Suchergebnisse

This comprehensive volume brings together contributions and diverse opinions from leading and emerging South African and international scholars to assess the quality of democracy and the electoral process in South Africa over the past ten years, with particular emphasis on the 2004 elections. The book speaks to a broad range of topics, all linked through the electoral theme, which get to the heart of many issues in contemporary South African politics. It offers an absorbing analysis of the evolution of the party system and party campaigns; tracks changes in public opinion and voter motivations; assesses the political implications of socio-economic change; depicts the evolution of parliament and the electoral system; probes the often tense relationship between media and government; and analyses the institutionalisation of the Independent Electoral Commission. Electoral Politics in South Africa serves as an essential sourcebook for information on the elections, the parties and their campaigns and as an authoritative contribution to careful electoral process analysis.

This paper examines the causes of conflict in Burundi and discusses strategies for building peace. The analysis of the complex relationships between distribution and group dynamics reveals that these relationships are reciprocal, implying that distribution and group dynamics are endogenous. The nature of endogenously generated group dynamics determines the type of preferences (altruistic or exclusionist), which in turn determines the type of allocative institutions and policies that prevail in the political and economic system. While unequal distribution of resources may be socially inefficient, it nonetheless can be rational from the perspective of the ruling elite, especially because inequality perpetuates dominance. However, as the unequal distribution of resources generates conflict, maintaining a system based on inequality is difficult because it requires ever increasing investments in repression. It is therefore clear that if the new Burundian leadership is serious about building peace, it must engineer institutions that uproot the legacy of discrimination and promote equal opportunity for social mobility for all members of ethnic groups and regions. – Burundi ; conflict ; inequality ; education

This paper examines the causes of conflict in Burundi and discusses strategies for building peace. The analysis of the complex relationships between distribution and group dynamics reveals that these relationships are reciprocal, implying that distribution and group dynamics are endogenous. The nature of endogenously generated group dynamics determines the type of preferences (altruistic or exclusionist), which in turn determines the type of allocative institutions and policies that prevail in the political and economic system. While unequal distribution of resources may be socially inefficient, it nonetheless can be rational from the perspective of the ruling elite, especially because inequality perpetuates dominance. However, because unequal distribution of resources generates conflict, maintaining a system based on inequality is difficult because it requires ever increasing investments in repression. It is therefore clear that if the new Burundian leadership is serious about building peace, it must engineer institutions that uproot the legacy of discrimination and promote equal opportunity for social mobility for all members of ethnic groups and regions. JEL Categories: 00

During the exchanges inside NILDE system, it should point out that several libraries presented dissonant attitudes out of line with the Regulation signed by participants. We can try a reflection on some aspects of NILDE system, on the criticality factors along with the effects of the adoption of incoherent models compared with ones proposed by the agreement. Afterwards an analysis describes "Conditions of supplying" inside NILDE. You will find some elements of discussion, underlining the political value of the promotional activity of both accessibility culture and circulating information. Keywords: document delivery ; Da pi? biblioteche sono stati evidenziati, nel corso degli scambi all'interno del sistema, comportamenti discordanti e non in linea con il Regolamento sottoscritto dai partecipanti. Si tenta una riflessione sui diversi aspetti del "sistema NILDE", sui fattori di criticit?, sugli effetti dell'adozione di modelli discordanti da quelli proposti dall'accordo. Segue un'analisi delle "Condizioni di fornitura" all'interno di NILDE. Si propongono alcuni elementi di discussione, sottolineando il valore politico dell'attivit? di promozione della cultura dell'accessibilit? e della circolazione dell'informazione. Keywords: document delivery

