologies and services. Obviously these interrelated market and technological processes show no signs of decreasing or abating.In this context, telecommunications is now widely considered a strategic investment to maintain and to develop competitive advantage at all levels including national, regional and firm. Telecommunications constitute the core of, and provide the infrastructure for the information economy as a whole. Telecommunications facilitates market entry, improve customer service, and reduce costs, and increase productivity. They are an integral part of financial services, commodities markets, media, transportation, and the travel industry, and provide vital links among manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers.Moreover, industrial and commercial competitive advantage is now not only influenced by availability of telecommunications facilities, but also by choice of network alternatives and control to reconfigure and manage networks in line with corporate objectives. Countries and firms that lack access to modern telecommunication and information systems cannot effectively participate in the global economy and politics. This applies to the least developed countries of Africa and Asia as much as to middle income countries, such as those in Latin America, East Asia, and Central and Eastern Europe that aspire to become industrial countries in the next decade. In that respect, this study is going to focus on the world's one of the most leading entity, European Union (EU)'s telecommunications status, Information Society and its vast project TEN (Trans European Networks) regarding its impacts on the interdependence between the European states in a broad sense, from politics, economics to social living.While doing it, after the introduction, the general developments of telecommunications in Europe will be mentioned by overlooking the regulatory progress in EU in part 2. With the beginning of part 3, the fundamental framework called Information Society (IS) is going to be explained by stressing on the aims and principles of this new era. However, beside its tremendous effects, living and working in IS brings up major questions. Basically, the two opposite ideas are in the minds of the people; on the one hand some says the new technologies and IS creates new fields of job and will bring profound dynamism to the every field of the life and on the other hand some says the new technologies and IS destroy more jobs than it creates, also it will create big gap between rich and poor regions, including people. However, the aim of this work is not to decide which is true or not, but to indicate two sides of the coin as clear as possible which will be done in part 4. In part 5, the way of Europe through IS will be stressed on the necessary suggestions of Commission. With the beginning of part 6 the very important IS project of EU, Trans European Networks (TENs) which is a very extended project, another words it is an advanced infrastructure which will pull Europe together to create a strong economy and better quality of life will be defined in part 6. Part 6 also highlights the main framework of TENs as "TENs for Telecommunications" and "TEN related IS Projects" of EU.After a general idea given by part 6 about TENs, part 7 will be dealt with "Community Support Program for Trans European Telecommunication Networks". The idea here is to comprehend the telecommunication related services and necessary applications in order to see their effect on IS through its expansion in Europe. Even though this work does not have a comparative character, lastly, in part 8 the situation of Turkey, regarding telecommunications and IS will be described. As it is mentioned the idea here is not to compare Turkey's situation with the EU countries', but it is important to give a general opinion where Turkey is. The new era is on its way. One way or another information and telecommunication is expanding into people's life if we like it or not. So that it is substantial to understand the situation of telecommunications and the Information Society in order to see our future more clearly. From now on the economical power is not sufficient if you do not have the power of information. The countries or in other words, societies which can combine economic and information power together with highly widespread telecommunication infrastructures, will be successful in the changing world. Here in this work the ultimate aim is not to discuss the technical or judicial side of telecommunications and information society, but to emphasize the importance of this new trend for countries' future.

