Suchergebnisse

Spanish DGCyT Ramon y Cajal fellowship ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; FAPEG ; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) ; Portuguese Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia grant ; Spanish Ministry of Education FPU fellowship ; Spanish Government ; Biodiversity Conservation Plan from ENDESA S.A. ; CNPq: 563834/2010-2 ; CAPES: Auxpe 2036/2013 ; Portuguese Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia grantSFRH/BPD/70709/2010 ; Spanish Ministry of Education FPU fellowshipFPU12/00575 ; CNPq: 2011BR0071 ; Spanish GovernmentCGL2010-14841 ; Spanish Government427/2011 ; Biodiversity Conservation Plan from ENDESA S.A.6900014499 ; Macroecology studies large-scale patterns aiming to identify the effects of general ecological processes. Although lakes (and ponds) are particularly suited for macroecological research due to their discrete nature and non geographically-structured variability, the development of this discipline in lentic habitats is comparatively much smaller than for terrestrial environments. This is despite the interest of limnologists for large-scale phenomena, which results in the high level of development of some disciplines such as predictive limnology. Here we discuss how current state-of-the-art in macroecology may benefit from research in lentic habitats at five topics. First, by including an island biogeography analytical framework to incorporate the effects of lake origin and history on lentic biodiversity. Second, by studying local and regional effects on the latitudinal gradients of species richness. Third, by considering lakes and ponds altogether for the study of beta diversity and metacommunity structure, which is already common ground in limnological research. Fourth, by relating species traits with ecosystem structure and functioning; here we consider in particular the potential effects of body size-determined dispersal and competitive exclusion processes on lake-wide trophic organization. And fifth, by incorporating current research in functional (i.e., trait) and phylogenetic diversity to the study of community structure. We finally conclude that lentic habitats can be particularly important for the development of the most functional aspects of macroecology, due to the relative ease of studying the different biotic and abiotic components of the system separately, compared to most terrestrial systems. This can allow teasing apart many of the confounding factors that are characteristic of macroecological research, thus helping the development of future theoretical syntheses.

Dimitris Petridis,1 Paul Zarogoulidis,2,3 Anastasios Kallianos,4 Ioannis Kioumis,2 Georgia Trakada,5 Dionysios Spyratos,2 Antonis Papaiwannou,2 Konstantinos Porpodis,2 Haidong Huang,6 Aggeliki Rapti,4 Wolfgang Hohenforst-Schmidt,7 Konstantinos Zarogoulidis2 1Department of Food Technology, Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; 2Pulmonary Department, "G Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; 3Department of Interventional Pneumology, Ruhrlandklinik, West German Lung Center, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; 42nd Pulmonary Department, "Sotiria" Hospital for Chest Diseases, Athens, Greece; 5Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Division of Pneumonology, Medical School, National University of Athens, Athens, Greece; 6Department of Respiratory Diseases, Changhai Hospital/First Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; 7II Medical Department, "Coburg" Regional Clinic, University of Wüerzburg, Coburg, Germany Background: Influenza A H1N1 and H3N2 are two influenza waves that have been identified in past years. Methods: Data from 77 inpatients from three tertiary hospitals were included and statistical analysis was performed in three different clusters. Results: Thirty-four patients (44.2%) had respiratory distress upon admission, 31.2% had a smoking history or were active smokers, 37.7% manifested disease symptoms, and 7.8% were obese (body mass index >41). The mean age of patients was 51.1 years. Cough was the most common symptom observed in 77.9% of the patients, accompanied by sputum production (51.9%) and fatigue (42.9%). Hemoptysis and vomiting were rarely recorded in the patients (9.1% and 16.9%, respectively). Oseltamivir administration varied between 0 and 10 days, giving a mean value of 2.2 days. In particular, 19 patients received no drug, 31 patients received drug for only for 1 day, 19 patients for 5 days, and 8 patients from 2 to 10 days. Conclusion: Clusters of symptoms can be used to identify different types of influenza and disease severity. Patients with vaccination had pneumonia, whereas patients without vaccination had influenza A. Patients more than 54.5 years old had H3N2 and patients less than 54.5 years had H1N1. White blood cell count values increased from normal to elevated in H3N2 patients but still remained abnormal in lower tract infection and H1N1 patients. Keywords: H3N2, H1N1, influenza outbreak, respiratory infection, vaccination

