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O. Hobart Mowrer's two-factor model of learning is described by showing its develop ment from Thorndikean, Pavlovian, and Hullian learning theory. The model is then generalized to learning by national actors in an international interaction system, with particular attention to the point that the punishment or rewarding of responses sets up an affective state within the organism (or multi-organism entity) which acts as a prs mary determinant of what future responses will be made. This affective state is one of expectation (fear or hope) that further responses will be either rewarded or punished. When the agent of reward or punishment is seen, not as a neutral environment, but as another sentient or choosing actor in a social system, then the fear or hope become trans lated into hostility or friendship toward that actor. This hostility or friendship will result in either hostility-laden or friendship-laden new responses. Hostile behavior is more apt to be punished, friendly behavior to be rewarded. Thus, the cycle becomes self re-inforcing. The task of diplomacy is to break these cycles by pointing out what behaviors may be rewarded and what must be punished, thus creating an interaction between the actors in which they both learn how to co-exist in the system. At the same time, diplomacy should have the task, when punishment is necessary, to clarify that this punishment is the result of a specific behavior and is not a generalized reaction springing from a view of the other actor as 'evil' or 'bad' due to his very nature.

117 International organizations — International administrative tribunals — World Bank Administrative Tribunal — Investigation — Misconduct — Due process — Anonymous accusations — Public activities and interests — Conflict of interest — National legislation as source of law — Bank practice as source of law — Waiver of right to invoke Tribunal's jurisdiction

The Handbook provides an authoritative overview of the MLG literature. . . it has the potential to be widely used as a source of reference. The book is systematically structured, and most chapters are of high quality. . .' Achim Hurrelmann, Environment and Planning C 'The editors have produced an authoritative and comprehensive guide to multi-level governance. The book ranges across the domestic context, supraregionalism and global governance all filtered through a sophisticated analytical framework and attention to policy detail. There is no better place to go than this book for a guide to the topic. An outstanding accomplishment.' David Held, London School of Economics, UK Scholarship of multi-level governance has developed into one of the most innovative themes of research in political science and public policy. This accessible Handbook presents a thorough review of the wide-ranging literature, encompassing various theoretical and conceptual approaches to multi-level governance and their application to policy-making in domestic, regional and global contexts. The importance of multi-level governance in specific policy areas is highlighted, and the contributors an international group of highly renowned scholars report on the ways in which their field of specialization is or may be affected by multi-level governance and how developments could affect its conceptualization. European integration is considered from its unique standpoint as the key catalyst in the development of multi-level approaches, and the use of multi-level governance in other parts of the world, at both domestic and regional levels, is also considered in detail before focus is shifted towards global governance. The Handbook concludes with a presentation of six policy fields and instruments affected by multi-level governance, including: social policy, environmental policy, economic policy, international taxation, standard-setting and policing. This comprehensive Handbook takes stock of the vast array of multi-level governance theory and research ...

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Notes on Contributors -- 1 Why Do People Go or Stay? -- 2 Time and Space in International Migration -- 3 Should I Stay or Should I Go? -- 4 Interdependencies between Development and Migration -- 5 The Discourse on Migration and Development -- 6 Exit, Voice and Citizenship -- 7 The Crucial Meso-Level -- 8 Gender and Reproduction -- 9 From Common Questions to Common Concepts -- References -- Index.

"International contributors from the fields of political science, cultural studies, history, and literature grapple with both the local and global impact of World War I on marginal communities in China, Syria, Europe, Russia, and the Caribbean. Readers can uncover the neglected stories of this First World War as contributors draw particular attention to features of the war that are underrepresented such as Chinese contingent labour, East Prussian refugees, remittances from Syrian immigrants in the New World to struggling relatives in the Ottoman Empire, the war effort from Serbia to Martinique, and other war experiences. By redirecting focus away from the traditional areas of historical examination, such as battles on the Western Front and military strategy, this collection of essays, international and interdisciplinary in nature, illustrates the war's omnipresence throughout the world, in particular its effect on less studied peoples and regions. The primary objective of this volume is to examine the First World War through the lens of its forgotten participants, neglected stories, and underrepresented peoples"--

Pionier in der internationalen Sozialen Arbeit. Mit René Sand (1877-1953) – einem belgischen Mediziner, Sozialpolitiker, Sozialmediziner und Sozialarbeiter – wird ein bedeutender Pionier der internationalen Sozialen Arbeit biographisch und in seinen Schriften wieder entdeckt. Ein Höhepunkt seines Wirkens in der Sozialen Arbeit ist die federführende Konzeption, Organisation und Durchführung der 'Ersten Internationalen Konferenz für Wohlfahrtspflege und Sozialpolitik' 1928 in Paris, die den Grundstein für weitere internationale Vereinigungen bildete. Aus dem Inhalt Biographische Annäherung an René Sand René Sands Beitrag zur Entwicklung der Sozialen Arbeit Die 'Liga der Rotkreuzgesellschaften' und ihre Bedeutung für die Soziale Arbeit in der Zwischenkriegszeit Herausbildung der Sozialen Arbeit im Rahmen von Internationalisierungsprozessen – Kristallisationspunkt Paris 1928 Paris 1928 als Neubeginn der Organisation internationaler Sozialer Arbeit.