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This book considers what combating racism means in the context of the enlarged EU, and examines the extent to which ethnic equality objectives have, in practice, been integrated within EU law and policy, exploring the effects in the key areas of employment, education, health and housing, immigration, and criminal law.

"Over the past 20 years the European Union has been increasingly active in the area of criminal law. Meanwhile, the status of European Union citizenship has been progressively developed and strengthened. Adopting an expressive and communitarian perspective of the criminal law, this book considers EU criminal law in light of EU citizenship with a view to revealing the structure of the EU's political community as expressed in its criminal law. It argues that while national communities remain dominant, through transnational processes certain features of a supranational community can be said to emerge. The book will be of interest to scholars of EU citizenship, EU criminal law and EU law and integration more generally"

Over the past 40 years, the service sector has become the dominant area of market economies. The public sector and services financed from public financing represent a specific group within the services sector. This paper aims to evaluate the efficiency of EU countries and find the extent to which the volume of public services (and the respective financial allocations) can have an impact on selected economic indicators. To this end, the efficiency of public expenditure in five areas of public services (general public services; health; education; social protection; and recreation, culture, and religion) in 2009 and 2016 was evaluated in relation to selected economic indicators (GDP per capita and employment in services). In addition, the efficiency of public expenditure in EU countries was evaluated in relation to the size of the public sector and traditions of public administration. For cross-country analyses within the 27 European countries, data envelopment analysis and the input-oriented variable returns to scale (VRS) model were applied. The results demonstrated that in 2009, 13 out of 27 countries were efficient as opposed to 2016, where only seven countries were efficient. In countries with bigger size of public sector, the efficiency of public expenditure on services was not established. However, there was a similarity in the efficiency of public expenditure on services between groups of EU countries regarding the tradition of public administration. ; Za posledních 40 let se odvětví služeb stalo dominantní oblastí tržních ekonomik. Veřejný sektor a služby financované z veřejných zdrojů představují specifickou skupinu v odvětví služeb. Cílem tohoto článku je zhodnotit efektivitu zemí EU a zjistit, do jaké míry může mít objem veřejných služeb dopad na vybrané ekonomické ukazatele. Za tímto účelem byla v letech 2009 a 2016 hodnocena efektivita veřejných výdajů v pěti oblastech veřejných služeb (obecné veřejné služby, zdravotnictví, vzdělávání, sociální ochrana a rekreace, kultura a náboženství) ve vztahu k vybraným ekonomickým ukazatelům (HDP a zaměstnanost v oblasti služeb). Navíc byla efektivita veřejných výdajů ve vybraných zemích EU hodnocena také ve vztahu k velikosti veřejného sektoru a tradicím ve veřejné správě. Analýza byla provedena v rámci vybraných 27 evropských zemí a byla použita vstupově-orientovaná analýza obalu dat (DEA). Výsledky ukázaly, že 13 z 27 zemí bylo v roce 2009 efektivních oproti roku 2016, kdy bylo pouze sedm zemí efektivních. V zemích s většími rozměry veřejného sektoru nebyla prokázána účinnost veřejných výdajů na služby. Na druhé straně, podobnost v efektivitě veřejných výdajů na služby byla identifikována v rámci skupin zemí EU, které vycházely ze stejných tradic VS.

The European Union is poised to establish a genuine European Energy Union with the new powers conferred on it by the Lisbon Treaty. Since 2014, it has been developing and implementing an energy strategy that responds to the three overarching priorities of climate change, political security, and economic competitiveness by 2030. The European Energy Union aims to provide secure, sustainable and affordable energy throughout the cycle of production, transport and consumption. This book outlines the legal regime underpinning this regulatory strategy, which integrates EU law with international law and with the law of the member states and affiliated states. It analyses and explains the increasing interaction between these legal orders in achieving the shared objective of transforming the European and global energy systems. This book will appeal to scholars and students of energy law and Policy at both European and international levels.

AbstractFactors such as investments in environmentally clean technologies, globalization, and institutional quality significantly increase environmental quality. The study aims to provide light on how environmental technologies, institutional quality, globalization, and economic growth affect a sustainable environment. In addition, this study evaluates the European Union's carbon zero target by 2050 and the results of achieving carbon neutrality by 2030, which was put on the agenda at the UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP-26). For this purpose, ten countries (Germany, Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Sweden, and Switzerland) that invest in the highest environmental technology in the European Union were selected in the study. The data range of the study is from 1990 to 2019. Also, the validity of the load capacity curve (LCC) hypothesis was investigated in these countries. The CCEMG and DCCE estimators were used to estimate long-run coefficients. When the panel was assessed as a whole, the LCC hypothesis was determined to be valid by both estimators. According to country-based results, it has been determined that the LCC hypothesis is valid only for Spain. The study also includes the following observations. (i) Environmental technologies increase LCF for Austria, improving environmental quality. (ii) Globalization reduces LCF for Austria. (iii) Institutional quality variable decreases LCF for Austria and increases LCF for Germany and France. These findings suggest that to attain a sustainable environment in the future, policymakers should raise research and development budgets for environmental technology, enhance the standards of institutions, and take globalization into account.
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Party fragmentation and discontinuity in the European Union / Fulvio Attin(c) -- The transnationalization of party politics / Karl Magnus Johansson -- Party networks, issue agendas and European Union governance / Robert Ladrech -- A model transnational party?: the party of European socialists / Simon Hix and Christopher Lord -- The integration of the conservatives into the European People's Party / Thomas Jansen -- The untidy right in the European Parliament / Christopher Lord -- The confederal group of the United European Left-Nordic Left / David S. Bell -- Relations between interest groups and party groups in the European Union / Stefania Panebianco -- Cleavages and alignments in the European Parliament: MEP voting behaviour, 1989-1994 / Tapio Raunio -- Party groups in the European Parliament and the changing recruitment patterns of MEPs / Tom Bryder -- Party groups, EP committees and consensus democracy / Christopher Lord

Intellectual property issues in the film industry are often highly complex and in today's world are evolving rapidly. In the first book on this subject, Pascal Kamina unravels the complexities of film protection in the fifteen member states of the European Union, giving special emphasis to the United Kingdom and France. As well as addressing key aspects of film copyright, Kamina also deals with the protection of film works within the European Union in the context of European harmonisation of copyright laws. He details the main features of the domestic legislations of EU member states, and identifies the difficulties awaiting a further harmonization of copyright and neighbouring rights in this field. This book will interest practitioners, academics and students. The developments on contracts and moral rights will be of particular interest to lawyers outside continental Europe