В статье отмечается что, многообразие художественных исканий в литературе 20-х годов XX столетия, опиралось на относительную свободу творчества. Данная свобода отразилась в творчестве поэта, прозаика, публициста Гайнана Хайри. Целью статьи является выявление художественного своеобразия его поэтических произведений. Анализируются стихи и поэмы, вошедшие в книгу «Наша весна» (1927 г), также рассматривается влияние С.Есенина на творчество молодого поэта. Отмечается, что Г. Хайри был новатором, экспериментатором в башкирской литературе. В произведениях он смело осуждал советских идеологов за расхождение их слов с делами. Он был озабочен тем, что новый строй запрещал освещать внутренний мир человека, писать о самых прекрасных чувствах. ; The article considers the literary talent, life and works of Gaynan Khayri, a prominent Bashkir poet of 1920-30s. Being a widely known poet, prose writer and a publicist, he always strived to differ from all his colleagues in terms of his unique style of writing and a unique creativity. He also strived to renew the form of all the literary writings, valuing all the events and features of the reality in a very bright and somewhat brave way, hence the different reactions and attitudes it provoked. It wasn''t until the 1990s that his writings started to regain popularity and became the subject of a great multitude of aricles, books (collective and monographic) and research of the Bashkir literature history. Thus, a new regard and overview of all his writings is quite necessary. The book "Our Spring" (published in 1927) by G. Khayri was indeed a literary revelation of the time. Love can undoubtedly be called a primary topic of this poem collection. The poet was concerned that the New Politics led by the Soviet government of that time didn''t really care for human feelings or for anything pertaining to true love. Another reason for the critical attitude towards Gaynan Khayri was his being close with imaginist poets in general and Sergey Yesenin in particular. Indeed, the poet was overwhelmed with Sergey Yesenin''s style of writing due to the fact that they were similar in goals and feelings. Both of them sought a unique style which would perfectly describe and affect the epoch they were living in. Thus, the influence of Gaynan Khayri was indeed a new impulse to the whole of the Bashkir literature.

The article maintains that the values of intellectual plurality, professorial freedom and autonomy are inherent to the UNAM since its inception. Naturally, asserting these values has not been anenterprise free of obstacles and difficulties, as a quick review of its own history shows. In spite of undisputedly being an important generator of culture and higher knowledge, the UNAM is an institution quite vulnerable. In this sense, the article stands behind the thesis that maintains that the high bureaucratic stmctures responsible for managing public education in Mexico have taken advantage of the inherent fragility of the UNAM -and of higher education as a whole- to cancel its a6tonomy and its freedom. The author maintains that, staning with a malicious and slanted reading of the decay of public higher education, the search for a project to transform and privatize it is underway. Therefore. the main consequence that such 'modernizing" projects share is none other than to eliminate the political commitment performed by the UNAM, directed at democratizing access to the goods generated by its functions. ; El artículo sostiene que los valores de pluralidad intelectual, libertad de cátedra y autonomía son consustantivos a la UNAM desde su fundación. Naturalmente. la afirmación de estosvalores no ha sido una empresa libre de ob~culoys d ificultades tal y como un rápido recomdo sobre su propia historia asílo demuestra. Además, la Universidad, pese a su indiscutible importancia en-cuanto generadora de conocimiento y alta cultura, es UM institución sumamente vulnerable. En este sentido. el articulo defiende la tesis oue sostiene aue las fragilidades intrínsecas de la universidad -y de la educación superior, en general- están sien& aprovechadas por las altas estructuras burocráticas encargadas de manejar la educación pública en Mexico para cancelar su autonomía y su libertad. De esta suerte, el autor del articulo sostiene que a partir de una leaura maliciosa y sesgada del deterioro de la educación pública, se busca impulsar un proyecto de transfonnación de la misma bajo una perspectiva privatizadora. Por tanto, la pnncipal consecuencia que tales proyectos 'modernizadores" guardan no es otra más que la eliminación del cometido político desempeliado por la Universidad el cual consiste en democratizar el acceso a los bienes que generan sus funciones.