[SPA] Las mipymes juegan un rol muy importante en las economías modernas. Las mipymes en Perú se configura como el eje central de la tesis, siendo su objetivo principal estudiar los factores explicativos del éxito empresarial y la problemática del acceso a la financiación, tanto de la perspectiva del empresario como de las entidades financieras. La tesis se ha estructurado en tres estudios empíricos con la finalidad de buscar los elementos que ayuden a la mipyme a mejorar su competitividad, crecimiento y sostenibilidad en el tiempo. En el primer estudio se analizan los factores asociados al éxito competitivo de las mipymes peruanas, con una muestra de 94 empresas. Los factores de éxito competitivo se estudian desde la perspectiva de la teoría de los recursos y capacidades de las empresas. Los resultados muestran que las mipymes que tengan implantados sistemas de control de gestión más desarrollados y que apliquen prácticas de gestión de sus recursos humanos más eficientes, mayor será la probabilidad de tener éxito en el mercado. En el segundo trabajo se analiza las causas del racionamiento de crédito en las mipymes peruanas. El trabajo empírico se desarrolla mediante una encuesta a una muestra de 158 mipymes. Los resultados muestran que factores como las prácticas de innovación en productos, procesos y sistemas de gestión, la situación jurídica formal de la empresa, su buen rendimiento, el que tenga una posición tecnológica fuerte, que realice de manera periódica un plan estratégico, que tenga departamentos formales dentro de su organización, entre otros, hace que tenga una mayor probabilidad de acceso al crédito bancario. Finalmente, en el tercer trabajo se analizan los principales criterios que consideran las entidades financieras a la hora de dar un crédito a una mipyme, al objeto de minimizar su riesgo de impago. Se desarrolla un estudio empírico en base a una encuesta a 73 analistas de riesgos de entidades financieras peruanas. Los resultados muestran que los analistas consideran como criterios muy importantes el conocimiento del sector que tenga el empresario, su honestidad e integridad, los ratios de liquidez, endeudamiento y crecimiento; la cartera de clientes y la calificación del personal de la empresa. Asimismo atendiendo al perfil del analista, según su género, sus años de experiencia laboral y nivel de formación son también determinantes en los procesos de concesión de créditos a las mipymes peruanas. ; [ENG] Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) today play an important role in modern economies because of the wealth and employment they generate and are affected by rapid technological change and the globalization of markets. Peru is currently a developing country that is experiencing significant economic growth and its business fabric is mainly microenterprises. MSME, in the Peruvian context, is the central axis of this doctoral thesis, its main objective being to study the factors that explain business success and the problem of access to finance, both from the perspective of the entrepreneur and the financial institutions. The doctoral thesis has been structured in three empirical studies with the purpose of looking for the elements that help the MSME to improve its competitiveness, growth and sustainability over time. The first study analyzes the factors associated with the competitive success of the Peruvian MSMEs, with a sample of 94 companies, with more than 5 workers. The factors of competitive success are studied from the perspective of the theory of resources and capabilities of companies. It is a question of answering several research questions such as: The technological position of the companies influences its performance?, The fact that a company has some quality certification or is in the process of obtaining it is related to its good performance? Are the innovation activities and the technological position of the company related to its performance? Do management control systems and human resources practices influence business success? The professional experience of the manager influences the success of the organizations that lead?. The results show that MSMEs with more developed management control systems that implement more efficient management practices of their human resources, the greater the probability of success in the market. The results are especially useful for the managers of the MSMEs and the MSME development agencies so that they can design and promote strategies and policies that favor the growth and competitiveness of MSME. The second study analyzes the causes of credit rationing in Peruvian MSMEs. Given that in Peru there is a special problem in access to credit since the financial system is not fully developed and the possibilities of access to bank credit are lower than in other economies. For this, an empirical study is developed through a survey of a sample of 158 Peruvian MSMEs. The results show that factors such as innovation practices in products, processes and management systems, the formal legal situation of the company, its good performance, the one with a strong technological position, that makes a strategic plan on a regular basis, which has formal departments within its organizational structure, among others, has a greater probability of access to bank credit. Identifying these factors that facilitate access to credit for companies will help them to improve their competitiveness, as well as government agencies to know what policies to develop to facilitate access to credit and greater efficiency of the financial system. Finally, the third study analyzes the main criteria that financial institutions consider when granting credit to a MSME, in order to minimize their risk of default. For this purpose, an empirical study was carried out on 73 risk analysts from Peruvian financial institutions. The criteria used by financial institutions are classified into: personality and experience of the entrepreneur; characteristics of the product or service offered by the company and the market where it operates; strategy and organization of the company; and criteria related to the accounting information presented by companies. The results show that the criteria that the risk analysts consider most relevant when granting a credit are: knowledge of the sector that has the entrepreneur, honesty and integrity of the entrepreneur, the client portfolio with which the company has, and qualification of the personnel of the company. Regarding the criteria related to accounting information, risk analysts especially value the liquidity and debt ratios, that companies carry some reliable cost system and do not appear in defaults such as INFOCORP. This work is especially useful to financial institutions to help them improve their rating systems and to MSMEs to foster a better relationship with financial institutions. ; Escuela Internacional de Doctorado de la Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena ; Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena ; Programa Oficial de Doctorado en Administración y Dirección de Empresas

Development Research News is a quarterly publication of the Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS). It highlights the findings and recommendations of PIDS research projects and important policy issues discussed during PIDS seminars. PIDS is a nonstock, nonprofit government research institution engaged in long-term, policy-oriented research. This publication is part of the Institute's program to disseminate information to promote the use of research findings. The views and opinions expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute.

This paper maps the items in the proposed WTO Investment Facilitation for Development (IFD) with existing initiatives in ASEAN to explore possible synergies between the two.

This study is undertaken as part of the Youthworks PH initiative by the Philippine Business for Education. It aims to address five research questions, namely: (a) what are the existing training programs for the priority sectors of YouthWorks PH (construction, manufacturing, and tourism); (b) how responsive are the current training programs to the needs of industries; (c) is there industry demand for new National Certificates (NCs) in specific sectors, and for what level and occupation; (d) how did the Covid-19 pandemic change the landscape of training programs in the country; and (e) what are the emerging industry sectors brought about by the Covid-19 pandemic. We use secondary data and interviews with relevant stakeholders, particularly with training providers in YouthWorks PH priority sectors. TVET providers are overwhelmingly private, but public providers account for a larger share of graduates. Most TVET graduates are products of either community-based or institution-based TVET programs. TVET programs and graduates are concentrated in a few occupational sectors, the dominant sector being Tourism (Hotel and Restaurant). Likewise, demand for assessment leading to a National Certificate is concentrated in relatively few qualifications. The government offers several scholarships promoting TVET access. The issues on the responsiveness of current programs according to the respondents revolves around: (a) the lack of demand particularly for construction; (b) weaknesses in the design of financing programs; (c) perception about quality of training schools, trainers and assessors; and (d) training content. Industry respondents noted demand for skills standardization in prefabricated construction, supervisory-level construction jobs, and nursing assistance. Restrictions due to Covid-19 resulted in the suspension or scaling down of training programs. Some providers have provided online modules but lack of access to appropriate digital devices or the internet among students hinder remote learning. Covid-19 caused the emergence of online food selling and made digital skills valuable. The study recommends pursuing an information campaign to promote construction jobs; reviewing and rationalizing TVET financing programs; reviewing the TVET content; tapping industry practitioners as trainers and assessors; investing in flexible learning modalities; and promoting regular dialogue between the government, employers, and TVET providers.