The welfare state was established through the driving force of competition, maintained through rule of law, & based on respect for fundamental values. It guarantees not only freedom, but also economic success. Globalization is the greatest driver of democracy, prosperity, & peace. Competition has been a driving element of successful nations throughout history, but requires the freedom & stability maintained by constitutional democracies. While economic freedom can be sustained without political freedom, there remains a strong relationship between the two. Markets are the foundation of democracy & the only system that can achieve large & enduring increases of per capita income, while liberal democracies are the only system capable of long term international harmony. But liberalism can be fragile against collective ideas of nationalism, socialism, communism, & fascism. For the first time, the majority of people in the world live in a democracy, & the task before us is not to hold up global economic integration, but rather to make it possible. L. Kehl

Over the past 50 years, the Middle East has been a hub of tension and insecurity. Traditionally, threats to global peace and security ensued from wars and crises among regional states which thereby engaged the international system. Presently, threats to global security are con- sidered in the context of global terrorism. September 11, 2001 has introduced a new approach to dealing with terrorism. In this approach, the West is determined to eradicate the root causes of new terrorism outside of its boundaries. Since global terrorism stems from the Middle East, exploring the correlation between regional issues and new terrorism is of great importance. As a whole, the roots of new terrorism have undoubtedly been associated with problems of the Middle East. If new terrorism was conceived in the region, one needs to consider the unique political, economic, cultural and religious characteristics which frame it on the one hand and the approach of the global system to dealing with these issues on the other.

This article explores imprisonment in contemporary Russia. Throughout the 20th century prisoners were central to the maintenance of the Soviet Union through forced labour and political correction that operated within a centralized system of management. It is argued that since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, no generally accepted penal ideology has emerged to replace Marxism/Leninism and the function of imprisonment in Russia in the early 21st century is thus unresolved. Findings gathered from four prison colonies in Smolensk, western Russia and in Omsk, Siberia show that rehabilitation is the most widely claimed task of imprisonment, but that practices undertaken in its name vary sharply. The contemporary penal practices have been characterized as new 'Penal Identities'. The specific nature of these identities is explained as a consequence of several developments: the decline of prison work, the location of the regions in relation to the central prison authority and the permeability of the prison system to western influences.

The all-embracing discourse of population quality (suzhi) is put to work through rural primary schools in ways that help state institutions implement policies such as accelerating demographic transition, restructuring the education system, professionalizing labour markets, promoting agricultural skills training, instituting economic liberalism and carrying out patriotic education. Suzhi discourse facilitates policy implementation in four ways. First, it imbues disparate policies with seeming coherence. Secondly, by articulating a diverse set of policies through suzhi discourse, including state retreat from welfare provisioning, state institutions can be seen to be working to improve people's well-being. Thirdly, in making people responsible for raising their own quality, the need to improve suzhi is an explanation and a prescription when individuals are adversely affected by policies. Finally, suzhi discourse encourages individuals to regulate their conduct in accordance with the political drift of society. By enfolding suzhi norms into identity formation, the education system shapes each individual's ongoing process of "becoming" in ways that parallel the nation's modernization, thereby reducing the costs of policy enforcement.

This paper described the role of New Order Regime in Indonesia to build the citizen characters through the educational system. The regime effort to inculcate its interpretation on Pancasila (Five Principles) such as "Pedoman Penghayatan dan Pengamalan Pancasila" (P4). Citizens have been forced to receive and agree what regime intentions on Pancasila. They should be loyal to what regime interests on Pancasila. In the schooling, the New Order Regime has established P4 as core contents of civic virtues to build "good citizen" characters. Some policies in the educational (schooling) system released namely "Pendidikan Moral Pancasila" (Education of Moral Pancasila, PMP) and "Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan" (Pancasila dan Civic Education, PPKn). This paper seemed the political decision making on how civic virtues have been implemented in the textbooks and two curriculum periods (1984 and 1994). The last, this paper examined the opportunity and prospect the new paradigm of civic education post-1998, i.e. the transitional democracy period after the fall of Suharto as leader profile of the New Order Regime.