15 páginas, 2 figuras. ; Macroecology studies large-scale patterns aiming to identify the effects of general ecological processes. Although lakes (and ponds) are particularly suited for macroecological research due to their discrete nature and non geographically-structured variability, the development of this discipline in lentic habitats is comparatively much smaller than for terrestrial environments. This is despite the interest of limnologists for large-scale phenomena, which results in the high level of development of some disciplines such as predictive limnology. Here we discuss how current state-of-the-art in macroecology may benefit from research in lentic habitats at five topics. First, by including an island biogeography analytical framework to incorporate the effects of lake origin and history on lentic biodiversity. Second, by studying local and regional effects on the latitudinal gradients of species richness. Third, by considering lakes and ponds altogether for the study of beta diversity and metacommunity structure, which is already common ground in limnological research. Fourth, by relating species traits with ecosystem structure and functioning; here we consider in particular the potential effects of body size-determined dispersal and competitive exclusion processes on lake-wide trophic organization. And fifth, by incorporating current research in functional (i.e., trait) and phylogenetic diversity to the study of community structure. We finally conclude that lentic habitats can be particularly important for the development of the most functional aspects of macroecology, due to the relative ease of studying the different biotic and abiotic components of the system separately, compared to most terrestrial systems. This can allow teasing apart many of the confounding factors that are characteristic of macroecological research, thus helping the development of future theoretical syntheses. ; JH is funded by a Spanish DGCyT Ramón y Cajal fellowship. JCN is supported by CNPq (563834/2010-2), FAPEG and CAPES (Auxpe 2036/2013), AMCS by a Portuguese Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia grant (SFRH/BPD/70709/2010) and JC by Spanish Ministry of Education FPU fellowship (FPU12/00575). JH and AMCS obtained additional support from the CSIC-CNPq bilateral project 2011BR0071, and MV from the Spanish Government projects Fundalzoo (CGL2010-14841), Invasivefish (427/2011) and the Biodiversity Conservation Plan from ENDESA S.A. with the project number 6900014499. ; Peer reviewed

This research shows the step that has had international cooperation through history and how it has evolved over time, not only globally, but in the country, this knowledge will have a clear view of the forms of its operation, and above all, know your role in favor of territorial policies set by the Government, as of the 2008 Constitution. On the other hand, research argues the contribution of international cooperation during the 2000-2010 decade and their contribution to local development Loma Santa Teresita of the Covenant, to the effect, interviews, surveys and field visits were carried out, most important was shared aspirations, needs and dreams for the future with the inhabitants, through this research, we could develop an analysis of the overall context of the sector, its main strengths, opportunities and weaknesses, contributions and projects implemented, impacts and lessons learned for local development, so as to propose ways to optimize resources from the Partnership for Local development, framed within the National Plan for Good Living. ; Esta investigación muestra el paso que ha tenido la Cooperación Internacional a través de la historia, y cómo ha evolucionado con el transcurrir del tiempo, no solo a nivel mundial, sino en el país, este conocimiento permitirá tener una visión clara de las formas de su funcionamiento, y sobre todo, conocer su papel en favor de las políticas territoriales fijadas por el Gobierno Nacional, a partir de la Constitución del 2008. Por otro lado, la investigación argumenta el aporte de la Cooperación Internacional, durante la década 2000-2010 y su contribución al desarrollo local de la Loma de Santa Teresita de Pacto, para el efecto, se realizaron entrevistas, encuestas y visitas al sector, lo más relevante fue compartir aspiraciones, necesidades y sueños para el futuro con los moradores, a través de esta investigación, se pudo desarrollar un análisis del contexto general del sector, sus principales potencialidades, oportunidades y debilidades, los aportes y los proyectos ejecutados, los impactos y las lecciones aprendidas para el desarrollo local, para finalmente, proponer formas que optimicen los recursos provenientes de la Cooperación para el Desarrollo Local, enmarcados dentro del Plan Nacional para el Buen Vivir.

