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The last few years have been a particularly heady period for governments, private parties, and NGOs seeking to develop new rules to regulate intellectual property ("IP") protection standards. During that time, a slew of lawmaking initiatives, studies, and reports have been launched in a strikingly large number of international venues. Work on intellectual property rights is now underway in intergovernmental organizations such as the World Trade Organization ("WTO"), World Intellectual Property Organization ("WIPO"), and Food and Agriculture Organization ("FAO"); in negotiating fora such as the Convention on Biological Diversity ("CBD") and its Conference of the Parties and the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture; and in United Nations expert and political bodies such as the Commission on Human Rights and the High Commissioner for Human Rights. In some of these venues, IP lawmaking has involved the negotiation of new international agreements. In others, IP norms are being generated through the reinterpretation of existing treaties or the creation of nonbinding guidelines, resolutions, and other forms of soft law. This essay views these myriad developments through the lens of the international relations theory of regimes. It uses the insights of regime theory to make three basic points. First, it explains why IP lawmaking has broken out of the confined institutional spaces of established international IP fora, such as WIPO and the WTO, and has moved into a broad and growing array of other international venues in environmental law, human rights, and public health. Second, it shows how this recent expansion helps to enrich regime theory itself by illustrating how regimes evolve over time and how they interact with institutions and actors in other issue areas. And third, it describes a working typology of the different modes of interaction that are developing among the many international venues in which IP lawmaking is now occurring.

Introduction : timeless signs of signs of the times? / Dev S. Gangjee -- French collective wine branding in the nineteenth-twentieth centuries / Alessandro Stanziani -- 'Translating terroir' revisited : the global challenge of French AOC labeling / Elizabeth Barham -- Terroir and the sense of place / Laurence Bérard -- Geographical indications under WIPO-administered treaties / Matthijs Geuze -- Geographical indications under TRIPS / Daniel Gervais -- Rethinking GI extension / Michael Handler -- International protection of geographical indications : the WTO multilateral register negotiations / José Manuel Cortés Martin -- Thinking locally, acting globally : how trade negotiations over geographical indicationns improvise 'fair trade' rules / Antony Taubman -- A history of Australia's wine geographical indications legislation / Stephen Stern -- A comparative analysis of GIs for handicrafts : the link to origin in culture as well as nature? -- Geographical indication protection in China / Haiyan Zheng -- Learning to love my PET : the long road to resolving conflicts between trade marks and geographical indications / Burkhart Goebel and Manuela Groeschl -- The budweiser cases : geographical indications v ttade marks / Christopher Heath -- Geographical indications and protected designations of origin : intellectual property tools for rural development objectives / Dominique Barjolle -- Social gains from the GI for Feni : will market size or concentration dominate outcomes? / Dwijen Rangnekar and Pranab Mukhopadhyay -- From terroir to pangkarra : eographical indications of origin and indigenous knowledge / Brad Sherman and Leanne Wiseman -- Genericide : the death of a geographical indication? / Dev S. Gangjee

SECTION I: GENERAL OVERVIEW 1. LEGAL SOURCES 1.1. Intellectual Property 1.1.1. International Conventions 1.1.2. EU Law: Approximation of Laws and Community Rights 1.1.3. National Legislation 1.1.4. Institutional Competences 1.2. International Jurisdiction 1.2.1. EU Law: Scope of Application and Grounds of Jurisdiction 1.2.2. International Conventions 1.2.3. National Legislation 1.3. Choice-of-Law 1.3.1. International Conventions 1.3.2. EU Law: Implications of the new Regulations 1.3.3. National Legislation 1.4. Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments 1.4.1. International Conventions 1.4.2. EU Law 1.4.3. National Legislation 2. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 2.1. International Jurisdiction 2.1.1. Infringement Claims 2.1.2. Contractual Disputes 2.1.3. Exclusive Jurisdiction on Validity of Rights Subject to Registration 2.2. Applicable Law 2.2.1. Infringement of IP Rights 2.2.2. Territoriality and lex loci protectionis 2.2.3. Contracts Relating to Intellectual or Industrial Property Rights 2.3. Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments 2.3.1 Procedural Issues 2.3.2 Grounds for Non-Recognition SECTION II: HYPOTHETICAL CASE STUDIES Case 1. General Special Grounds of Jurisdiction Case 2. Subject-Matter Jurisdiction Case 3. Consolidation of Proceedings Case 4. Choice of Court Case 5. Parallel Proceedings Case 6. Principle of Territoriality (Choice of Law) Case 7. Infringement of Intellectual Property Rights Case 8. Applicable Law to Initial Ownership Case 9. Applicable Law to the Transfer of Rights Agreements Case 10. Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Case 11. Provisional Measures and Injunctions