An analysis of three major ethnic movements in India is intended to shed light on conditions under which mechanisms of federalism are successful or unsuccessful in accommodating such groups. The case of the Tamils in Tamilnadu during the 1950s-1960s resulted in successful accommodation while conflicts of the Sikhs in the Punjab during the 1980s was only successfully resolved after a decade of terrorist & state violence. The Muslims in Kashmir during the 1990s exemplify the failure to halt conflict. A description of India's changing political context highlights factors that help to explain why some territorial cleavages are more successfully accommodated than others. Success is said to be largely dependent upon how well central authority is institutionalized within the federal democracy as well as the willingness of ruling groups to share a certain amount of power & resources with mobilized groups. It is concluded that Indian federalism works in general; however, the more a federal system functions as a unitary system, the less it is able to accommodate ethnic/territorial cleavages. 8 References. J. Lindroth

RESUMEN. Con el objeto de analizar la incidencia que tendrían en el sistema español las experiencias más significativas de federalismo fiscal, en este trabajo se exponen los principales fundamentos de la teoría del federalismo fiscal. Así, se aplica parcialmente el sistema canadiense al caso español a partir de la consideración de sus propios rasgos institucionales y de organización política en términos de asignación de competencias de gasto e ingresos, comparando así los resultados tanto desde una perspectiva estática como de sus condicionantes en términos dinámicos. ; ABSTRACT. In order to analyze the incidence that would have another fiscal federalism models in the Spanish system, the main theoretical foundations of Fiscal Federalism Theory are exposed in this paper. Thus, it is applied the Canadian system to the Spanish case taking into account their own institutional features and political organization in terms of expenditures and revenues assignment, comparing these results from a static perspective and also a dynamic one. Keywords: Fiscal federalism / Compared experience / Fiscal accountability.

A case study of the regulation of property issues instituted by the UN Interim Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) focuses on the period from 10 June 1999 to the inauguration of Kosovo's first Assembly on 10 Dec 2001. Attention is given to legal issues that challenge an international peace operation's legislative capability & enforcement powers. Problems related to the mass destruction of housing & the return of large numbers of refugees were exacerbated by ethnic tensions, discriminatory laws instituted by Serb authorities, breakdown of the court system, & tensions between international legal experts & the local legal community. Temporary housing allocations, the repeal of discriminatory legislation, reestablishment of a property title system, & creation of a Housing & Property Directorate & Claims Commission are described. Although any final assessment of UNMIK's efforts will depend on program implementation & political developments in Kosovo, there was both greater local participation & a gradual shift from decree-like regulations to new institutions. The Kosovo case sheds light on important legal & conceptual questions relevant to future peace operations. J. Lindroth

Normally, discussion about more sustainable mobility concentrates on the travel behavior of individuals, but the transportation system is also very much influenced by the behavior of institutions. This paper looks into changes in transportation planning & financing mechanisms initiated by the US Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act, introduced in 1991, & the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century, introduced in 1997. In spite of their limitations, these legislative provisions, driven by strong advocacy coalitions, have had a significant impact on US transport policy. They indicate lessons for other countries both in terms of the political process & in terms of interactions between levels of policy making. A top-down approach at the Federal level can be useful to enhance a nationwide bottom-up planning process at the local & regional level. The ability to induce reform even in an unbalanced & unsustainable transport system with high car ownership, extreme development of car-oriented infrastructure, & high car use is an indication of more general potential for change. 11 References. Adapted from the source document.

Normally, discussion about more sustainable mobility concentrates on the travel behavior of individuals, but the transportation system is also very much influenced by the behavior of institutions. This paper looks into changes in transportation planning and financing mechanisms initiated by the US Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act, introduced in 1991, and the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century, introduced in 1997. In spite of their limitations, these legislative provisions, driven by strong advocacy coalitions, have had a significant impact on US transport policy. They indicate lessons for other countries both in terms of the political process and in terms of interactions between levels of policy making. A top-down approach at the Federal level can be useful to enhance a nationwide bottom-up planning process at the local and regional level. The ability to induce reform even in an unbalanced and unsustainable transport system with high car ownership, extreme development of car-oriented infrastructure, and high car use is an indication of more general potential for change. 11 References. (Original abstract - amended)