In the domain of the Ukrainian history of philosophy one can clearly observe symptoms of eclecticism, contamination, and corruption. Such situation is rooted in continuous insufficiency of the methodological framework of Ukrainian philosophy, split by the demise of Soviet ideological structures. Critical condition of humanitarian epistemology is aggravated by the urgent need to overtake foreign studies in the corresponding field, which constantly increase in number and evolve in character. All of the aforementioned symptoms are indicative for historical and philosophical reception of Martin Heidegger's legacy by the Ukrainian academy.Heidegger studies have already formed a separate trend in the world philosophical discourse. We focus on critical assessment of certain reflexes, i.e. definite interpretative strategies providing different transcriptions of the same referents, i.e. definite philosophical forms, texts, or problems. In the general contour of Heidegger studies I differentiate the following reflexes: reflex of immanent hermeneutics, reflex of reductive interpretation, reflex of genetic historiography, and reflex of ideological historiography. In this paper I continue to identify transcriptions of "Heidegger's controversy" (the referent of historico-philosophical thought), provided by the reflex of ideological historiography. As I have recently identified the transcription of political implications of Heidegger's philosophy in the terms of sociology of knowledge, so now it comes to biographical transcription of Heidegger's political engagement, elaborated by Hugo Ott and Victor Farias. Critical assessment of their methodological approach revealed imposition of biographical objectivity on philosophy discourse, simplification of the complexity of philosophical form, and the pathos of elementary humanism as the ideological criterion of their research. ; В статье предпринята попытка идентификации, критического осмысления и преодоления противоречий методологии историко-философского исследования, обнаруженных в корпусе историко-философской рецепции философского наследия и толкование философской судьбы Мартина Хайдеггера. Засвидетельствовано наличие нескольких интерпретационных стратегий исследования - рефлексов: рефлексы имманентной герменевтики, редукционистской интерпретации, генетической историографии и идеологической историографии. Выявлены методологические предпосылки биографической транскрипции политических импликаций философии Хайдеггера, осуществленной в трудах Г. Отта и В. Фариаса. ; У статті здійснено спробу ідентифікації, критичного осмислення та подолання суперечностей методології історико-філософського дослідження, виявлених у корпусі історико-філософської рецепції філософської спадщини та тлумачення філософської долі Мартіна Гайдеґґера. Засвідчено наявність декількох інтерпретаційних стратегій дослідження - рефлексів: рефлекси іманентної герменевтики, редукціоністської інтерпретації, генетичної історіографії та ідеологічної історіографії. Виявлено методологічні засновки біографічної транскрипції політичних імплікацій Гайдеґґерової філософії, здійсненої в працях Г. Отта і В. Фаріаса.