Amy Price reflects on how the Intellectual Property Office UK (IPO) has made accessibility a priority by setting up a champions network and creating a supportive accessible environment.

Purpose
This paper aims to investigate the impact of intellectual property rights (IPR) protection on its ability to enhance domestic export quality.


Design/methodology/approach
This paper provides a testable framework to explain the impact of IPR protection on export quality. Research and development (R&D) spending and foreign direct investment (FDI) are positively correlated with a country's export quality. Furthermore, intellectual property protection can induce more FDI and R&D spending. Therefore, the authors expect that there may be an indirect relationship between intellectual property protection and export quality (Figure 1).


Findings
The empirical results suggest that the influence paths of IPR protection on export quality are different between developed and developing countries. FDI plays a mediating role in the relationship between IPR protection and export quality in developing countries, while this mediating effect in developed countries is dependent on R&D and FDI. In addition, this impact is statistically significant in high-technology industries. Especially, IPR protection plays an extraordinary important role in enhancing the export quality of differentiated high-technology products.


Originality/value
This paper contributes to the literature in several ways. First, this is the first empirical analysis focusing on the influence path of IPR protection on export quality. The authors find that the hypothesis is supported by the positive and significant interaction coefficients of IPR protection with FDI and R&D. Second, the authors explore that the influence path of IPR protection on export quality may vary with the level of economic development. Third, this paper examines the effect of IPR protection on export quality in different industries.

Pt. 1: WTO Pt. 2: Conceptual and methodological framework Pt. 3: IPRs and brand building : conceptual and empirical analysis Pt. 4: Implications of IPRs for Indian business and economy Pt. 5: Legal instruments of IPRs

The recent surge in patenting by universities has sparked a considerable debate regarding the economic rationale and consequences of rewarding academic scientists with intellectual property rights other than that of priority recognition. The paper surveys the main conceptual issues regarding university patenting, as well as the available empirical evidence, both quantitative and qualitative. While there is little support for concerns over the trade-offs between patenting and publishing, or basic and applied research, concerns over accessibility of research tools have more validity.

In this study, an attempt has been made to expound the Iranian law of intellectual property in relation to biotechnology. The most important themes studied are patents, industrial designs and trade marks. The latest relevant piece of legislation concerning the subject matters was passed in March 2008. However, the history of laws and regulations in this field goes back to early twentieth century (i.e. 1925). In this review, on the basis of the latest law passed in 2008, the topics explored are the responsible authority, patentable items and criteria, excluded items, registration procedure, rights conferred and sanctions. At the end, an attempt is made to put forward a few points as an analysis of the above Law from a critical point of view.

We show that, even in a framework in which monopolistic exploitation of patents does not occur, patents still give rise to serious drawbacks. We rely on a recombinant growth framework that provides a stylized but clear description of the formation of knowledge externalities. In our setting a benevolent government buys immediately new patents in a competitive market and releases their contents for free. We show that inefficiencies nevertheless arise and welfare can be improved by correcting the market price through a tax–subsidy scheme. We characterize the (asymptotic) steady-state equilibrium, and some properties of the transitional path. We show that if certain conditions are met, then the economy will converge to its (asymptotic) balanced growth path, and along such a path growth will be independent of the policy parameter; conversely, transition dynamics are affected by the choice of the policy parameter. We then quantitatively analyze the effect of different policy interventions on welfare, and show that stricter tax (weaker appropriability) regimes lead to higher social welfare.