In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic hindered progress in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development leaving the world in despair. As a result, the world felt the need to continue working together, reconceptualising the goals, and finding actual targets in 2021. This study focuses on concept and challenges of cultural diplomacy as a mean of sustainable development. It further discusses cultural diplomacy in connection with the SDG-17 ('partnerships for the goals'). The study also suggests how to actualize its targets. SDG-17 has 19 targets (Appendix 1). This study suggests addition of 20th target with title: "encourage effective cultural diplomacy", keeping in view the current situation of the pandemic. Pakistan is a country with rich history, diverse music and languages, different cuisines, and ancient sites like Mohenjo-daro2, and Makli Necropolis3. On the contrary, the country is known in the world for extremism, religious intolerance, border tensions especially with India on Kashmir issue, etc. A major reason for the negative image of Pakistan is global media's propaganda. In such a scenario, Pakistan needs to have a comprehensive plan and policy to promote its soft image more efficiently. The country's foreign policy needs to embed with clear-cut expressions of cultural diplomacy. In 2021, Pakistan ranked 10th most powerful country in terms of military strength (Global Firepower Index 2021); whereas it is now placed at 53rd position on the Soft Power Index (Salam 2020). Taking advantage of its rich culture, it can benefit from cultural diplomacy. Not only Pakistan can build a fair image of itself, but it can also attract more international partnerships to achieve the SDGs.

This open access book presents contemporary perspectives on the role of a learning society from the lens of leading practitioners, experts from universities, governments, and industry leaders. The think pieces argue for a learning society as a major driver of change with far-reaching influence on learning to serve the needs of economies and societies. The book is a testimonial to the importance of 'learning communities.' It highlights the pivotal role that can be played by non-traditional actors such as city and urban planners, citizens, transport professionals, and technology companies. This collection seeks to contribute to the discourse on strengthening the fabric of a learning society crucial for future economic and social development, particularly in the aftermath of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been recognised as the world's largest educational crisis, and interruptions to education can have long-term implications – especially for the more vulnerable – beyond mere losses in learning to increased dropout rates, loss of nutrition, and reductions in future earnings. Since closing schools and universities, governments have been adopting various modes of distance learning solutions, and grappling with multiple challenges, ranging from delivering content and supporting teachers to providing guidance to parents and addressing accessibility and connectivity issues. Nevertheless, every crisis also brings about opportunities for transformation, and past education crises have shown that it is possible to 'build back better'. The fast-growing demand for education technology that was apparent even prior to COVID-19, has received a further boost with the sudden shift to remote learning. This sudden shift has also led to speculations that COVID-19 has changed education systems for good, presenting both risks and opportunities for future education.

This study provides evidence of intergenerational transmission of human capital in Thailand, using data from the Thai land Labor Force Survey of 1985 2017. Employing the instrumental variable approach using Thailand's compulsory educational reform of 1978 as the instrumental variable to minimise bias caused by the endogeneity of parental education, this study estimates the effect of parental education on children's education and their labour market outcomes. Besides reaffirming the conventional positive link between parental and children's years of education, new and intriguing evidence is put forth on the negative link between parental education and the child's brawn skill, based on the industry and occupation adopted by the child in the labour market. The influence of paternal education is found to outweigh that of maternal education, in contrast to the evidence from developed countries. High intergenerational educational persistence and low intergenerational mobility indicate unequal opportunities in the country, as individual welfare is largely tied to parental background. Therefore, it is recommended that the Government of Thailand weaken this linkage to improve equality in the country.

What is the impact of fiscal policy shocks on key macroeconomic variables in Canada? This question triggered renewed interest in the aftermath of the 2008-09 Great Recession. Indeed, as in many advanced economies, fiscal policy in Canada following the recession started with an expansionary phase to boost domestic demand. It progressed to an adjustment phase to reduce public debt and ensure long-term fiscal sustainability and sustained growth. This paper analyzes the effects of fiscal policy shocks on the Canadian economy, building on the sign-restrictions-VAR approach. Unlike previous studies, this paper explicitly accounts for spillovers from the U.S., Canada's main trading partner, and for oil price fluctuations. The findings show that the size and sign of the spending and tax revenue multipliers depend on whether the analysis controls for the exogenous factors. The tax-cut multiplier varies between 0.2 and 0.5, while the spending multiplier ranges between 0.2 and 1.1; the spending multiplier tends to be larger than the tax-cut multiplier over the past two decades.