Рассматриваются три основные концепции природы морали, сформировавшиеся в истории этической и политической мысли: религиозная, натуралистическая и социально-историческая. Религиозная концепция исходит из того, что нравственные ценности и нормы, понятия о добре и зле, как и способность человека им следовать, даны ему Богом. Натуралистическая концепция, в противоположность религиозной, выводит нравственные ценности и требования из природы вообще и природы человека как ее частицы. Что же касается социально-исторической концепции, то, согласно ей, в основе возникновения нравственности лежит социальная потребность во взаимном согласовании, регулировании и координации деятельности людей в общественной жизни. Автор анализирует достоинства и недостатки каждой из упомянутых концепций и соотносит их с тремя мировыми политическими идеологиями: консерватизмом, либерализмом и социализмом. Вывод автора состоит в том, что ни один из способов обоснования природы морали не дает окончательного представления о ее необходимости. Все они демонстрируют определенную логику развития философской, политической и нравственной мысли, содержат важные аргументы, которые в их совокупности представляются вполне достаточными для того, чтобы говорить о необходимости нравственного поведения в интересах как отдельного человека, так и общества, а также государства. ; The paper discusses three basic concepts of nature of morality, formed in the history of ethical thought: religious, naturalistic and socio-historical. The religious concept has come from the assumption that moral values and norms, concepts of the good and evil, as well as a person's ability to follow them, are given to him by God. Naturalistic concept, as opposed to religious one, displays moral values and demands as derived from nature in general and of human nature as its part. As for the socio-historical concept, according to it, morality originates from the public need for mutual coordination, regulation and integration in public life. The author analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each of these concepts and relates them to three world political ideologies: conservatism, liberalism and socialism. The author has concluded that none of the ways to justify the nature of morality proves its necessity. Nevertheless, they all demonstrate certain logics of philosophical, political and moral thought, contain important substantial arguments to prove the need for ethical behavior in the interests of an individual, the public and the state.

Рубеж 1970-х—1980-х гг. — период, когда отчетливо обозначились ошибки внешнеполитического курса Советского Союза приведшие к критическому перенапряжению всех его ресурсов. В статье изложен авторский взгляд на кризис внешней политики СССР конца 1970-х гг. Впервые на русском языке автор приводит полный текст своей записки, представленной им в 1983 г. на рассмотрение Генеральному Секретарю ЦК КПСС Ю.В. Андропову и содержащей развернутый анализ наиболее острых проблем международной политики СССР начиная с 1930-х гг. (на немецком языке письмо опубликовано под названием «Невыполнимая миссия советской внешней политики — аналитическая записка для Андропова» в качестве главы в книге «Ежегодник исследований истории коммунизма», Берлин: Изд-во «Академи ферлаг», 1997). ; The turn of the 1970s—1980s is a period when the foreign policy mistakes of the Soviet Union led to a critical strain on all its resources, became apparent. For the first time in Russian author gives full text of his statement provided by him in 1983 to the Secretary General of the Central Committee of the Communist Party Yu.V. Andropov; this statement contained a detailed analysis of the most pressing problems of international politics of the USSR since the 1930s. (In German, this text was published under the title 'Impossible mission of the Soviet foreign policy — the policy brief for Andropov' as a chapter in the issue of the 'The Yearbook of research history of communism', Publishing "Academie Verlag", Berlin, 1997). Thus, even i under conditions of Soviet troops' presence in Afghanistan, the author drew the conclusion from the analysis of the USSR foreign policy in his note: "One of the most important measures to reduce the political contradictions of the USSR and the West could be contractual acceptance by the Soviet Union and the United States and other Western countries, that social progress, the choice of the socio-political system and the ways of social and economic development should be done on a national basis within the framework of the States themselves, without outside interference. However, this provision has already been reflected in a number of official documents. But in fact it is not observed, and the question is how to make it a valid norm of international behavior, the question is how to implement this provision in practice in foreign policy".

