Suchergebnisse

"Social Policy and European Union Politics" published on by Oxford University Press.

Multilateral indices of total factor productivity (TFP) allow efficiency comparisons between ten European Union countries and the United States from 1973 to 1993. Differences in TFP levels are then explained by land quality differences, public research and development (R&D) expenditures, education levels, private‐sector patents, international spillovers of public R&D, and private‐sector technology transfer. There is evidence that public R&D results in limited knowledge spillovers between the European countries and the United States. However, the use of international patent data from the Yale Technology Concordance shows not only that patents matter, but also that private sector technology transfer may be the dominant force in explaining TFP trends. The United States and the European Union countries with more advanced research systems (Netherlands, Denmark, France, and Belgium) converge in a high‐growth club, while Germany, Luxembourg, Greece, Italy, Ireland, and the United Kingdom form the slow‐growth group. Ignoring knowledge spillovers and technology transfer leads to biased estimates of R&D elasticities, which is hardly surprising since the private sector is now spending more than the public in some of these countries. Thus, the estimated rate of return to public agricultural R&D falls from over 60% in the closed economy model to 10% in the model that takes account of international spillovers. (JEL Q16)

The ebook edition of this title is Open Access and freely available to read online. This book reports on a project which studied of how primary care services are delivered to children. The study, the first of its kind, has been undertaken over three years, with 20 scientific partners, and an expert agent in each country. Chapters address key questions such as professional patterns, service structure, and e-health. But it also addresses cross-cutting issues which have emerged, such as equity, listening to children and parents, quality, children's increasing autonomy across the life course, and inter-professional coordination. Summarising the current policies for children's primary care in each country in the EU/EEA, authors consider the differences of structure and delivery, and of outcomes including financing, professional education, e-health and other supports.

Placée à l'origine dans le pilier intergouvernemental, la politique migratoire de l'Union européenne est ' communautarisée ' par le traité d'Amsterdam à partir de 2004. Deux programmes quinquennaux s'échelonnant de 2004 à 2014 sont alors entrepris (La Haye 2004-2009 et Stockholm 2009-2014) dont l'objet essentiel consiste à renforcer le contrôle des frontières extérieures de l'Union européenne, tout en voulant préserver les droits fondamentaux reconnus aux migrants. Les objectifs définis dans le programme de La Haye sont désormais inscrits dans le traité sur le fonctionnement de l'Union européenne, entré en vigueur le 1er décembre 2009. Le Traité de Lisbonne mentionne dans son article 78 que l'Union ' développe une politique commune en matière d'asile ', selon la procédure habituelle de la codécision. Trois enjeux sont convoqués à cette réflexion européenne sur l'immigration : la protection des frontières, la pression migratoire et le respect des valeurs de l'Union européenne.Sur ces diverses bases, les Etats membres et l'Union européenne s'attachent, en principe, à réduire leurs divergences. Pourtant, les Etats continuent à mener des actions en ordre dispersé et à conserver des législations décalées. L'actualité demeure révélatrice d'une telle situation. Entre les milliers de naufragés économiques qui viennent échoir sur les côtes occidentales de la méditerranée et les réfugiés notamment moyen-orientaux qui lancent des cris de détresse, l'Union européenne offre une image de division. Chaque pays, selon des enjeux de politique interne, apporte des réponses variées.En outre, la notion d'immigrant est vectrice de confusion car selon la nature de l'immigration, un régime juridique spécifique se déclenche. Le demandeur d'asile n'est pas un migrant économique. Un étudiant étranger souhaitant suivre des études en Europe, relève encore d'une autre catégorie.

This article describes the political activities and political situation of Georgia after the collapse of Soviet Union; the article analyses the following issues: Why Georgia is willing to join European Union; why this prominent organization attracts the attention of most developed countries. The article researches the mutual interests of EU and Georgia. It emphasizes the importance of political reforms and goals that the new government of Georgia carried out after the "Rose Revolution" and how EU supported the new reforms in the country; The article displays European Union's political position and support of Georgia during 2008 August war; it analyses the reasons of different reactions and political viewpoints by the countries of EU related to the War. The article, also, examines the main points and principles of "Maastricht Treaty", "Lisbon Treaty" "Copenhagen Criteria". Obviously, almost every European country is willing to become the part of Union. The special requirements are offered by EU to the candidate countries to be satisfied. Here are discussed main criteria of joining European Union, how Georgia satisfies these criteria and whether Georgia is near to the EU integration or the goal of joining EU is still quite far away.