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AbstractWe examine the empirical differences in emerging market betas (β's) taken across four major currencies (U.S. dollar, British sterling, Japanese yen, and German mark) where the β's are either mean‐variance or mean‐lower partial moment β's. The mean variance β's are found to be statistically similar to lower partial moment β's in most cases, which suggests they are robust to nonnormality in the data. The difference between the two β's has become less significant in recent years as emerging markets have become more stable. Furthermore, evidence is presented that β's obtained from both risk measures and calculated from returns denominated in different currencies have the same ordinal association. This shows the primacy of local risk over foreign exchange risk. We conclude that international investors can continue to use the mean‐variance β in assessing risk in emerging markets, although investors should not give it a conventional equilibrium interpretation.

Uses the rivalry approach to study democratic peace and regime change hypotheses, medium- and long-term conflict management questions, and mediation; 4 articles.

Geschichte der East African Community; Entstehung, Entwicklung, Zielsetzung

"Discussing cutting-edge debates in the field of international ethics, this key volume builds on existing work in the normative study of international relations. It responds to a substantial appetite for scholarship that challenges established approaches and examines new perspectives on international ethics, and that appraises the ethical implications of problems occupying students and scholars of international relations in the twenty-first century. The contributions, written by a team of international scholars, provide authoritative surveys and interventions into the field of international ethics. Focusing on new and emerging ethical challenges to international relations, and approaching existing challenges through the lens of new theoretical and methodological frameworks, the book is structured around five themes: New directions in international ethics, Ethical actors and practices in international relations, The ethics of climate change, globalization, and health, Technology and ethics in international relations, The ethics of global security"--

Offers a theory of compliance and authority that wouild be applicable to behavior concerning economic contracts, law, enforcement, and international relations. It examiones the problem of compliance in centralized (e.g. national and state laws) and decentralized (international treaties) systems. Applies the theory to explain the level of compliance with Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty anf the International North Pacific Fisheries Convention. Originally published in 1979.

The contributions of this volume discuss concepts, notions, and transitions of nineteenth century international law. More specifically the questions focus on: On which premises was the juridical discipline constructed, what were the relations to other juridical, and non-juridical fields of knowledge? How did European nineteenth century international lawyers build a new legal science to be spread worldwide?