Formation of the subject of true in A. Badiou's neosophistical anthropology is investigated. In the concept he shows that only on crossing of three basic fields (design's of philosophies) – the subject, true and event –such space of thought is formed, as philosophy. Only on their crossing patrimonial procedures can be developed: mathema (in a mathematical field of life of thought), a poem (in poetic), the politics (in social) and love (dialogue in love language), - which together initiate philosophy formation. A. Badiou asserts that in a certain situation the subject initiates true formation and further remains fidelity to this event of true.Only those thinkers in the history of philosophy which could compare a number of things and a number of thoughts and to construct corresponding ontology, could resolve the unity and plurality conflict. In such sense ontology acted in classical thinking not only as a science about being, but also as a science about articulation of thoughts. Possibly, therefore that thinkers which it has constructed the ontology of pluralities, was possible to achieve heuristical results in a science and philosophy. Such ontologies (in certain approach) resolved an eternal problem of language on association individual and the general. Following works of M. Heidegger and J. Lakan, A. Badiou transfers the true and being conflict (symbolical and real) to the theory of sets, that is there where there is a necessity to be counted up, the ontological situation of occurrence of set opens.The true in A. Badiou's concepts does not keep in language and in this sense is not called, but it reveals only through patrimonial procedures. However, patrimonial procedures are carried out only in a situation opening a patrimonial subset. This subset is formed in game of patrimonial forces. A. Badiou connects modern thinking with efficiency of patrimonial forces. Bible «in the beginning there was a word» and Greek «logos rules the world» turns at the French thinker in «in the beginning there was a generation», that is system of related relations initiating formation of thought, according to what further a generation develops. The society signs to itself a sentence, where the true disappears. Any social system can not exist in isolated space. ; Исследуется формирование субъекта истины и его подключение к родовым каналам в неософистической антропологии А. Бадью ; Досліджується формування суб'єкта істини та його підключення до родових каналів у неософістичній антропології А. Бадью.

Северо-Восточная Азия является одной из самых спорных геополитических зон в мире. Страны в этом регионе имеют великую силу соперничества, высочайшей конкуренцией военного потенциала, и в то же время они имеют слишком высоки повышенную исторических разногласий, чтобы оставаться спокойным. К тому же после внезапной смерти Ким чен ира, молодой и малоизвестный Ким Чен Ын стал новым лидером Северной Кореи. В этих условиях Пак Кын хе была избрана 11-й президентом Южной Кореи в конце февраля 2013 года. В данных обстоятельствах энергетический фактор может играть один разрешения роль при снижении напряжения на Корейском полуострове. Теперь время поговорить о сотрудничестве с Россией, которая играет важную роль в качестве энергоносителя и игрока шестисторонних переговоров. Россия очень важен для урегулирования энергетической безопасности и безопасности на Корейском полуострове в целом. В данном докладе излагается стратегический подход, который должен позволить Южной Корее не только урегулировать вопрос многолетнего противостояния между двумя Кореями, но, что гораздо важнее, усилить сотрудничество с Россией в Северо-Восточной Азии за счет развития отношений, в частности, в сфере энергетики. ; Northeast Asia is one of the most disputable geopolitical areas in the world. The countries in this region are highly competitive in terms of their military potential. Furthermore, they have had a long history of controversy to remain tranquil. In addition, young and little-known Kim Jong-un has become a new leader of North Korea. Under these conditions, Park Geun-hye has been elected the 11 th president of South Korea in February 2013. Under these circumstances, the energy factor can contribute to easing tensions on the Korean Peninsula. Now it is the right time to discuss cooperation with Russia, which has a significant role as an energy carrier and a player of the six-sided negotiations. Russia is very important for settling the problem of energy safety and general safety in the Korean Peninsula. This report is focused on a strategic approach that is supposed to allow South Korea both to settle the problem of multi-year confrontation between the two Koreas and, which is much more important, to increase cooperation with Russia in Northeast Asia due to development of relationships (in energy sector in particular).

Der 20. November 1975 markiert den Anfang vom Ende des franquistischen Regimes in Spanien: An diesem Tag starb Francisco Franco. In nur wenigen Jahren wurden die autoritären Strukturen des Franquismus in atemberaubendem Tempo beseitigt und durch demokratische ersetzt. Spanien wurde somit zum ?Musterfall? eines friedlichen Überganges von einer Diktatur zur Demokratie. In dieser Diplomarbeit geht es darum, diesen Weg der spanischen Transition in Salamanca, einer traditionell konservativen Provinz mit geringem eigenständigen Regionalbewusstsein, nachzuzeichnen. Es soll untersucht werden, inwiefern die Transition unter diesen Voraussetzungen vonstattenging und welche Auswirkungen sie auf die Provinz hatte. Die politische Geschichte der Provinz Salamanca während der Phase der Transition kann dabei nur verstanden werden, wenn das Phänomen des politischen Wandels auch auf nationaler Ebene beleuchtet wird. Daher wird in einem ersten Schritt die Demokratisierung Spaniens mit den unterschiedlichen Phasen der Transition allgemein in den Blick genommen und erst dann der Fokus auf die Provinz gelegt, die im darauffolgenden Kapitel vorgestellt wird. In den weiteren Kapiteln werden die unterschiedlichen gesellschaftlichen Teilsysteme ?Politik?, ?Wirtschaftliche und soziale Veränderungen? und ?Kultur? in Salamanca im Hinblick auf die Transitionsphase betrachtet. Es soll gezeigt werden, dass die sozialen, ökonomischen, kulturellen und politischen Entwicklungen interdependent zu sehen sind und erst in ihrer Gesamtheit ein hinreichendes Bild der Transition in Salamanca bieten. So trugen politischer Konsens und Mäßigung gemeinsam mit wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Fortschritten zum Erfolg der Transition bei und schufen politische Freiheit und Stabilität, materiellen Wohlstand, kulturellen Aufschwung und ein selbstständiges regionales Bewusstsein in der salmantinischen Bevölkerung. ; The 20th of November 1975 marks the beginning of the end of the francoist Regime in Spain: On this day Francisco Franco died. In just a few years the authoritarian structures of the dictatorship were abolished in breathtaking speed and were replaced by democratic ones. Spain therefore became the ?model case? of a peaceful transition from dictatorship to democracy. This thesis examines the process of the Spanish Transition in Salamanca, a traditionally conservative province with little self-contained regional awareness showing the circumstances and consequences of this change and the impact it had on the province. The political history of Salamanca during the transition can only be understood against the background of the political change on a nationwide level. Therefore this thesis beforehand concentrates on the different stages of the general democratization of Spain in order to focus afterwards on the Province of Salamanca. Furthermore the three mayor subsystems of society in Salamanca are discussed by the sections ?Politics?, ?Economical and Social Changes? and ?Culture?. Thus this thesis shows the interdependency of political, economical, social and cultural developments which offer only in their entirety an adequate image of the transition in Salamanca. Political consensus and moderation contributed together with economical and social advances to the success of the transition and enabled political freedom and stability, material prosperity, cultural recovery and an independent regional awareness within the society of Salamanca. ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2013 ; (VLID)226652

La región es un concepto que ha sido utilizado para la descripción, la organización espacial y el análisis del territorio. Se trata de un concepto clásico que, a lo largo de la historia, se ha amoldado a diversas necesidades, tanto de académicos, como de gobernantes y planificadores. El presente artículo analiza la evolución del concepto región, desde las Ciencias Sociales, con un énfasis en el enfoque geográfico, enmarcando su desarrollo en América Latina, a partir de las escuelas francesa, alemana y anglosajona. Para ello, se hace un recorrido histórico, donde se busca entender la forma en que el concepto se acopló al transitar por diversos enfoques teórico-metodológicos. Finalmente, el texto se adentra en la forma en que fue acogido y utilizado en América Latina, tanto por los académicos como por los planificadores territoriales. ; A região é um conceito que tem sido utilizado para a descrição, a organização espacial e a análise do território. Trata-se de um conceito clássico que, ao longo da história, tem se amoldado a diversas necessidades, tanto de acadêmicos, quanto de governantes e planejadores. O presente artigo analisa a evolução do conceito região, desde as Ciências Sociais, com uma ênfase no enfoque geográfico, emoldurando seu desenvolvimento na América Latina, a partir das escolas francesa, alemã e anglosaxõnica. Para isso, se faz um recorrido histórico, onde se busca entender a forma em que o conceito se acoplou ao transitar por diversos enfoques teórico-metodológicos. Finalmente, o texto se adentra na forma em que foi recebido e utilizado na América Latina, tanto pelos acadêmicos quanto pelos planejadores territoriais. ; Region is a concept that has been used to describe, analyze and organize spaces. The concept has classical roots, and throughout history has been adapted to serve academic, governmental and planning purposes. This article analyzes the concept's evolution, from social sciences in general, with an emphasis on a geographical focus. It also frames Latin American ideas in an international discussion where the French, German and Anglo-Saxon school have been important. And in order to understand the various theoretical and methodological approaches, it follows an historical overview. Finally, the text explores the way in which the concept was received and used in Latin America, both by scholars and planners.

This dissertation aims to show how the author functioned as the key to classifying, preserving, and interpreting a body of ancient knowledge; the author not only served as a foundation upon which different elements of knowledge were brought together, but also as furnished cues to the interpretation of composite texts and thus created a notional coherence in texts. On a deeper level, the inquiry of early Chinese authorship also sheds light on the ritual, religious, and sociopolitical contexts influencing authorial attributions and on how such attributions are associated with early Chinese intellectual history in general. I argue in Chapter One that the figure of the Yellow Emperor was forged out of the Eastern Zhou ritual and religious thought that bears the mark of the ancestral veneration of high antiquity while at the same time reflecting the concerns of the changing social realities of the time. I argue in Chapter Two that the written materials later incorporated into the Lunyu originally served different purposes and were interpreted differently in different contexts. The compilation of the Lunyu in the early Western Han was concomitant with the trend of elevating and mythicizing Confucius as the creator of the Han governmental ideology because he filled the need for a tangible, quotable authority. Chapter Three argues that the "Yaolüe," the last chapter of the extant Huainanzi, was composed after Liu An's death as the means to impart a cohesive unity to the writings left from Liu An's Huainan court. It further explores the relationship between the patron-author and the actual writers or compilers. In Chapter Four I argue that neither of the two documents is autobiographical account written by Sima Qian. Instead, the voice of frustration conveyed in these two sources should be understood as the collective voice of the Han intellectuals. In Chapter Five I suggest that in the study of early Chinese translations of Buddhist texts we cannot view early catalogues of Buddhist translations as historical records; instead, we need to explore why and under what circumstances those catalogues were compiled. The intention to differentiate "true," "authentic" translations from apocryphal sutras was one of the most important factors motivating the cataloguing of early translated Buddhist scriptures.

CARIM-South is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union. ; Refugees from Palestine are one of the oldest refugee populations in the world. And UN General Assembly Resolution 194, which anchors Palestinian refugees' claims for their right of return to Palestine, is now 63 years old. Yet, in Jordan and Lebanon, the refugees' main host countries, the Palestinian presence grew in importance in domestic politics through the 2000s. In Lebanon there were the political debates surrounding the granting of some civil rights to Palestinian refugees, which culminated mid-2010. In Jordan, controversies over political naturalisation stir up violent political debates. This essay explores the reasons behind the fact that, in Jordan and Lebanon, granting civil rights to refugees raises a lot of concern. It also examines how the civil rights issue cannot be separated from that of the protection of the Palestinian "cause", the right of return. More generally, the report investigates the various perceived challenges and the outreach of Palestinian refugees' settlement (tawtin) in each of the two countries, before and after the late 1980s-early 1990s. Return and resettlement were taken as the two extremes of a similar demographic policy, and therefore, proved to be powerful political tools for regimes and political actors, at the local, regional and international levels. The theoretical framework of political demography and the "political economy" of Palestinian refugee trends and policies in Jordan and Lebanon also allowed for the Palestinian issue to be resituated in the history and the socio-political context of each country; thus revealing their specific challenges. The essay shows that the granting of civil rights to Palestinians is hampered by its politically-destabilising significance in host countries, where civil rights are constructed as citizenship-bound privileges. Therefore, debates on Palestinian refugees flag up deepening rifts within Jordanian and Lebanese citizenries, and diverging views on political "imagined communities" (Anderson, 1991). In Jordan, such a rift has been deepened by the recent emergence of nationalist movements and by the tensions which emerged in the wake of the Arab uprisings. Representations of national populations as closed, de jure and ethnic-based increasingly oppose views of nationhood as open, de facto and assimilationist. ; Euro-Mediterranean Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM)